<s>
JADE	B-Language
is	O
a	O
proprietary	O
object-oriented	B-Language
software	O
development	O
and	O
deployment	O
platform	O
product	O
from	O
the	O
New	O
Zealand-based	O
Jade	B-Language
Software	I-Language
Corporation	I-Language
,	O
first	O
released	O
in	O
1996	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
consists	O
of	O
the	O
JADE	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
,	O
Integrated	B-Application
development	I-Application
environment	I-Application
and	O
debugger	B-Application
,	O
integrated	O
application	B-Application
server	I-Application
and	O
object	B-Application
database	I-Application
management	I-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Designed	O
as	O
an	O
end-to-end	O
development	O
environment	O
to	O
allow	O
systems	O
to	O
be	O
coded	O
in	O
one	O
language	O
from	O
the	O
database	B-Application
server	I-Application
down	O
to	O
the	O
clients	B-Protocol
,	O
it	O
also	O
provides	O
APIs	B-General_Concept
for	O
other	O
languages	O
,	O
including	O
.NET	B-Application
Framework	I-Application
,	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
C/C	O
++	O
and	O
Web	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
a	O
free	O
limited	O
licence	O
is	O
available	O
for	O
development	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
JADE	B-Language
platform	O
requires	O
per-process	O
fees	O
to	O
be	O
paid	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
syntax	O
,	O
JADE	B-Language
is	O
very	O
similar	O
to	O
Pascal	B-Application
;	O
its	O
syntax	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
language	O
Modula-2	B-Language
,	O
which	O
was	O
derived	O
from	O
Pascal	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
it	O
includes	O
innovations	O
lacking	O
in	O
Pascal	B-Application
or	O
Modula-2	B-Language
,	O
it	O
lacks	O
certain	O
features	O
of	O
other	O
modern	O
object-oriented	B-Language
languages	I-Language
such	O
as	O
C#	O
and	O
Java	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
JADE	B-Language
is	O
able	O
to	O
import	O
and	O
run	O
LINC	B-Language
4GL	I-Language
programs	O
and	O
was	O
initially	O
its	O
core	O
role	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
other	O
popular	O
programming	O
languages	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
database-driven	O
software	O
,	O
JADE	B-Language
is	O
fully	O
object-oriented	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
JADE	B-Language
was	O
designed	O
to	O
have	O
all	O
the	O
most	O
important	O
features	O
of	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programming	I-Language
,	O
but	O
does	O
not	O
support	O
the	O
overloading	O
of	O
methods	O
or	O
operators	O
,	O
and	O
until	O
Jade	B-Language
2018	O
lacked	O
parameterised	O
constructors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Classes	O
in	O
JADE	B-Language
are	O
kept	O
together	O
in	O
schemas	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Schemas	B-Application
serve	O
the	O
same	O
purpose	O
as	O
Java	B-Language
packages	I-Language
or	O
namespaces	O
in	O
.NET	B-Application
,	O
but	O
have	O
a	O
hierarchy	O
,	O
and	O
inherit	O
classes	O
from	O
superschemas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JADE	B-Language
programs	O
are	O
developed	O
using	O
a	O
user	O
interface	O
that	O
allows	O
programmers	O
to	O
visually	O
create	O
classes	O
and	O
define	O
their	O
properties	O
and	O
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
instead	O
of	O
compiling	O
all	O
the	O
code	O
of	O
a	O
program	O
at	O
once	O
,	O
in	O
JADE	B-Language
,	O
each	O
method	O
is	O
compiled	O
individually	O
as	O
soon	O
as	O
the	O
method	O
is	O
completed	O
,	O
meaning	O
code	O
can	O
be	O
checked	O
immediately	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
the	O
code	O
for	O
a	O
JADE	B-Language
application	O
is	O
stored	O
in	O
its	O
object-oriented	B-Application
database	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
goal	O
of	O
JADE	B-Language
was	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
seamlessly	O
integrated	O
programming	O
language	O
that	O
would	O
allow	O
developers	O
to	O
create	O
one	O
application	O
that	O
would	O
go	O
from	O
end-to-end	O
instead	O
of	O
having	O
to	O
write	O
three	O
separate	O
applications	O
for	O
the	O
database	B-Application
server	I-Application
,	O
application	B-Application
server	I-Application
and	O
presentation	B-Device
client	I-Device
and	O
then	O
write	O
the	O
code	O
for	O
them	O
to	O
communicate	O
with	O
each	O
other	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
striking	O
difference	O
between	O
JADE	B-Language
and	O
other	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programming	I-Language
languages	I-Language
is	O
that	O
its	O
object	B-Application
database	I-Application
is	O
a	O
native	O
part	O
of	O
its	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
when	O
creating	O
an	O
object	O
in	O
JADE	B-Language
,	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
created	O
as	O
transient	O
or	O
persistent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Creating	O
an	O
object	O
as	O
transient	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
creating	O
objects	O
in	O
other	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programming	I-Language
languages	I-Language
–	O
the	O
object	O
is	O
simply	O
created	O
in	O
memory	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
lost	O
when	O
the	O
program	O
ends	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
So	O
,	O
when	O
an	O
object	O
is	O
persistent	O
JADE	B-Language
automatically	O
works	O
in	O
the	O
background	O
to	O
store	O
and	O
retrieve	O
the	O
object	O
in	O
the	O
database	O
when	O
necessary	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Persistent	O
objects	O
can	O
be	O
distributed	O
across	O
multiple	O
co-operating	O
servers	O
,	O
with	O
JADE	B-Language
automatically	O
handling	O
object	O
caching	O
and	O
cache	O
coherency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
very	O
few	O
differences	O
between	O
manipulating	O
transient	O
and	O
persistent	O
objects	O
so	O
JADE	B-Language
makes	O
it	O
appear	O
to	O
the	O
programmer	O
as	O
if	O
all	O
the	O
objects	O
in	O
the	O
entire	O
database	O
were	O
in	O
local	O
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
of	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
JADE	B-Language
's	O
object-oriented	B-Application
database	I-Application
is	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
multi-user	O
system	O
,	O
and	O
so	O
JADE	B-Language
makes	O
it	O
appear	O
to	O
the	O
programmer	O
as	O
if	O
all	O
the	O
objects	O
in	O
the	O
database	O
were	O
stored	O
in	O
shared	O
memory	O
that	O
all	O
users	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
system	O
can	O
access	O
,	O
even	O
from	O
different	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
program	O
code	O
centralised	O
on	O
the	O
database	B-Application
server	I-Application
as	O
well	O
the	O
data	O
,	O
all	O
client	O
nodes	B-Protocol
can	O
be	O
programmed	O
as	O
if	O
they	O
were	O
running	O
on	O
the	O
database	B-Application
server	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
JADE	B-Language
's	O
database	O
is	O
inherently	O
object-oriented	B-Language
,	O
and	O
ACID-compliant	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
standard	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
atomic	O
transactions	O
,	O
locking	O
,	O
rollback	O
,	O
crash	O
recovery	O
and	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
keep	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
secondary	O
database	B-Application
servers	I-Application
synchronised	O
with	O
the	O
main	O
database	O
for	O
backup	O
,	O
disaster	O
recovery	O
and	O
performance	O
reasons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
interoperate	O
with	O
relational	B-Application
databases	I-Application
for	O
reporting	O
,	O
business	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
and	O
data	O
warehouse	O
purposes	O
JADE	B-Language
since	O
2010	O
has	O
provided	O
a	O
"	O
Relational	O
Population	O
Service	O
"	O
that	O
enables	O
automatically	O
replicating	O
objects	O
from	O
its	O
native	O
object-orientated	O
database	O
to	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
relational	B-Application
database	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
data	O
storage	O
and	O
processing	O
tiers	O
,	O
JADE	B-Language
systems	O
are	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
co-operating	O
servers	O
,	O
called	O
nodes	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
multiple	O
nodes	B-Protocol
may	O
be	O
involved	O
in	O
each	O
tier	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
collection	O
of	O
nodes	B-Protocol
can	O
be	O
deployed	O
across	O
one	O
or	O
several	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Database	B-Application
servers	I-Application
handle	O
data	O
storage	O
and	O
can	O
also	O
execute	O
business	O
logic	O
,	O
while	O
application	B-Application
servers	I-Application
handle	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
three-tier	O
model	O
,	O
presentation	B-Device
clients	I-Device
provide	O
the	O
user	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JADE	B-Language
also	O
provides	O
a	O
two-tier	O
client	O
that	O
combines	O
the	O
abilities	O
of	O
an	O
application	B-Application
server	I-Application
and	O
presentation	B-Device
client	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Having	O
the	O
different	O
programs	O
separate	O
like	O
this	O
has	O
many	O
advantages	O
,	O
the	O
main	O
one	O
is	O
that	O
the	O
system	O
becomes	O
scalable	O
,	O
that	O
is	O
,	O
raising	O
the	O
power	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
involves	O
simply	O
adding	O
more	O
nodes	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
need	O
to	O
decide	O
whether	O
the	O
function	O
would	O
run	O
best	O
on	O
the	O
database	B-Application
server	I-Application
,	O
application	B-Application
server	I-Application
or	O
presentation	B-Device
client	I-Device
before	O
they	O
begin	O
coding	O
as	O
it	O
will	O
be	O
difficult	O
to	O
change	O
that	O
decision	O
once	O
the	O
functionality	O
is	O
coded	O
into	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
tiers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
different	O
for	O
JADE	B-Language
applications	O
,	O
as	O
they	O
are	O
coded	O
as	O
one	O
application	O
from	O
end-to-end	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
creating	O
a	O
JADE	B-Language
application	O
,	O
the	O
programmer	O
can	O
think	O
as	O
if	O
they	O
were	O
creating	O
a	O
program	O
that	O
will	O
be	O
running	O
on	O
the	O
database	B-Application
server	I-Application
–	O
as	O
if	O
all	O
the	O
data	O
storage	O
,	O
processing	O
and	O
presentation	O
were	O
happening	O
on	O
one	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
program	O
runs	O
on	O
three	O
tiers	O
,	O
JADE	B-Language
automatically	O
knows	O
to	O
run	O
all	O
the	O
code	O
by	O
default	O
on	O
the	O
application	B-Application
server	I-Application
,	O
and	O
to	O
send	O
database	O
requests	O
up	O
to	O
the	O
database	B-Application
server	I-Application
and	O
user	O
interface	O
information	O
down	O
to	O
the	O
presentation	B-Device
client	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
this	O
,	O
the	O
decision	O
on	O
where	O
a	O
particular	O
piece	O
of	O
code	O
should	O
run	O
can	O
be	O
made	O
late	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
cycle	O
,	O
and	O
refactoring	O
code	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
different	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
ends	O
up	O
being	O
a	O
lot	O
easier	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
way	O
JADE	B-Language
allows	O
end-to-end	O
development	O
of	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Programmers	O
have	O
the	O
facility	O
to	O
allow	O
three	O
different	O
kinds	O
of	O
clients	B-Protocol
to	O
connect	O
to	O
a	O
JADE	B-Language
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
three	O
types	O
of	O
clients	B-Protocol
are	O
named	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
same	O
schema	O
,	O
a	O
JADE	B-Language
developer	O
can	O
create	O
many	O
completely	O
separate	O
applications	O
which	O
may	O
provide	O
different	O
interfaces	O
to	O
access	O
the	O
same	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JADE	B-Language
Forms	O
applications	O
are	O
made	O
up	O
of	O
forms	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
name	O
suggests	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Clients	B-Protocol
need	O
to	O
connect	O
through	O
the	O
JADE	B-Language
Smart	O
thin	B-Device
client	I-Device
or	O
Standard	O
Client	O
to	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
run	O
applications	O
that	O
use	O
JADE	B-Language
Forms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Smart	O
Thin	B-Device
Client	I-Device
works	O
by	O
connecting	O
to	O
an	O
Application	B-Application
Server	I-Application
which	O
generally	O
does	O
all	O
the	O
processing	O
on	O
behalf	O
of	O
the	O
Smart	O
Thin	B-Device
Client	I-Device
,	O
meaning	O
the	O
thin	B-Device
client	I-Device
only	O
needs	O
to	O
be	O
responsible	O
for	O
displaying	O
forms	O
and	O
taking	O
input	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
means	O
the	O
computer	O
running	O
the	O
thin	B-Device
client	I-Device
does	O
not	O
have	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
very	O
powerful	O
computer	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
require	O
a	O
fast	O
network	O
connection	O
as	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
loading	O
data	O
from	O
the	O
database	O
–	O
JADE	B-Language
thin	B-Device
clients	I-Device
are	O
often	O
run	O
over	O
a	O
dial-up	O
connection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
the	O
reason	O
they	O
are	O
called	O
thin	B-Device
clients	I-Device
,	O
as	O
there	O
is	O
not	O
a	O
heavy	O
requirement	O
on	O
computational	O
power	O
to	O
run	O
these	O
clients	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Standard	O
Client	O
is	O
just	O
the	O
Smart	O
Thin	B-Device
Client	I-Device
combined	O
with	O
the	O
Application	B-Application
Server	I-Application
on	O
one	O
machine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Standard	O
clients	B-Protocol
have	O
greater	O
demands	O
on	O
computational	O
power	O
than	O
thin	B-Device
clients	I-Device
,	O
as	O
they	O
must	O
load	O
data	O
from	O
the	O
database	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
do	O
their	O
own	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
advantages	O
of	O
using	O
JADE	B-Language
Forms	O
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Out	O
of	O
the	O
three	O
kinds	O
of	O
clients	B-Protocol
,	O
JADE	B-Language
Forms	O
provide	O
the	O
shortest	O
development	O
time	O
of	O
JADE	B-Language
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	O
thin	B-Device
clients	I-Device
can	O
be	O
packaged	O
up	O
so	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
installed	O
and	O
run	O
on	O
client	B-Protocol
computers	I-Protocol
in	O
several	O
clicks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JADE	B-Language
Forms	O
have	O
an	O
interesting	O
twist	O
to	O
them	O
though	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
actually	O
possible	O
to	O
run	O
a	O
JADE	B-Language
Forms	O
application	O
through	O
a	O
web	O
browser	O
by	O
changing	O
its	O
mode	O
to	O
web-enabled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
this	O
happens	O
,	O
JADE	B-Language
automatically	O
generates	O
HTML	O
code	O
to	O
make	O
pages	O
that	O
resemble	O
the	O
forms	O
and	O
controls	O
,	O
without	O
any	O
modifications	O
to	O
the	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JADE	B-Language
supports	O
deployment	O
of	O
applications	O
to	O
the	O
web	O
through	O
its	O
HTML	O
documents	O
feature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
JADE	B-Language
applications	O
use	O
HTML	O
documents	O
,	O
they	O
are	O
no	O
longer	O
using	O
the	O
same	O
technology	O
from	O
end	O
to	O
end	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Offloading	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
processing	O
to	O
front-end	O
clients	B-Protocol
is	O
no	O
longer	O
as	O
easy	O
or	O
secure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Web	O
services	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
allow	O
different	O
programs	O
to	O
communicate	O
with	O
each	O
other	O
from	O
remote	O
locations	O
in	O
an	O
object-oriented	B-Language
form	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
uses	O
of	O
Web	O
services	O
with	O
JADE	B-Language
is	O
to	O
allow	O
other	O
technologies	O
such	O
as	O
.NET	B-Application
or	O
Java	B-Language
to	O
use	O
JADE	B-Language
as	O
the	O
backend	O
object-oriented	B-Application
database	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Web	O
services	O
also	O
allow	O
JADE	B-Language
systems	O
to	O
interoperate	O
with	O
services	O
provided	O
by	O
other	O
non-JADE	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
Web	O
services	O
,	O
JADE	B-Language
is	O
also	O
capable	O
of	O
interfacing	O
with	O
other	O
programs	O
through	O
language	O
APIs	B-General_Concept
(	O
including	O
.NET	B-Application
,	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
C/C	O
++	O
)	O
,	O
DLL	O
calls	O
,	O
ActiveX/COM	O
objects	O
and	O
.NET	B-Application
assemblies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
other	O
programs	O
to	O
access	O
objects	O
and	O
execute	O
methods	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
different	O
interface	O
to	O
a	O
JADE	B-Language
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JADE	O
6.2	O
provided	O
a	O
Java	B-Language
API	B-General_Concept
,	O
.NET	B-Application
Assembly	O
integration	O
and	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
run	O
Smart	O
Thin	B-Device
Clients	I-Device
on	O
Windows	O
Mobile	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JADE	O
6.3	O
provides	O
an	O
API	B-General_Concept
for	O
.NET	B-Application
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JADE	B-Language
natively	O
supports	O
multilingual	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
developer	O
has	O
methods	O
available	O
to	O
access	O
the	O
current	O
locale	B-Device
of	O
the	O
system	O
and	O
so	O
they	O
can	O
implement	O
their	O
own	O
language-dependent	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JADE	B-Language
will	O
automatically	O
switch	O
to	O
the	O
language	O
it	O
detects	O
on	O
the	O
system	O
if	O
the	O
language	O
is	O
provided	O
by	O
the	O
developer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Currently	O
JADE	B-Language
applications	O
can	O
only	O
be	O
run	O
on	O
Windows	O
,	O
Linux	O
support	O
has	O
been	O
dropped	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JADE	O
6.2	O
allows	O
Smart	O
Thin	B-Device
Clients	I-Device
and	O
a	O
specialised	O
Standard	O
Client	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
Windows	O
Mobile	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
section	O
are	O
some	O
short	O
examples	O
of	O
JADE	B-Language
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
code	O
in	O
JADE	B-Language
:	O
</s>
<s>
JADE	B-Language
was	O
originally	O
conceived	O
by	O
Sir	O
Gilbert	O
Simpson	O
and	O
is	O
currently	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
Jade	B-Language
Software	I-Language
Corporation	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
JADE	B-Language
was	O
JADE	B-Language
3	O
,	O
released	O
September	O
1996	O
.	O
</s>
