<s>
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
is	O
a	O
software	O
technology	O
that	O
allows	O
Java-based	O
applications	O
(	O
applets	B-Language
)	O
to	O
be	O
run	O
securely	O
on	O
smart	O
cards	O
and	O
more	O
generally	O
on	O
similar	O
secure	O
small	O
memory	O
footprint	O
devices	O
which	O
are	O
called	O
"	O
secure	O
elements	O
"	O
(	O
SE	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
addresses	O
this	O
hardware	O
fragmentation	O
and	O
specificities	O
while	O
retaining	O
code	O
portability	O
brought	O
forward	O
by	O
Java	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
is	O
the	O
tiniest	O
of	O
Java	B-Device
platforms	I-Device
targeted	O
for	O
embedded	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
gives	O
the	O
user	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
program	O
the	O
devices	O
and	O
make	O
them	O
application	O
specific	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
IoT	O
products	O
like	O
gateways	O
are	O
also	O
using	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
based	O
products	O
to	O
secure	O
communications	O
with	O
a	O
cloud	O
service	O
for	O
instance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
1996	O
by	O
Schlumberger	O
's	O
card	O
division	O
which	O
later	O
merged	O
with	O
Gemplus	O
to	O
form	O
Gemalto	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
products	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
specifications	O
by	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
(	O
later	O
a	O
subsidiary	O
of	O
Oracle	B-Application
Corporation	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
Java	B-Language
card	I-Language
products	O
also	O
rely	O
on	O
the	O
GlobalPlatform	O
specifications	O
for	O
the	O
secure	O
management	O
of	O
applications	O
on	O
the	O
card	O
(	O
download	O
,	O
installation	O
,	O
personalization	O
,	O
deletion	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
design	O
goals	O
of	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
technology	O
are	O
portability	O
,	O
security	O
and	O
backward	O
compatibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
aims	O
at	O
defining	O
a	O
standard	O
smart	O
card	O
computing	O
environment	O
allowing	O
the	O
same	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
applet	B-Language
to	O
run	O
on	O
different	O
smart	O
cards	O
,	O
much	O
like	O
a	O
Java	B-Device
applet	B-Language
runs	O
on	O
different	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
in	O
Java	B-Device
,	O
this	O
is	O
accomplished	O
using	O
the	O
combination	O
of	O
a	O
virtual	O
machine	O
(	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
Virtual	O
Machine	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
well-defined	O
runtime	O
library	O
,	O
which	O
largely	O
abstracts	O
the	O
applet	B-Language
from	O
differences	O
between	O
smart	O
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
technology	O
was	O
originally	O
developed	O
for	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
securing	O
sensitive	O
information	O
stored	O
on	O
smart	O
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
encapsulation	O
Data	O
is	O
stored	O
within	O
the	O
application	O
,	O
and	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
applications	O
are	O
executed	O
in	O
an	O
isolated	O
environment	O
(	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
VM	O
)	O
,	O
separate	O
from	O
the	O
underlying	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
and	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applet	B-Language
firewall	O
Unlike	O
other	O
Java	B-Device
VMs	O
,	O
a	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
VM	O
usually	O
manages	O
several	O
applications	O
,	O
each	O
one	O
controlling	O
sensitive	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Different	O
applications	O
are	O
therefore	O
separated	O
from	O
each	O
other	O
by	O
an	O
applet	B-Language
firewall	O
which	O
restricts	O
and	O
checks	O
access	O
of	O
data	O
elements	O
of	O
one	O
applet	B-Language
to	O
another	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cryptography	O
Commonly	O
used	O
symmetric	O
key	O
algorithms	O
like	O
DES	B-Algorithm
,	O
Triple	B-Algorithm
DES	I-Algorithm
,	O
AES	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
asymmetric	O
key	O
algorithms	O
such	O
as	O
RSA	B-Architecture
,	O
elliptic	O
curve	O
cryptography	O
are	O
supported	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
other	O
cryptographic	O
services	O
like	O
signing	O
,	O
key	O
generation	O
and	O
key	O
exchange	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applet	B-Language
The	O
applet	B-Language
is	O
a	O
state	O
machine	O
which	O
processes	O
only	O
incoming	O
command	O
requests	O
and	O
responds	O
by	O
sending	O
data	O
or	O
response	O
status	O
words	O
back	O
to	O
the	O
interface	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
language	O
level	O
,	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
is	O
a	O
precise	O
subset	O
of	O
Java	B-Device
:	O
all	O
language	O
constructs	O
of	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
exist	O
in	O
Java	B-Device
and	O
behave	O
identically	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
goes	O
to	O
the	O
point	O
that	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
standard	O
build	O
cycle	O
,	O
a	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
program	O
is	O
compiled	O
into	O
a	O
Java	B-Device
class	O
file	O
by	O
a	O
Java	B-Device
compiler	O
;	O
the	O
class	O
file	O
is	O
post-processed	O
by	O
tools	O
specific	O
to	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
many	O
Java	B-Device
language	O
features	O
are	O
not	O
supported	O
by	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
(	O
in	O
particular	O
types	O
char	O
,	O
double	O
,	O
float	O
and	O
long	O
;	O
the	O
transient	B-Device
qualifier	O
;	O
enums	O
;	O
arrays	O
of	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
dimension	O
;	O
finalization	O
;	O
object	O
cloning	O
;	O
threads	B-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Further	O
,	O
some	O
common	O
features	O
of	O
Java	B-Device
are	O
not	O
provided	O
at	O
runtime	O
by	O
many	O
actual	O
smart	O
cards	O
(	O
in	O
particular	O
type	O
int	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
the	O
default	O
type	O
of	O
a	O
Java	B-Device
expression	O
;	O
and	O
garbage	B-General_Concept
collection	I-General_Concept
of	O
objects	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
bytecode	O
run	O
by	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
Virtual	O
Machine	O
is	O
a	O
functional	O
subset	O
of	O
Java	B-Language
2	I-Language
bytecode	I-Language
run	O
by	O
a	O
standard	O
Java	B-Device
Virtual	O
Machine	O
but	O
with	O
a	O
different	O
encoding	O
to	O
optimize	O
for	O
size	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
applet	B-Language
thus	O
typically	O
uses	O
less	O
bytecode	O
than	O
the	O
hypothetical	O
Java	B-Device
applet	B-Language
obtained	O
by	O
compiling	O
the	O
same	O
Java	B-Device
source	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
design	O
tradeoff	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
support	O
for	O
some	O
Java	B-Device
language	O
features	O
(	O
as	O
mentioned	O
above	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
size	O
limitations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Standard	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
class	O
library	O
and	O
runtime	O
support	O
differs	O
a	O
lot	O
from	O
that	O
in	O
Java	B-Device
,	O
and	O
the	O
common	O
subset	O
is	O
minimal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
Java	B-Device
Security	O
Manager	O
class	O
is	O
not	O
supported	O
in	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
,	O
where	O
security	O
policies	O
are	O
implemented	O
by	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
Virtual	O
Machine	O
;	O
and	O
transients	B-Device
(	O
non-persistent	O
,	O
fast	O
RAM	O
variables	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
class	O
members	O
)	O
are	O
supported	O
via	O
a	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
class	O
library	O
,	O
while	O
they	O
have	O
native	O
language	O
support	O
in	O
Java	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
runtime	O
and	O
virtual	O
machine	O
also	O
support	O
features	O
that	O
are	O
specific	O
to	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
platform	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Persistence	B-Application
With	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
,	O
objects	O
are	O
by	O
default	O
stored	O
in	O
persistent	O
memory	O
(	O
RAM	O
is	O
very	O
scarce	O
on	O
smart	O
cards	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
only	O
used	O
for	O
temporary	O
or	O
security-sensitive	O
objects	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
individual	O
write	O
operations	O
performed	O
by	O
individual	O
bytecode	O
instructions	O
and	O
API	O
methods	O
are	O
therefore	O
guaranteed	O
atomic	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
Runtime	O
includes	O
a	O
limited	O
transaction	O
mechanism	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applet	B-Language
isolation	O
The	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
firewall	O
is	O
a	O
mechanism	O
that	O
isolates	O
the	O
different	O
applets	B-Language
present	O
on	O
a	O
card	O
from	O
each	O
other	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
includes	O
a	O
sharing	O
mechanism	O
that	O
allows	O
an	O
applet	B-Language
to	O
explicitly	O
make	O
an	O
object	O
available	O
to	O
other	O
applets	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Coding	O
techniques	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
practical	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
program	O
differ	O
significantly	O
from	O
those	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
Java	B-Device
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Still	O
,	O
that	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
uses	O
a	O
precise	O
subset	O
of	O
the	O
Java	B-Device
language	O
speeds	O
up	O
the	O
learning	O
curve	O
,	O
and	O
enables	O
using	O
a	O
Java	B-Device
environment	O
to	O
develop	O
and	O
debug	O
a	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
program	O
(	O
caveat	O
:	O
even	O
if	O
debugging	O
occurs	O
with	O
Java	B-Language
bytecode	I-Language
,	O
make	O
sure	O
that	O
the	O
class	O
file	O
fits	O
the	O
limitation	O
of	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
language	O
by	O
converting	O
it	O
to	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
bytecode	O
;	O
and	O
test	O
in	O
a	O
real	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
smart	O
card	O
early	O
on	O
to	O
get	O
an	O
idea	O
of	O
the	O
performance	O
)	O
;	O
further	O
,	O
one	O
can	O
run	O
and	O
debug	O
both	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
code	O
for	O
the	O
application	O
to	O
be	O
embedded	O
in	O
a	O
smart	O
card	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
Java	B-Device
application	O
that	O
will	O
be	O
in	O
the	O
host	O
using	O
the	O
smart	O
card	O
,	O
all	O
working	O
jointly	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oracle	B-Application
has	O
released	O
several	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
platform	O
specifications	O
and	O
is	O
providing	O
SDK	O
tools	O
for	O
application	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Added	O
configurable	O
key	O
pair	O
generation	O
support	O
,	O
named	O
elliptic	O
curves	O
support	O
,	O
new	O
algorithms	O
and	O
operations	O
support	O
,	O
additional	O
AES	B-Algorithm
modes	O
and	O
Chinese	O
algorithms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Added	O
support	O
for	O
Diffie-Hellman	O
modular	O
exponentiation	O
,	O
Domain	O
Data	O
Conservation	O
for	O
Diffie-Hellman	O
,	O
Elliptic	O
Curve	O
and	O
DSA	O
keys	O
,	O
RSA-3072	O
,	O
SHA3	O
,	O
plain	O
ECDSA	O
,	O
AES	B-Algorithm
CMAC	O
,	O
AES	B-Algorithm
CTR	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Added	O
support	O
for	O
DES	B-Algorithm
MAC8	O
ISO9797	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Added	O
support	O
for	O
AES	B-Algorithm
cryptography	O
key	O
encapsulation	O
,	O
CRC	O
algorithms	O
,	O
Elliptic	O
Curve	O
Cryptography	O
key	O
encapsulation	O
,	O
Diffie-Hellman	O
key	O
exchange	O
using	O
ECC	O
,	O
ECC	O
keys	O
for	O
binary	O
polynomial	O
curves	O
and	O
for	O
prime	O
integer	O
curves	O
,	O
AES	B-Algorithm
,	O
ECC	O
and	O
RSA	B-Architecture
with	O
variable	O
key	O
lengths	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Added	O
support	O
for	O
RSA	B-Architecture
without	O
padding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
version	O
3.0	O
of	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
specification	O
(	O
draft	O
released	O
in	O
March	O
2008	O
)	O
is	O
separated	O
in	O
two	O
editions	O
:	O
the	O
Classic	O
Edition	O
and	O
the	O
Connected	O
Edition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Classic	O
Edition	O
(	O
currently	O
at	O
version	O
3.0.5	O
released	O
in	O
June	O
2015	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
evolution	O
of	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
Platform	O
version	O
2	O
(	O
which	O
last	O
version	O
2.2.2	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
March	O
2006	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
supports	O
traditional	O
card	O
applets	B-Language
on	O
resource-constrained	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
Smart	O
Cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Older	O
applets	B-Language
are	O
generally	O
compatible	O
with	O
newer	O
Classic	O
Edition	O
devices	O
,	O
and	O
applets	B-Language
for	O
these	O
newer	O
devices	O
can	O
be	O
compatible	O
with	O
older	O
devices	O
if	O
not	O
referring	O
to	O
new	O
library	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	O
Cards	O
implementing	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
Classic	O
Edition	O
have	O
been	O
security-certified	O
by	O
multiple	O
vendors	O
,	O
and	O
are	O
commercially	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applications	O
can	O
be	O
developed	O
as	O
classic	O
card	O
applets	B-Language
requested	O
by	O
APDU	O
commands	O
or	O
as	O
servlets	O
using	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
to	O
support	O
web-based	O
schemes	O
of	O
communication	O
(	O
HTML	B-Language
,	O
REST	O
,	O
SOAP	B-Application
...	O
)	O
with	O
the	O
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
runtime	O
uses	O
a	O
subset	O
of	O
the	O
Java	B-Device
(	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
)	O
6	O
bytecode	O
,	O
without	O
Floating	O
Point	O
;	O
it	O
supports	O
volatile	O
objects	O
(	O
garbage	B-General_Concept
collection	I-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
multithreading	B-Operating_System
,	O
inter-application	O
communications	O
facilities	O
,	O
persistence	B-Application
,	O
transactions	B-General_Concept
,	O
card	O
management	O
facilities	O
...	O
As	O
of	O
2021	O
,	O
there	O
has	O
been	O
little	O
adoption	O
in	O
commercially	O
available	O
Smart	O
Cards	O
,	O
so	O
much	O
that	O
reference	O
to	O
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
(	O
including	O
in	O
the	O
present	O
Wikipedia	O
page	O
)	O
often	O
implicitly	O
excludes	O
the	O
Connected	O
Edition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Java	B-Language
Card	I-Language
3.1	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
January	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
