<s>
Iodinated	B-Algorithm
contrast	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
water-soluble	O
,	O
intravenous	O
radiocontrast	B-Application
agent	I-Application
containing	O
iodine	O
,	O
which	O
enhances	O
the	O
visibility	O
of	O
vascular	O
structures	O
and	O
organs	O
during	O
radiographic	O
procedures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
pathologies	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
cancer	O
,	O
have	O
particularly	O
improved	O
visibility	O
with	O
iodinated	B-Algorithm
contrast	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
radiodensity	O
of	O
iodinated	B-Algorithm
contrast	I-Algorithm
is	O
25	O
–	O
30	O
Hounsfield	O
units	O
(	O
HU	O
)	O
per	O
milligram	O
of	O
iodine	O
per	O
milliliter	O
at	O
a	O
tube	O
voltage	O
of	O
100	O
–	O
120	O
kVp	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Iodine-based	O
contrast	B-Algorithm
media	I-Algorithm
are	O
usually	O
classified	O
as	O
ionic	O
or	O
nonionic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Contrast	B-Algorithm
media	I-Algorithm
are	O
primarily	O
used	O
to	O
visualize	O
vessels	O
and	O
changes	O
in	O
tissues	O
on	O
radiography	O
and	O
CT	O
(	O
computerized	O
tomography	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Contrast	B-Algorithm
media	I-Algorithm
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
tests	O
of	O
the	O
urinary	O
tract	O
,	O
uterus	O
and	O
fallopian	O
tubes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Iodine-based	O
contrast	B-Algorithm
media	I-Algorithm
used	O
nowadays	O
are	O
water-soluble	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
contrast	B-Algorithm
agents	I-Algorithm
are	O
sold	O
as	O
clear	O
,	O
colorless	O
water	O
solutions	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
concentration	O
usually	O
expressed	O
as	O
mg	O
I/ml	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
iodinated	B-Algorithm
contrast	I-Algorithm
agents	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
almost	O
anywhere	O
in	O
the	O
body	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Iodine	B-Algorithm
contrast	I-Algorithm
agents	O
are	O
used	O
for	O
the	O
following	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Iodinated	B-Algorithm
contrast	I-Algorithm
agents	O
may	O
cause	O
allergic	O
reactions	O
,	O
contrast-induced	O
nephropathy	O
,	O
hyperthyroidism	O
and	O
possibly	O
metformin	O
accumulation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
no	O
absolute	O
contraindications	O
to	O
iodinated	B-Algorithm
contrast	I-Algorithm
,	O
so	O
the	O
benefits	O
needs	O
to	O
be	O
weighted	O
against	O
the	O
risks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hypersensitivity	O
towards	O
iodinated	B-Algorithm
contrast	I-Algorithm
agent	O
is	O
associated	O
with	O
increase	O
in	O
histamine	O
and	O
tryptase	O
concentration	O
in	O
blood	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
observational	O
study	O
conducted	O
across	O
133,331	O
patients	O
concluded	O
that	O
iodinated	B-Algorithm
contrast	I-Algorithm
injected	O
through	O
veins	O
has	O
more	O
hypersensitivity	O
reactions	O
than	O
when	O
injected	O
through	O
arteries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
people	O
with	O
myasthenia	O
gravis	O
,	O
older	O
forms	O
of	O
iodinated	B-Algorithm
contrast	I-Algorithm
have	O
caused	O
an	O
increased	O
risk	O
of	O
exacerbation	O
of	O
the	O
disease	O
,	O
but	O
modern	O
(	O
low-osmolar	O
)	O
forms	O
have	O
no	O
immediate	O
increased	O
risk	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Anaphylaxis	O
to	O
ionic	O
(	O
high	O
osmolar	O
)	O
contrast	B-Algorithm
agent	I-Algorithm
injections	O
occurred	O
in	O
two	O
clusters	O
of	O
reactions	O
on	O
two	O
occasions	O
(	O
1983	O
and	O
1987	O
)	O
in	O
a	O
single	O
radiology	O
clinic	O
in	O
London	O
,	O
Ontario	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Katayama	O
's	O
1990	O
article	O
in	O
Radiology	O
showed	O
that	O
a	O
new	O
type	O
of	O
nonionic	O
(	O
low	O
osmolar	O
)	O
contrast	B-Algorithm
agent	I-Algorithm
was	O
associated	O
with	O
significantly	O
fewer	O
severe	O
life-threatening	O
reactions	O
than	O
the	O
older	O
ionic	O
(	O
high	O
osmolar	O
)	O
contrast	B-Algorithm
agents	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
What	O
was	O
unknown	O
to	O
the	O
Katayama	O
researchers	O
was	O
that	O
the	O
ampoule	O
seals	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
safer	O
"	O
nonionic	B-Application
contrast	I-Application
agents	O
were	O
made	O
from	O
artificial	O
rubber	O
,	O
whereas	O
the	O
ionic	O
agents	O
were	O
sealed	O
with	O
natural	O
rubber	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Seafood	O
"	O
allergy	O
"	O
is	O
not	O
a	O
contraindication	O
for	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
iodinated	B-Algorithm
contrast	I-Algorithm
materials	O
,	O
because	O
in	O
seafood	O
allergy	O
the	O
immune	O
system	O
is	O
directed	O
against	O
the	O
muscle	O
protein	O
tropomyosin	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Those	O
with	O
history	O
of	O
asthma	O
will	O
have	O
six-fold	O
increased	O
risk	O
to	O
low-osmolar	O
contrast	B-Algorithm
media	I-Algorithm
and	O
10-fold	O
increased	O
risk	O
to	O
high-osmolar	O
contrast	B-Algorithm
media	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
85%	O
of	O
patients	O
with	O
seafood	O
allergies	O
will	O
not	O
have	O
an	O
adverse	O
reaction	O
to	O
iodinated	B-Algorithm
contrast	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
contrast	B-Algorithm
material	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
IL-2	O
medication	O
poses	O
no	O
risk	O
for	O
the	O
acquisition	O
of	O
adverse	O
events	O
by	O
radiocontrast	B-Application
agents	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Iodinated	B-Algorithm
contrast	I-Algorithm
may	O
be	O
toxic	O
to	O
the	O
kidneys	O
,	O
especially	O
when	O
given	O
via	O
the	O
arteries	O
prior	O
to	O
studies	O
such	O
as	O
catheter	O
coronary	O
angiography	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nonionic	B-Application
contrast	I-Application
agents	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
almost	O
exclusively	O
used	O
in	O
CT	O
scans	O
,	O
have	O
not	O
been	O
shown	O
to	O
cause	O
CIN	O
when	O
given	O
intravenously	O
at	O
doses	O
needed	O
for	O
CT	O
studies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Iodinated	B-Algorithm
contrast	I-Algorithm
media	I-Algorithm
exposure	O
can	O
potentially	O
cause	O
incident	O
hyperthyroidism	O
and	O
incident	O
overt	O
hypothyroidism.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
been	O
recommended	O
that	O
metformin	O
,	O
an	O
oral	O
antidiabetic	O
agent	O
,	O
be	O
stopped	O
for	O
48	O
hours	O
following	O
the	O
intravascular	O
administration	O
of	O
contrast	B-Algorithm
media	I-Algorithm
and	O
that	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
metformin	O
not	O
be	O
resumed	O
until	O
kidney	O
function	O
has	O
been	O
shown	O
to	O
be	O
normal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
reasoning	O
is	O
that	O
if	O
the	O
contrast	B-Algorithm
medium	I-Algorithm
causes	O
kidney	O
failure	O
(	O
as	O
happens	O
rarely	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
person	O
continues	O
to	O
take	O
metformin	O
(	O
which	O
is	O
normally	O
excreted	O
by	O
the	O
kidneys	O
)	O
,	O
there	O
may	O
be	O
a	O
toxic	O
accumulation	O
of	O
metformin	O
,	O
increasing	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
lactic	O
acidosis	O
,	O
a	O
dangerous	O
complication	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
recent	O
investigations	O
it	O
became	O
clear	O
that	O
beta	O
blockers	O
do	O
not	O
increase	O
the	O
frequency	O
of	O
adverse	O
reactions	O
in	O
concert	O
with	O
radiocontrast	B-Application
agents	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Iodinated	B-Algorithm
contrast	I-Algorithm
in	O
medical	B-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
in	I-Algorithm
pregnancy	I-Algorithm
,	O
when	O
orally	O
administered	O
,	O
is	O
harmless	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intravenous	O
administration	O
of	O
iodinated	O
radiocontrast	B-Application
agents	I-Application
can	O
cross	O
the	O
placenta	O
and	O
enter	O
the	O
fetal	O
circulation	O
,	O
but	O
animal	O
studies	O
have	O
reported	O
no	O
teratogenic	O
or	O
mutagenic	O
effects	O
from	O
its	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
have	O
been	O
theoretical	O
concerns	O
about	O
potential	O
harm	O
of	O
free	O
iodide	O
on	O
the	O
fetal	O
thyroid	O
gland	O
,	O
but	O
multiple	O
studies	O
have	O
shown	O
that	O
a	O
single	O
dose	O
of	O
intravenously	O
administered	O
iodinated	B-Algorithm
contrast	I-Algorithm
medium	I-Algorithm
to	O
a	O
pregnant	O
mother	O
has	O
no	O
effect	O
on	O
neonatal	O
thyroid	O
function	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nevertheless	O
,	O
it	O
generally	O
is	O
recommended	O
that	O
radiocontrast	B-Application
only	O
be	O
used	O
if	O
absolutely	O
required	O
to	O
obtain	O
additional	O
diagnostic	O
information	O
that	O
will	O
improve	O
the	O
care	O
of	O
the	O
fetus	O
or	O
mother	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
American	O
College	O
of	O
Radiology	O
(	O
ACR	O
)	O
guidelines	O
state	O
that	O
iodinated	B-Algorithm
contrast	I-Algorithm
administration	O
to	O
a	O
breastfeeding	O
mother	O
is	O
considered	O
safe	O
for	O
both	O
the	O
mother	O
and	O
child	O
.	O
</s>
