<s>
Jason-1	B-Algorithm
was	O
a	O
satellite	B-Application
altimeter	O
oceanography	O
mission	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jason-1	B-Algorithm
was	O
launched	O
in	O
2001	O
and	O
it	O
was	O
followed	O
by	O
OSTM/Jason	B-Algorithm
-2	I-Algorithm
in	O
2008	O
,	O
and	O
Jason-3	O
in	O
2016the	O
Jason	O
satellite	B-Application
series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jason-1	B-Algorithm
was	O
launched	O
alongside	O
the	O
TIMED	B-Protocol
spacecraft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jason	O
as	O
an	O
acronym	O
also	O
stands	O
for	O
"	O
Joint	O
Altimetry	O
Satellite	B-Application
Oceanography	O
Network	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jason-1	B-Algorithm
is	O
the	O
successor	O
to	O
the	O
TOPEX/Poseidon	O
mission	O
,	O
which	O
measured	O
ocean	O
surface	O
topography	O
from	O
1992	O
through	O
2005	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
its	O
predecessor	O
,	O
Jason-1	B-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
joint	O
project	O
between	O
the	O
NASA	O
(	O
United	O
States	O
)	O
and	O
CNES	O
(	O
France	O
)	O
space	O
agencies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jason-1	B-Algorithm
'	O
s	O
successor	O
,	O
the	O
Ocean	B-Algorithm
Surface	I-Algorithm
Topography	I-Algorithm
Mission	I-Algorithm
on	O
the	O
Jason-2	B-Algorithm
satellite	I-Algorithm
,	O
was	O
launched	O
in	O
June	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
satellites	B-Application
provide	O
a	O
unique	O
global	O
view	O
of	O
the	O
oceans	O
that	O
is	O
impossible	O
to	O
acquire	O
using	O
traditional	O
ship-based	O
sampling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jason-1	B-Algorithm
was	O
built	O
by	O
Thales	O
Alenia	O
Space	O
using	O
a	O
Proteus	O
platform	O
,	O
under	O
a	O
contract	O
from	O
CNES	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
main	O
Jason-1	B-Algorithm
instrument	O
,	O
the	O
Poseidon-2	B-Algorithm
altimeter	O
(	O
successor	O
to	O
the	O
Poseidon	O
altimeter	O
on-board	O
TOPEX/Poseidon	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jason-1	B-Algorithm
was	O
designed	O
to	O
measure	O
climate	O
change	O
through	O
very	O
precise	O
millimeter-per-year	O
measurements	O
of	O
global	O
sea	O
level	O
changes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
did	O
TOPEX/Poseidon	O
,	O
Jason-1	B-Algorithm
uses	O
an	O
altimeter	O
to	O
measure	O
the	O
hills	O
and	O
valleys	O
of	O
the	O
ocean	O
's	O
surface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jason-1	B-Algorithm
'	O
s	O
measurements	O
of	O
sea	O
surface	O
height	O
reveal	O
where	O
this	O
heat	O
is	O
stored	O
,	O
how	O
it	O
moves	O
around	O
Earth	O
by	O
ocean	O
currents	O
,	O
and	O
how	O
these	O
processes	O
affect	O
weather	O
and	O
climate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jason-1	B-Algorithm
was	O
launched	O
on	O
7	O
December	O
2001	O
from	O
Vandenberg	O
Air	O
Force	O
Base	O
,	O
in	O
California	O
,	O
aboard	O
a	O
Delta	O
II	O
Launch	O
vehicle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
first	O
months	O
Jason-1	B-Algorithm
shared	O
an	O
almost	O
identical	O
orbit	B-Application
to	O
TOPEX/Poseidon	O
,	O
which	O
allowed	O
for	O
cross	O
calibration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
this	O
period	O
,	O
the	O
older	O
satellite	B-Application
was	O
moved	O
to	O
a	O
new	O
orbit	B-Application
midway	O
between	O
each	O
Jason	O
ground	O
track	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
16	O
March	O
2002	O
,	O
Jason-1	B-Algorithm
experienced	O
a	O
sudden	O
attitude	O
upset	O
,	O
accompanied	O
by	O
temporary	O
fluctuations	O
in	O
the	O
onboard	O
electrical	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Soon	O
after	O
this	O
incident	O
,	O
two	O
new	O
small	O
pieces	O
of	O
space	O
debris	O
were	O
observed	O
in	O
orbits	B-Application
slightly	O
lower	O
than	O
Jason-1	B-Algorithm
'	O
s	O
,	O
and	O
spectroscopic	O
analysis	O
eventually	O
proved	O
them	O
to	O
have	O
originated	O
from	O
Jason-1	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
determined	O
that	O
the	O
pieces	O
of	O
debris	O
had	O
most	O
likely	O
been	O
ejected	O
from	O
Jason-1	B-Algorithm
by	O
an	O
unidentified	O
,	O
small	O
"	O
high-speed	O
particle	O
"	O
hitting	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
spacecraft	O
's	O
solar	O
panels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Orbit	B-Application
maneuvers	O
in	O
2009	O
put	O
the	O
Jason-1	B-Algorithm
satellite	B-Application
on	O
the	O
opposite	O
side	O
of	O
Earth	O
from	O
the	O
OSTM/Jason	B-Algorithm
-2	I-Algorithm
satellite	B-Application
,	O
which	O
is	O
operated	O
by	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
and	O
French	O
weather	O
agencies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
that	O
time	O
,	O
Jason-1	B-Algorithm
flew	O
over	O
the	O
same	O
region	O
of	O
the	O
ocean	O
that	O
OSTM/Jason	B-Algorithm
-2	I-Algorithm
flew	O
over	O
five	O
days	O
earlier	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
ground	O
tracks	O
fell	O
midway	O
between	O
those	O
of	O
OSTM/Jason	B-Algorithm
-2	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
are	O
about	O
apart	O
at	O
the	O
equator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
tandem	O
mission	O
also	O
helped	O
pave	O
the	O
way	O
for	O
a	O
future	O
ocean	O
altimeter	O
mission	O
that	O
would	O
collect	O
much	O
more	O
detailed	O
data	O
with	O
its	O
single	O
instrument	O
than	O
the	O
two	O
Jason	O
satellites	B-Application
now	O
do	O
together	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
2012	O
,	O
having	O
helped	O
cross-calibrate	O
the	O
OSTM/Jason	B-Algorithm
-2	I-Algorithm
replacement	O
mission	O
,	O
Jason-1	B-Algorithm
was	O
maneuvered	O
into	O
its	O
graveyard	O
orbit	B-Application
and	O
all	O
remaining	O
fuel	O
was	O
vented	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
21	O
June	O
2013	O
,	O
contact	O
with	O
Jason-1	B-Algorithm
was	O
lost	O
;	O
multiple	O
attempts	O
to	O
re-establish	O
communication	O
failed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Operators	O
sent	O
commands	O
to	O
the	O
satellite	B-Application
to	O
turn	O
off	O
remaining	O
functioning	O
components	O
on	O
1	O
July	O
2013	O
,	O
rendering	O
it	O
decommissioned	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
estimated	O
that	O
the	O
spacecraft	O
will	O
remain	O
on	O
orbit	B-Application
for	O
at	O
least	O
1,000	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jason-1	B-Algorithm
has	O
five	O
5	O
instruments	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Poseidon	O
2	O
–	O
Nadir	O
pointing	O
Radar	O
altimeter	O
using	O
C	B-Algorithm
band	I-Algorithm
and	O
for	O
measuring	O
height	O
above	O
sea	O
surface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DORIS	O
(	O
Doppler	O
Orbitography	O
and	O
Radiopositioning	O
Integrated	O
by	O
Satellite	B-Application
)	O
for	O
orbit	B-Application
determination	O
to	O
within	O
10cm	O
or	O
less	O
and	O
ionospheric	O
correction	O
data	O
for	O
Poseidon	O
2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Laser	O
retroreflector	O
array	O
works	O
with	O
ground	O
stations	O
to	O
track	O
the	O
satellite	B-Application
and	O
calibrate	O
and	O
verify	O
altimeter	O
measurements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Jason-1	B-Algorithm
satellite	B-Application
,	O
its	O
altimeter	O
instrument	O
and	O
a	O
position-tracking	O
antenna	O
were	O
built	O
in	O
France	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TOPEX/Poseidon	O
and	O
Jason-1	B-Algorithm
have	O
led	O
to	O
major	O
advances	O
in	O
the	O
science	O
of	O
physical	O
oceanography	O
and	O
in	O
climate	O
studies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
from	O
these	O
missions	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
improve	O
ocean	O
models	O
,	O
forecast	O
hurricane	B-Application
intensity	O
,	O
and	O
identify	O
and	O
track	O
large	O
ocean/atmosphere	O
phenomena	O
such	O
as	O
El	O
Niño	O
and	O
La	O
Niña	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
from	O
these	O
missions	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
improve	O
ocean	O
models	O
,	O
forecast	O
hurricane	B-Application
intensity	O
,	O
and	O
identify	O
and	O
track	O
large	O
ocean/atmosphere	O
phenomena	O
such	O
as	O
El	O
Niño	O
and	O
La	O
Niña	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TOPEX/Poseidon	O
and	O
Jason-1	B-Algorithm
have	O
made	O
major	O
contributions	O
to	O
the	O
understanding	O
of	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Measurements	O
by	O
Jason-1	B-Algorithm
indicate	O
that	O
mean	O
sea	O
level	O
has	O
been	O
rising	O
at	O
an	O
average	O
rate	O
of	O
2.28mm	O
(	O
0.09	O
inch	O
)	O
per	O
year	O
since	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
somewhat	O
less	O
than	O
the	O
rate	O
measured	O
by	O
the	O
earlier	O
TOPEX/Poseidon	O
mission	O
,	O
but	O
over	O
four	O
times	O
the	O
rate	O
measured	O
by	O
the	O
later	O
Envisat	B-Algorithm
mission	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mean	O
sea	O
level	O
measurements	O
from	O
Jason-1	B-Algorithm
are	O
continuously	O
graphed	O
at	O
the	O
web	O
site	O
,	O
on	O
the	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
composite	O
sea	O
level	O
graph	O
,	O
using	O
data	O
from	O
several	O
satellites	B-Application
,	O
is	O
also	O
available	O
on	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TOPEX/Poseidon	O
and	O
Jason-1	B-Algorithm
made	O
clear	O
the	O
importance	O
of	O
planetary-scale	O
waves	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Rossby	O
and	O
Kelvin	O
waves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
precise	O
measurements	O
of	O
TOPEX/Poseidon	O
'	O
s	O
and	O
Jason-1	B-Algorithm
have	O
brought	O
knowledge	O
of	O
ocean	O
tides	O
to	O
an	O
unprecedented	O
level	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TOPEX/Poseidon	O
and	O
Jason-1	B-Algorithm
observations	O
provided	O
the	O
first	O
global	O
data	O
for	O
improving	O
the	O
performance	O
of	O
the	O
numerical	O
ocean	O
models	O
that	O
are	O
a	O
key	O
component	O
of	O
climate	O
prediction	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TOPEX/Poseidon	O
and	O
Jason-1	B-Algorithm
data	O
are	O
available	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Colorado	O
Center	O
for	O
Astrodynamics	O
Research	O
,	O
NASA	O
's	O
Physical	O
Oceanography	O
Distributed	O
Active	O
Archive	O
Center	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
French	O
data	O
archive	O
center	O
AVISO	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hurricane	B-Application
Forecasting	O
:	O
altimeter	O
data	O
and	O
satellite	B-Application
ocean	O
wind	O
data	O
are	O
incorporated	O
into	O
atmospheric	O
models	O
for	O
hurricane	B-Application
season	O
forecasting	O
and	O
individual	O
storm	O
severity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fisheries	O
Management	O
:	O
satellite	B-Application
data	O
identify	O
ocean	O
eddies	O
which	O
bring	O
an	O
increase	O
in	O
organisms	O
that	O
comprise	O
the	O
marine	O
food	O
web	O
,	O
attracting	O
fish	O
and	O
fishermen	O
.	O
</s>
