<s>
Java	B-Application
applets	I-Application
were	O
small	B-Language
applications	I-Language
written	O
in	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
,	O
or	O
another	O
programming	O
language	O
that	O
compiles	B-Language
to	O
Java	B-Language
bytecode	I-Language
,	O
and	O
delivered	O
to	O
users	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
Java	B-Language
bytecode	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
user	O
launched	O
the	O
Java	B-Application
applet	I-Application
from	O
a	O
web	O
page	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
applet	B-Language
was	O
then	O
executed	O
within	O
a	O
Java	B-Language
virtual	I-Language
machine	I-Language
(	O
JVM	B-Language
)	O
in	O
a	O
process	B-Operating_System
separate	O
from	O
the	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
itself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Java	B-Application
applet	I-Application
could	O
appear	O
in	O
a	O
frame	O
of	O
the	O
web	O
page	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
application	O
window	O
,	O
Sun	O
's	O
AppletViewer	B-Language
,	O
or	O
a	O
stand-alone	O
tool	O
for	O
testing	O
applets	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Java	B-Application
applets	I-Application
were	O
introduced	O
in	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
language	I-Language
,	O
which	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
1995	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Beginning	O
in	O
2013	O
,	O
major	O
web	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
began	O
to	O
phase	O
out	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
underlying	O
technology	O
applets	B-Language
used	O
to	O
run	O
,	O
with	O
applets	B-Language
becoming	O
completely	O
unable	O
to	O
be	O
run	O
by	O
20152017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Java	B-Application
applets	I-Application
were	O
deprecated	B-General_Concept
by	O
Java	B-Language
9	O
in	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Java	B-Application
applets	I-Application
were	O
usually	O
written	O
in	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
but	O
other	O
languages	O
such	O
as	O
Jython	B-Language
,	O
JRuby	B-Language
,	O
Pascal	B-Application
,	O
Scala	B-Application
,	O
NetRexx	B-Language
,	O
or	O
Eiffel	B-Language
(	O
via	O
SmartEiffel	B-Application
)	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Java	B-Application
applets	I-Application
run	O
at	O
very	O
fast	O
speeds	O
and	O
until	O
2011	O
,	O
they	O
were	O
many	O
times	O
faster	O
than	O
JavaScript	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
JavaScript	B-Language
,	O
Java	B-Application
applets	I-Application
had	O
access	B-Application
to	O
3D	O
hardware	B-General_Concept
acceleration	I-General_Concept
,	O
making	O
them	O
well-suited	O
for	O
non-trivial	O
,	O
computation-intensive	O
visualizations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
browsers	B-Application
have	O
gained	O
support	O
for	O
hardware-accelerated	B-General_Concept
graphics	O
thanks	O
to	O
the	O
canvas	B-Language
technology	O
(	O
or	O
specifically	O
WebGL	B-Library
in	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
3D	O
graphics	O
)	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
just-in-time	O
compiled	O
JavaScript	B-Language
,	O
the	O
speed	O
difference	O
has	O
become	O
less	O
noticeable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
Java	B-Language
bytecode	I-Language
is	O
cross-platform	B-Operating_System
(	O
or	O
platform	B-Operating_System
independent	I-Operating_System
)	O
,	O
Java	B-Application
applets	I-Application
could	O
be	O
executed	O
by	O
clients	O
for	O
many	O
platforms	O
,	O
including	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
,	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
,	O
Unix	B-Application
,	O
macOS	B-Application
and	O
Linux	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
could	O
not	O
be	O
run	O
on	O
mobile	O
devices	O
,	O
which	O
do	O
not	O
support	O
running	O
standard	O
Oracle	O
JVM	B-Language
bytecode	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Android	B-Application
devices	O
can	O
run	O
code	O
written	O
in	O
Java	B-Language
compiled	O
for	O
the	O
Android	B-Application
Runtime	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
applets	B-Language
are	O
used	O
to	O
provide	O
interactive	O
features	O
to	O
web	O
applications	O
that	O
cannot	O
be	O
provided	O
by	O
HTML	B-Language
alone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
can	O
capture	O
mouse	B-Device
input	I-Device
and	O
also	O
have	O
controls	O
like	O
buttons	O
or	O
check	O
boxes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
to	O
user	O
actions	O
,	O
an	O
applet	B-Language
can	O
change	O
the	O
provided	O
graphic	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
makes	O
applets	B-Language
well-suited	O
for	O
demonstration	O
,	O
visualization	O
,	O
and	O
teaching	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
online	O
applet	B-Language
collections	O
for	O
studying	O
various	O
subjects	O
,	O
from	O
physics	O
to	O
heart	O
physiology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
applet	B-Language
can	O
also	O
be	O
a	O
text	O
area	O
only	O
;	O
providing	O
,	O
for	O
instance	O
,	O
a	O
cross-platform	B-Operating_System
command-line	B-Application
interface	I-Application
to	O
some	O
remote	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
needed	O
,	O
an	O
applet	B-Language
can	O
leave	O
the	O
dedicated	O
area	O
and	O
run	O
as	O
a	O
separate	O
window	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
applets	B-Language
have	O
very	O
little	O
control	O
over	O
web	O
page	O
content	O
outside	O
the	O
applet	B-Language
's	O
dedicated	O
area	O
,	O
so	O
they	O
are	O
less	O
useful	O
for	O
improving	O
the	O
site	O
appearance	O
in	O
general	O
,	O
unlike	O
other	O
types	O
of	O
browser	B-Protocol
extensions	I-Protocol
(	O
while	O
applets	B-Language
like	O
news	O
tickers	O
or	O
WYSIWYG	B-Application
editors	I-Application
are	O
also	O
known	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applets	B-Language
can	O
also	O
play	O
media	O
in	O
formats	O
that	O
are	O
not	O
natively	O
supported	O
by	O
the	O
browser	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pages	O
coded	O
in	O
HTML	B-Language
may	O
embed	O
parameters	O
within	O
them	O
that	O
are	O
passed	O
to	O
the	O
applet	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
this	O
,	O
the	O
same	O
applet	B-Language
may	O
have	O
a	O
different	O
appearance	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
parameters	O
that	O
were	O
passed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
applets	B-Language
were	O
available	O
before	O
HTML5	B-Application
,	O
modern	O
CSS	B-Language
and	O
JavaScript	B-Language
interface	O
DOM	B-General_Concept
were	O
standard	O
,	O
they	O
were	O
also	O
widely	O
used	O
for	O
trivial	O
effects	O
such	O
as	O
mouseover	O
and	O
navigation	O
buttons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
browsers	B-Application
executed	O
Java	B-Application
applets	I-Application
in	O
a	O
sandbox	O
,	O
preventing	O
applets	B-Language
from	O
accessing	O
local	O
data	O
like	O
the	O
file	B-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
code	O
of	O
the	O
applet	B-Language
was	O
downloaded	O
from	O
a	O
web	B-Application
server	I-Application
,	O
after	O
which	O
the	O
browser	B-Application
either	O
embedded	O
the	O
applet	B-Language
into	O
a	O
web	O
page	O
or	O
opened	O
a	O
new	O
window	O
showing	O
the	O
applet	B-Language
's	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
implementations	O
involved	O
downloading	O
an	O
applet	B-Language
class	O
by	O
class	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
classes	O
are	O
small	O
files	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
often	O
many	O
of	O
them	O
,	O
so	O
applets	B-Language
got	O
a	O
reputation	O
as	O
slow-loading	O
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
since	O
.jars	B-Language
were	O
introduced	O
,	O
an	O
applet	B-Language
is	O
usually	O
delivered	O
as	O
a	O
single	O
file	O
that	O
has	O
a	O
size	O
similar	O
to	O
an	O
image	O
file	O
(	O
hundreds	O
of	O
kilobytes	O
to	O
several	O
megabytes	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Java	B-Language
system	B-Library
libraries	I-Library
and	O
runtimes	B-Library
are	O
backwards-compatible	O
,	O
allowing	O
one	O
to	O
write	O
code	O
that	O
runs	O
both	O
on	O
current	O
and	O
on	O
future	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
virtual	I-Language
machine	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
Java	B-Language
developers	O
,	O
blogs	O
and	O
magazines	O
recommended	O
that	O
the	O
Java	B-Application
Web	I-Application
Start	I-Application
technology	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
place	O
of	O
applets	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Java	B-Application
Web	I-Application
Start	I-Application
allowed	O
the	O
launching	O
of	O
unmodified	O
applet	B-Language
code	O
,	O
which	O
then	O
ran	O
in	O
a	O
separate	O
window	O
(	O
not	O
inside	O
the	O
invoking	O
browser	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Java	B-Application
Servlet	I-Application
is	O
sometimes	O
informally	O
compared	O
to	O
be	O
"	O
like	O
"	O
a	O
server-side	O
applet	B-Language
,	O
but	O
it	O
is	O
different	O
in	O
its	O
language	O
,	O
functions	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
each	O
of	O
the	O
characteristics	O
described	O
here	O
about	O
applets	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
applet	B-Language
would	O
be	O
displayed	O
on	O
the	O
web	O
page	O
by	O
making	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
deprecated	B-General_Concept
applet	B-Language
HTML	B-Language
element	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
recommended	O
object	O
element	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
embed	O
element	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
with	O
Mozilla	O
family	O
browsers	B-Application
(	O
embed	O
was	O
deprecated	B-General_Concept
in	O
HTML	B-Language
4	O
but	O
is	O
included	O
in	O
HTML	B-Application
5	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
specifies	O
the	O
applet	B-Language
's	O
source	O
and	O
location	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
object	O
and	O
embed	O
tags	O
can	O
also	O
download	O
and	O
install	O
Java	B-Language
virtual	I-Language
machine	I-Language
(	O
if	O
required	O
)	O
or	O
at	O
least	O
lead	O
to	O
the	O
plugin	B-Application
page	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
applet	B-Language
and	O
object	O
tags	O
also	O
support	O
loading	O
of	O
the	O
serialized	O
applets	B-Language
that	O
start	O
in	O
some	O
particular	O
(	O
rather	O
than	O
initial	O
)	O
state	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tags	O
also	O
specify	O
the	O
message	O
that	O
shows	O
up	O
in	O
place	O
of	O
the	O
applet	B-Language
if	O
the	O
browser	B-Application
cannot	O
run	O
it	O
due	O
to	O
any	O
reason	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
despite	O
object	O
being	O
officially	O
a	O
recommended	O
tag	O
in	O
2010	O
,	O
the	O
support	O
of	O
the	O
object	O
tag	O
was	O
not	O
yet	O
consistent	O
among	O
browsers	B-Application
and	O
Sun	O
kept	O
recommending	O
the	O
older	O
applet	B-Language
tag	O
for	O
deploying	O
in	O
multibrowser	O
environments	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
remained	O
the	O
only	O
tag	O
consistently	O
supported	O
by	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
browsers	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
support	O
multiple	O
browsers	B-Application
,	O
using	O
the	O
object	O
tag	O
to	O
embed	O
an	O
applet	B-Language
would	O
require	O
JavaScript	B-Language
(	O
that	O
recognizes	O
the	O
browser	B-Application
and	O
adjusts	O
the	O
tag	O
)	O
,	O
usage	O
of	O
additional	O
browser-specific	O
tags	O
or	O
delivering	O
adapted	O
output	O
from	O
the	O
server	B-Application
side	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Java	B-Language
browser	B-Protocol
plug-in	I-Protocol
relied	O
on	O
NPAPI	B-Protocol
,	O
which	O
nearly	O
all	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
vendors	O
have	O
removed	O
support	O
for	O
,	O
or	O
do	O
not	O
implement	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
its	O
age	O
and	O
security	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2016	O
,	O
Oracle	O
announced	O
that	O
Java	B-Language
runtime	I-Language
environments	O
based	O
on	O
JDK	B-Language
9	O
will	O
discontinue	O
the	O
browser	B-Protocol
plug-in	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Java	B-Application
applet	I-Application
could	O
have	O
any	O
or	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
following	O
advantages	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
simple	O
to	O
make	O
it	O
work	O
on	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
,	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
and	O
macOS	B-Application
that	O
is	O
,	O
to	O
make	O
it	O
cross-platform	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applets	B-Language
were	O
supported	O
by	O
most	O
web	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
through	O
the	O
first	O
decade	O
of	O
the	O
21st	O
century	O
;	O
since	O
then	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
most	O
browsers	B-Application
have	O
dropped	O
applet	B-Language
support	O
for	O
security	O
reasons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
same	O
applet	B-Language
would	O
work	O
on	O
"	O
all	O
"	O
installed	O
versions	O
of	O
Java	B-Language
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
just	O
the	O
latest	O
plug-in	B-Application
version	O
only	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
if	O
an	O
applet	B-Language
requires	O
a	O
later	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
Runtime	I-Language
Environment	I-Language
(	O
JRE	O
)	O
the	O
client	B-Protocol
would	O
be	O
forced	O
to	O
wait	O
during	O
the	O
large	O
download	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
web	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
cached	B-Protocol
applets	B-Language
so	O
they	O
were	O
quick	O
to	O
load	O
when	O
returning	O
to	O
a	O
web	O
page	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applets	B-Language
also	O
improved	O
with	O
use	O
:	O
after	O
a	O
first	O
applet	B-Language
is	O
run	O
,	O
the	O
JVM	B-Language
was	O
already	O
running	O
and	O
subsequent	O
applets	B-Language
started	O
quickly	O
(	O
the	O
JVM	B-Language
will	O
need	O
to	O
restart	O
each	O
time	O
the	O
browser	B-Application
starts	O
afresh	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JRE	O
versions	O
1.5	O
and	O
greater	O
restarted	O
the	O
JVM	B-Language
when	O
the	O
browser	B-Application
navigates	O
between	O
pages	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
security	O
measure	O
which	O
removed	O
that	O
performance	O
gain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
moved	O
work	O
from	O
the	O
server	B-Application
to	O
the	O
client	B-Protocol
,	O
making	O
a	O
web	O
solution	O
more	O
scalable	O
with	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
users/clients	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
a	O
standalone	O
program	O
(	O
like	O
Google	B-Application
Earth	I-Application
)	O
talks	O
to	O
a	O
web	B-Application
server	I-Application
,	O
that	O
server	B-Application
normally	O
needs	O
to	O
support	O
all	O
prior	O
versions	O
for	O
users	O
who	O
have	O
not	O
kept	O
their	O
client	B-Protocol
software	I-Protocol
updated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
,	O
a	O
browser	B-Application
loaded	O
(	O
and	O
cached	B-Protocol
)	O
the	O
latest	O
applet	B-Language
version	O
,	O
so	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
need	O
to	O
support	O
legacy	O
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applet	B-Language
naturally	O
supported	O
changing	O
user	O
state	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
figure	O
positions	O
on	O
the	O
chessboard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Developers	O
could	O
develop	O
and	O
debug	O
an	O
applet	B-Language
directly	O
simply	O
by	O
creating	O
a	O
main	O
routine	O
(	O
either	O
in	O
the	O
applet	B-Language
's	O
class	O
or	O
in	O
a	O
separate	O
class	O
)	O
and	O
calling	O
init( )	O
and	O
start( )	O
on	O
the	O
applet	B-Language
,	O
thus	O
allowing	O
for	O
development	O
in	O
their	O
favorite	O
Java	B-Language
SE	I-Language
development	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
one	O
had	O
to	O
do	O
was	O
to	O
re-test	O
the	O
applet	B-Language
in	O
the	O
AppletViewer	B-Language
program	O
or	O
a	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
to	O
ensure	O
it	O
conforms	O
to	O
security	O
restrictions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
untrusted	B-Protocol
applet	B-Language
had	O
no	O
access	B-Application
to	O
the	O
local	O
machine	O
and	O
can	O
only	O
access	B-Application
the	O
server	B-Application
it	O
came	O
from	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
makes	O
applets	B-Language
much	O
safer	O
to	O
run	O
than	O
the	O
native	O
executables	O
that	O
they	O
would	O
replace	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
a	O
signed	O
applet	B-Language
could	O
have	O
full	O
access	B-Application
to	O
the	O
machine	O
it	O
is	O
running	O
on	O
,	O
if	O
the	O
user	O
agreed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Java	B-Application
applets	I-Application
were	O
fast	O
,	O
with	O
similar	B-Application
performance	I-Application
to	O
natively	O
installed	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Java	B-Application
applets	I-Application
had	O
the	O
following	O
disadvantages	O
compared	O
to	O
other	O
client-side	O
web	O
technologies	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Java	B-Application
applets	I-Application
would	O
depend	O
on	O
a	O
Java	B-Language
Runtime	I-Language
Environment	I-Language
(	O
JRE	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
complex	O
and	O
heavy-weight	O
software	O
package	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
also	O
normally	O
required	O
a	O
plug-in	B-Application
for	O
the	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
users	O
were	O
unable	O
to	O
view	O
applets	B-Language
unless	O
one	O
was	O
important	O
enough	O
to	O
justify	O
contacting	O
the	O
administrator	O
to	O
request	O
installation	O
of	O
the	O
JRE	O
and	O
plug-in	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
an	O
applet	B-Language
requires	O
a	O
newer	O
JRE	O
than	O
available	O
on	O
the	O
system	O
,	O
the	O
user	O
running	O
it	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
will	O
need	O
to	O
wait	O
for	O
the	O
large	O
JRE	O
download	O
to	O
complete	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	O
browsers	B-Application
on	O
iOS	B-Application
or	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
never	O
run	O
Java	B-Application
applets	I-Application
at	O
all	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
before	O
the	O
deprecation	B-General_Concept
of	O
applets	B-Language
on	O
all	O
platforms	O
,	O
desktop	O
browsers	B-Application
phased	O
out	O
Java	B-Application
applet	I-Application
support	O
concurrently	O
with	O
the	O
rise	O
of	O
mobile	O
operating	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
was	O
no	O
standard	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
content	O
of	O
applets	B-Language
available	O
to	O
screen	O
readers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
applets	B-Language
harmed	O
the	O
accessibility	O
of	O
a	O
web	O
site	O
to	O
users	O
with	O
special	O
needs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
with	O
any	O
client-side	O
scripting	O
,	O
security	O
restrictions	O
made	O
it	O
difficult	O
or	O
even	O
impossible	O
for	O
some	O
untrusted	B-Protocol
applets	B-Language
to	O
achieve	O
their	O
desired	O
goals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Only	O
by	O
editing	O
the	O
java.policy	O
file	O
in	O
the	O
JAVA	B-Language
JRE	O
installation	O
could	O
one	O
grant	O
access	B-Application
to	O
the	O
local	O
filesystem	B-Application
or	O
system	O
clipboard	O
,	O
or	O
to	O
network	O
sources	O
other	O
than	O
the	O
one	O
that	O
served	O
the	O
applet	B-Language
to	O
the	O
browser	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
users	O
did	O
not	O
care	O
about	O
the	O
difference	O
between	O
untrusted	B-Protocol
and	O
trusted	O
applets	B-Language
,	O
so	O
this	O
distinction	O
did	O
not	O
help	O
much	O
with	O
security	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ability	O
to	O
run	O
untrusted	B-Protocol
applets	B-Language
was	O
eventually	O
removed	O
entirely	O
to	O
fix	O
this	O
,	O
before	O
all	O
applets	B-Language
were	O
removed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sun	O
made	O
considerable	O
efforts	O
to	O
ensure	O
compatibility	O
is	O
maintained	O
between	O
Java	B-Language
versions	O
as	O
they	O
evolve	O
,	O
enforcing	O
Java	B-Language
portability	O
by	O
law	O
if	O
required	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
1997	O
lawsuit	O
,	O
was	O
filed	O
after	O
Microsoft	O
created	O
a	O
modified	O
Java	B-Language
Virtual	I-Language
Machine	I-Language
of	I-Language
their	I-Language
own	I-Language
,	O
which	O
shipped	O
with	O
Internet	O
Explorer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
added	O
about	O
50	O
methods	O
and	O
50	O
fields	O
into	O
the	O
classes	O
within	O
the	O
java.awt	O
,	O
java.lang	O
,	O
and	O
java.io	O
packages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
modifications	O
included	O
removal	O
of	O
RMI	B-Language
capability	O
and	O
replacement	O
of	O
Java	B-Language
Native	I-Language
Interface	I-Language
from	O
JNI	B-Language
to	O
RNI	O
,	O
a	O
different	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RMI	B-Language
was	O
removed	O
because	O
it	O
only	O
easily	O
supports	O
Java	B-Language
to	O
Java	B-Language
communications	O
and	O
competes	O
with	O
Microsoft	O
DCOM	B-Operating_System
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applets	B-Language
that	O
relied	O
on	O
these	O
changes	O
or	O
just	O
inadvertently	O
used	O
them	O
worked	O
only	O
within	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
Java	B-Language
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sun	O
sued	O
for	O
breach	O
of	O
trademark	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
point	O
of	O
Java	B-Language
was	O
that	O
there	O
should	O
be	O
no	O
proprietary	O
extensions	O
and	O
that	O
code	O
should	O
work	O
everywhere	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
agreed	O
to	O
pay	O
Sun	O
$20	O
million	O
,	O
and	O
Sun	O
agreed	O
to	O
grant	O
Microsoft	O
limited	O
license	O
to	O
use	O
Java	B-Language
without	O
modifications	O
only	O
and	O
for	O
a	O
limited	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
continued	O
to	O
ship	O
its	O
own	O
unmodified	O
Java	B-Language
virtual	I-Language
machine	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
later	O
study	O
revealed	O
that	O
applets	B-Language
of	O
this	O
time	O
often	O
contain	O
their	O
own	O
classes	O
that	O
mirror	O
Swing	B-Language
and	O
other	O
newer	O
features	O
in	O
a	O
limited	O
way	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2002	O
,	O
Sun	O
filed	O
an	O
antitrust	O
lawsuit	O
,	O
claiming	O
that	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
attempts	O
at	O
illegal	O
monopolization	O
had	O
harmed	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sun	O
demanded	O
Microsoft	O
distribute	O
Sun	O
's	O
current	O
,	O
binary	O
implementation	O
of	O
Java	B-Language
technology	I-Language
as	O
part	O
of	O
Windows	O
,	O
distribute	O
it	O
as	O
a	O
recommended	O
update	O
for	O
older	O
Microsoft	O
desktop	O
operating	O
systems	O
and	O
stop	O
the	O
distribution	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
Virtual	O
Machine	O
(	O
as	O
its	O
licensing	O
time	O
,	O
agreed	O
in	O
the	O
prior	O
lawsuit	O
,	O
had	O
expired	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
were	O
two	O
applet	B-Language
types	O
with	O
very	O
different	O
security	O
models	O
:	O
signed	O
applets	B-Language
and	O
unsigned	O
applets	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
with	O
Java	B-Language
SE	I-Language
7	O
Update	O
21	O
(	O
April	O
2013	O
)	O
applets	B-Language
and	O
Web-Start	O
Apps	O
are	O
encouraged	O
to	O
be	O
signed	O
with	O
a	O
trusted	O
certificate	O
,	O
and	O
warning	O
messages	O
appear	O
when	O
running	O
unsigned	O
applets	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Further	O
,	O
starting	O
with	O
Java	B-Language
7	O
Update	O
51	O
unsigned	O
applets	B-Language
were	O
blocked	O
by	O
default	O
;	O
they	O
could	O
be	O
run	O
by	O
creating	O
an	O
exception	O
in	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
Control	O
Panel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Limits	O
on	O
unsigned	O
applets	B-Language
were	O
understood	O
as	O
"	O
draconian	O
"	O
:	O
they	O
have	O
no	O
access	B-Application
to	O
the	O
local	O
filesystem	B-Application
and	O
web	O
access	B-Application
limited	O
to	O
the	O
applet	B-Language
download	O
site	O
;	O
there	O
are	O
also	O
many	O
other	O
important	O
restrictions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
they	O
cannot	O
access	B-Application
all	O
system	O
properties	O
,	O
use	O
their	O
own	O
class	B-Language
loader	I-Language
,	O
call	O
native	B-Language
code	I-Language
,	O
execute	O
external	O
commands	O
on	O
a	O
local	O
system	O
or	O
redefine	O
classes	O
belonging	O
to	O
core	O
packages	O
included	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
Java	B-Language
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
they	O
can	O
run	O
in	O
a	O
standalone	O
frame	O
,	O
such	O
frame	O
contains	O
a	O
header	O
,	O
indicating	O
that	O
this	O
is	O
an	O
untrusted	B-Protocol
applet	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Successful	O
initial	O
call	O
of	O
the	O
forbidden	O
method	O
does	O
not	O
automatically	O
create	O
a	O
security	O
hole	O
as	O
an	O
access	B-Application
controller	O
checks	O
the	O
entire	O
stack	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
calling	O
code	O
to	O
be	O
sure	O
the	O
call	O
is	O
not	O
coming	O
from	O
an	O
improper	O
location	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
with	O
any	O
complex	O
system	O
,	O
many	O
security	O
problems	O
have	O
been	O
discovered	O
and	O
fixed	O
since	O
Java	B-Language
was	O
first	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
studies	O
mention	O
applets	B-Language
crashing	O
the	O
browser	B-Application
or	O
overusing	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
resources	O
but	O
these	O
are	O
classified	O
as	O
nuisances	O
and	O
not	O
as	O
true	O
security	O
flaws	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
unsigned	O
applets	B-Language
may	O
be	O
involved	O
in	O
combined	O
attacks	O
that	O
exploit	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
multiple	O
severe	O
configuration	O
errors	O
in	O
other	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
unsigned	O
applet	B-Language
can	O
also	O
be	O
more	O
dangerous	O
to	O
run	O
directly	O
on	O
the	O
server	B-Application
where	O
it	O
is	O
hosted	O
because	O
while	O
code	O
base	O
allows	O
it	O
to	O
talk	O
with	O
the	O
server	B-Application
,	O
running	O
inside	O
it	O
can	O
bypass	O
the	O
firewall	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
applet	B-Language
may	O
also	O
try	O
DoS	O
attacks	O
on	O
the	O
server	B-Application
where	O
it	O
is	O
hosted	O
,	O
but	O
usually	O
people	O
who	O
manage	O
the	O
web	O
site	O
also	O
manage	O
the	O
applet	B-Language
,	O
making	O
this	O
unreasonable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Communities	O
may	O
solve	O
this	O
problem	O
via	O
source	O
code	O
review	O
or	O
running	O
applets	B-Language
on	O
a	O
dedicated	O
domain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
unsigned	O
applet	B-Language
can	O
also	O
try	O
to	O
download	O
malware	O
hosted	O
on	O
originating	O
server	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
were	O
attempts	O
to	O
use	O
applets	B-Language
for	O
spreading	O
Phoenix	O
and	O
Siberia	O
exploits	O
this	O
way	O
,	O
but	O
these	O
exploits	O
do	O
not	O
use	O
Java	B-Language
internally	O
and	O
were	O
also	O
distributed	O
in	O
several	O
other	O
ways	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
signed	O
applet	B-Language
contains	O
a	O
signature	O
that	O
the	O
browser	B-Application
should	O
verify	O
through	O
a	O
remotely	O
running	O
,	O
independent	O
certificate	B-Application
authority	I-Application
server	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Producing	O
this	O
signature	O
involves	O
specialized	O
tools	O
and	O
interaction	O
with	O
the	O
authority	O
server	B-Application
maintainers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
the	O
signature	O
is	O
verified	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
user	O
of	O
the	O
current	O
machine	O
also	O
approves	O
,	O
a	O
signed	O
applet	B-Language
can	O
get	O
more	O
rights	O
,	O
becoming	O
equivalent	O
to	O
an	O
ordinary	O
standalone	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
rationale	O
is	O
that	O
the	O
author	O
of	O
the	O
applet	B-Language
is	O
now	O
known	O
and	O
will	O
be	O
responsible	O
for	O
any	O
deliberate	O
damage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
approach	O
allows	O
applets	B-Language
to	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
many	O
tasks	O
that	O
are	O
otherwise	O
not	O
possible	O
by	O
client-side	O
scripting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
related	O
concerns	O
include	O
a	O
non-responsive	O
authority	O
server	B-Application
,	O
wrong	O
evaluation	O
of	O
the	O
signer	O
identity	O
when	O
issuing	O
certificates	O
,	O
and	O
known	O
applet	B-Language
publishers	O
still	O
doing	O
something	O
that	O
the	O
user	O
would	O
not	O
approve	O
of	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hence	O
signed	O
applets	B-Language
that	O
appeared	O
from	O
Java	B-Language
1.1	O
may	O
actually	O
have	O
more	O
security	O
concerns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Self-signed	O
applets	B-Language
,	O
which	O
are	O
applets	B-Language
signed	O
by	O
the	O
developer	O
themselves	O
,	O
may	O
potentially	O
pose	O
a	O
security	O
risk	O
;	O
java	B-Application
plugins	I-Application
provide	O
a	O
warning	O
when	O
requesting	O
authorization	O
for	O
a	O
self-signed	O
applet	B-Language
,	O
as	O
the	O
function	O
and	O
safety	O
of	O
the	O
applet	B-Language
is	O
guaranteed	O
only	O
by	O
the	O
developer	O
itself	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
not	O
been	O
independently	O
confirmed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
self-signed	O
certificates	O
are	O
usually	O
only	O
used	O
during	O
development	O
prior	O
to	O
release	O
where	O
third-party	O
confirmation	O
of	O
security	O
is	O
unimportant	O
,	O
but	O
most	O
applet	B-Language
developers	O
will	O
seek	O
third-party	O
signing	O
to	O
ensure	O
that	O
users	O
trust	O
the	O
applet	B-Language
's	O
safety	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Java	B-Language
security	O
problems	O
are	O
not	O
fundamentally	O
different	O
from	O
similar	O
problems	O
of	O
any	O
client-side	O
scripting	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
particular	O
,	O
all	O
issues	O
related	O
to	O
signed	O
applets	B-Language
also	O
apply	O
to	O
Microsoft	O
ActiveX	B-Application
components	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2014	O
,	O
self-signed	O
and	O
unsigned	O
applets	B-Language
are	O
no	O
longer	O
accepted	O
by	O
the	O
commonly	O
available	O
Java	B-Application
plugins	I-Application
or	O
Java	B-Application
Web	I-Application
Start	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Consequently	O
,	O
developers	O
who	O
wish	O
to	O
deploy	O
Java	B-Application
applets	I-Application
have	O
no	O
alternative	O
but	O
to	O
acquire	O
trusted	O
certificates	O
from	O
commercial	O
sources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alternative	O
technologies	O
exist	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
WebAssembly	B-Language
and	O
JavaScript	B-Language
)	O
that	O
satisfy	O
all	O
or	O
more	O
of	O
the	O
scope	O
of	O
what	O
was	O
possible	O
with	O
an	O
applet	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
JavaScript	B-Language
could	O
coexist	O
with	O
applets	B-Language
in	O
the	O
same	O
page	O
,	O
assist	O
in	O
launching	O
applets	B-Language
(	O
for	O
instance	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
separate	O
frame	O
or	O
providing	O
platform	O
workarounds	O
)	O
and	O
later	O
be	O
called	O
from	O
the	O
applet	B-Language
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
Javascript	B-Language
gained	O
in	O
features	O
and	O
performance	O
,	O
the	O
support	O
for	O
and	O
use	O
of	O
applets	B-Language
declined	O
,	O
until	O
their	O
eventual	O
removal	O
.	O
</s>
