<s>
Jakarta	B-Language
Persistence	I-Language
API	B-Application
(	O
JPA	O
;	O
formerly	O
Java	B-Language
Persistence	I-Language
API	I-Language
)	O
is	O
a	O
Jakarta	B-Language
EE	I-Language
application	B-Application
programming	I-Application
interface	I-Application
specification	O
that	O
describes	O
the	O
management	O
of	O
relational	B-Architecture
data	I-Architecture
in	O
enterprise	B-Language
Java	I-Language
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Persistence	B-Application
in	O
this	O
context	O
covers	O
three	O
areas	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
reference	O
implementation	O
for	O
JPA	O
is	O
EclipseLink	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
final	O
release	O
date	O
of	O
the	O
JPA	O
1.0	O
specification	O
was	O
11	O
May	O
2006	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
Java	B-Language
Community	I-Language
Process	I-Language
JSR	B-Language
220	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
JPA	O
2.0	O
specification	O
was	O
released	O
10	O
December	O
2009	O
(	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
EE	I-Language
6	I-Language
platform	O
requires	O
JPA	O
2.0	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
JPA	O
2.1	O
specification	O
was	O
released	O
22	O
April	O
2013	O
(	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
EE	I-Language
7	I-Language
platform	O
requires	O
JPA	O
2.1	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
JPA	O
3.1	O
specification	O
,	O
the	O
latest	O
version	O
,	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
the	O
spring	B-Application
of	O
2022	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
Jakarta	B-Language
EE	I-Language
10	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
persistence	B-Application
entity	B-Architecture
is	O
a	O
lightweight	O
Java	B-Language
class	I-Language
with	O
its	O
state	O
typically	O
persisted	O
to	O
a	O
table	B-Application
in	O
a	O
relational	B-Application
database	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instances	O
of	O
such	O
an	O
entity	B-Architecture
correspond	O
to	O
individual	O
rows	B-Application
in	O
the	O
table	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Entities	O
typically	O
have	O
relationships	O
with	O
other	O
entities	O
,	O
and	O
these	O
relationships	O
are	O
expressed	O
through	O
object/relational	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
(	O
ORM	O
)	O
metadata	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
metadata	O
may	O
be	O
specified	O
directly	O
in	O
the	O
entity	B-Architecture
class	I-Architecture
file	O
by	O
using	O
annotations	B-Language
or	O
in	O
a	O
separate	O
XML	B-Protocol
descriptor	O
file	O
distributed	O
with	O
the	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
entity	B-Architecture
class	I-Architecture
with	O
ORM	O
metadata	O
declared	O
using	O
annotations	B-Language
(	O
import	O
statements	O
and	O
setters/getters	O
are	O
omitted	O
for	O
simplicity	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
@Entity	O
annotation	O
declares	O
that	O
the	O
class	O
represents	O
an	O
entity	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
@Id	O
declares	O
the	O
attribute	O
which	O
acts	O
as	O
the	O
primary	B-Application
key	I-Application
of	O
the	O
entity	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additional	O
annotations	B-Language
may	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
declare	O
additional	O
metadata	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
changing	O
the	O
default	O
table	B-Application
name	O
in	O
the	O
@Table	O
annotation	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
to	O
create	O
associations	O
between	O
entities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Jakarta	B-Language
Persistence	I-Language
Query	I-Language
Language	I-Language
(	O
JPQL	B-Language
;	O
formerly	O
Java	B-Language
Persistence	I-Language
Query	I-Language
Language	I-Language
)	O
makes	O
queries	O
against	O
entities	O
stored	O
in	O
a	O
relational	B-Application
database	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Queries	O
resemble	O
SQL	B-Language
queries	O
in	O
syntax	O
but	O
operate	O
against	O
entity	B-Architecture
objects	O
rather	O
than	O
directly	O
with	O
database	B-Application
tables	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prior	O
to	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
EJB	B-Language
3.0	O
specification	O
,	O
many	O
enterprise	B-Language
Java	I-Language
developers	O
used	O
lightweight	O
persistent	O
objects	O
provided	O
by	O
either	O
persistence	B-Application
frameworks	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
Hibernate	B-Library
)	O
or	O
data	O
access	O
objects	O
(	O
DAO	O
)	O
instead	O
of	O
by	O
using	O
entity	B-Language
beans	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
because	O
entity	B-Language
beans	I-Language
,	O
in	O
previous	O
EJB	B-Language
specifications	O
,	O
called	O
for	O
much	O
complicated	O
code	O
and	O
imposed	O
a	O
heavy	O
resource	O
footprint	O
,	O
and	O
they	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
only	O
on	O
Java	B-Language
EE	I-Language
application	O
servers	O
because	O
of	O
interconnections	O
and	O
dependencies	O
in	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
between	O
beans	O
and	O
DAO	O
objects	O
or	O
persistence	B-Application
frameworks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
features	O
originally	O
presented	O
in	O
third-party	O
persistence	B-Application
frameworks	O
were	O
incorporated	O
into	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
Persistence	I-Language
API	I-Language
,	O
and	O
projects	O
such	O
as	O
Hibernate	B-Library
and	O
TopLink	B-Library
Essentials	I-Library
have	O
become	O
implementations	O
of	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
Persistence	I-Language
API	I-Language
specification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
EJB	B-Language
3.0	O
specification	O
(	O
itself	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
EE	I-Language
5	I-Language
platform	O
)	O
included	O
a	O
definition	O
of	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
Persistence	I-Language
API	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
developers	O
do	O
not	O
need	O
an	O
EJB	B-Language
container	I-Language
or	O
a	O
Java	B-Language
EE	I-Language
application	O
server	O
to	O
run	O
applications	O
that	O
use	O
this	O
persistence	B-Application
API	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Future	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
Persistence	I-Language
API	I-Language
will	O
be	O
defined	O
in	O
a	O
separate	O
JSR	B-Language
and	O
specification	O
rather	O
than	O
in	O
the	O
EJB	B-Language
JSR/specification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Java	B-Language
Persistence	I-Language
API	I-Language
replaces	O
the	O
persistence	B-Application
solution	O
of	O
EJB	B-Language
2.0	O
CMP	O
(	O
Container-Managed	O
Persistence	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Java	B-Language
Persistence	I-Language
API	I-Language
was	O
developed	O
in	O
part	O
to	O
unify	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
Data	I-Language
Objects	I-Language
API	B-Application
and	O
the	O
EJB	B-Language
2.0	O
Container	O
Managed	O
Persistence	B-Application
(	O
CMP	O
)	O
API	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
products	O
supporting	O
each	O
of	O
the	O
two	O
APIs	B-Application
support	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
Persistence	I-Language
API	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Java	B-Language
Persistence	I-Language
API	I-Language
specifies	O
persistence	B-Application
only	O
for	O
relational	B-Application
database	I-Application
management	I-Application
systems	I-Application
by	O
focusing	O
on	O
object-relational	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
(	O
ORM	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
JPA	O
providers	O
support	O
other	O
database	B-General_Concept
models	I-General_Concept
,	O
though	O
this	O
is	O
outside	O
the	O
scope	O
of	O
JPA	O
's	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
introduction	O
section	O
of	O
the	O
JPA	O
specification	O
states	O
:	O
"	O
The	O
technical	O
objective	O
of	O
this	O
work	O
is	O
to	O
provide	O
an	O
object/relational	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
facility	O
for	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
application	O
developer	O
using	O
a	O
Java	B-Language
domain	O
model	O
to	O
manage	O
a	O
relational	O
database.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Java	B-Language
Data	I-Language
Objects	I-Language
specification	O
supports	O
ORM	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
persistence	B-Application
to	O
other	O
types	O
of	O
database	B-General_Concept
models	I-General_Concept
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
flat	B-Application
file	I-Application
databases	I-Application
and	O
NoSQL	B-General_Concept
databases	O
,	O
including	O
document	B-General_Concept
databases	I-General_Concept
,	O
graph	B-Application
databases	I-Application
any	O
many	O
other	O
datastores	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
designers	O
of	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
Persistence	I-Language
API	I-Language
aimed	O
to	O
provide	O
for	O
relational	O
persistence	B-Application
,	O
with	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
key	O
areas	O
taken	O
from	O
object-relational	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
tools	O
such	O
as	O
Hibernate	B-Library
and	O
TopLink	B-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
Java	B-Language
Persistence	I-Language
API	I-Language
improved	O
on	O
and	O
replaced	O
EJB	B-Language
2.0	O
,	O
evidenced	O
by	O
its	O
inclusion	O
in	O
EJB	B-Language
3.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Service	O
Data	O
Objects	O
(	O
SDO	O
)	O
API	B-Application
(	O
JSR	B-Language
235	O
)	O
has	O
a	O
very	O
different	O
objective	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
Persistence	I-Language
API	I-Language
and	O
is	O
considered	O
complementary	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
SDO	O
API	B-Application
is	O
designed	O
for	O
service-oriented	O
architectures	O
,	O
multiple	O
data	O
formats	O
rather	O
than	O
only	O
relational	B-Architecture
data	I-Architecture
and	O
multiple	O
programming	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Java	B-Language
Community	I-Language
Process	I-Language
manages	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
version	O
of	O
the	O
SDO	O
API	B-Application
;	O
the	O
C++	B-Language
version	O
of	O
the	O
SDO	O
API	B-Application
is	O
managed	O
via	O
OASIS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hibernate	B-Library
,	O
founded	O
by	O
Gavin	O
King	O
,	O
provides	O
an	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
object-relational	B-General_Concept
mapping	I-General_Concept
framework	O
for	O
Java	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Versions	O
3.2	O
and	O
later	O
provide	O
an	O
implementation	O
for	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
Persistence	I-Language
API	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
King	O
represented	O
JBoss	B-Language
on	O
JSR	B-Language
220	I-Language
,	O
the	O
JCP	B-Language
expert	O
group	O
charged	O
with	O
developing	O
JPA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
led	O
to	O
ongoing	O
controversy	O
and	O
speculation	O
surrounding	O
the	O
relationship	O
between	O
JPA	O
and	O
Hibernate	B-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
stated	O
that	O
ideas	O
came	O
from	O
several	O
frameworks	O
,	O
including	O
Hibernate	B-Library
and	O
Java	B-Language
Data	I-Language
Objects	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Spring	B-Application
Data	O
JPA	O
is	O
an	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
repository	O
abstraction	O
that	O
is	O
a	O
key	O
building	O
block	O
of	O
domain-driven	O
design	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
application	O
framework	O
Spring	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
transparently	O
supports	O
all	O
available	O
JPA	O
implementations	O
and	O
supports	O
CRUD	B-General_Concept
operations	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
convenient	O
execution	O
of	O
database	O
queries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Development	O
of	O
a	O
new	O
version	O
of	O
JPA	O
2.0	O
was	O
started	O
in	O
July	O
2007	O
in	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
Community	I-Language
Process	I-Language
as	O
JSR	B-Language
317	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Development	O
of	O
JPA	O
version	O
2.1	O
began	O
in	O
July	O
2011	O
as	O
JSR	B-Language
338	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Entity	B-Architecture
graphs	O
for	O
partial	O
or	O
specified	O
fetching	O
or	O
merging	O
of	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JPQL/Criteria	O
enhancements	O
such	O
as	O
arithmetic	O
subqueries	O
,	O
generic	O
database	O
functions	O
,	O
join	O
ON	O
clause	O
and	O
the	O
TREAT	O
option	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Development	O
of	O
JPA	O
2.2	O
,	O
a	O
maintenance	O
release	O
,	O
began	O
in	O
2017	O
under	O
JSR	B-Language
338	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
JPA	O
was	O
renamed	O
as	O
Jakarta	B-Language
Persistence	I-Language
in	O
2019	O
and	O
version	O
3.0	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
included	O
the	O
renaming	O
of	O
packages	O
and	O
properties	O
from	O
javax.persistence	O
to	O
jakarta.persistence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vendors	O
supporting	O
Jakarta	B-Language
Persistence	I-Language
3.0	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
part	O
of	O
Jakarta	B-Language
EE	I-Language
10	O
,	O
and	O
thus	O
requires	O
at	O
least	O
Java	B-Language
11	O
to	O
run	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vendors	O
supporting	O
Jakarta	B-Language
Persistence	I-Language
3.1	O
:	O
</s>
