<s>
Intra-frame	B-General_Concept
coding	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
data	B-General_Concept
compression	I-General_Concept
technique	O
used	O
within	O
a	O
video	O
frame	O
,	O
enabling	O
smaller	O
file	O
sizes	O
and	O
lower	O
bitrates	O
,	O
with	O
little	O
or	O
no	O
loss	O
in	O
quality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intra-frame	B-General_Concept
prediction	I-General_Concept
exploits	O
spatial	O
redundancy	O
,	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
correlation	O
among	O
pixels	O
within	O
one	O
frame	O
,	O
by	O
calculating	O
prediction	O
values	O
through	O
extrapolation	O
from	O
already	O
coded	O
pixels	O
for	O
effective	O
delta	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
two	O
classes	O
of	O
predictive	O
coding	O
methods	O
in	O
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
counterpart	O
is	O
inter-frame	B-Algorithm
prediction	O
which	O
exploits	O
temporal	O
redundancy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Temporally	O
independently	O
coded	O
so-called	O
intra	B-General_Concept
frames	I-General_Concept
use	O
only	O
intra	B-General_Concept
coding	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
MPEG	O
's	O
P	O
-	O
and	O
B-frames	O
)	O
may	O
use	O
intra	O
-	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
inter-frame	B-Algorithm
prediction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
intra-frame	B-General_Concept
coding	I-General_Concept
refers	O
to	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
the	O
various	O
lossless	O
and	O
lossy	B-Algorithm
compression	I-Algorithm
techniques	O
are	O
performed	O
relative	O
to	O
information	O
that	O
is	O
contained	O
only	O
within	O
the	O
current	O
frame	O
,	O
and	O
not	O
relative	O
to	O
any	O
other	O
frame	O
in	O
the	O
video	O
sequence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inter	B-Algorithm
frame	I-Algorithm
has	O
been	O
specified	O
by	O
the	O
CCITT	O
in	O
1988	O
–	O
1990	O
by	O
H.261	B-Algorithm
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
H.261	B-Algorithm
was	O
meant	O
for	O
teleconferencing	O
and	O
ISDN	O
telephoning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
coding	O
process	O
varies	O
greatly	O
depending	O
on	O
which	O
type	O
of	O
encoder	O
is	O
used	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
JPEG	O
or	O
H.264	B-Application
)	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
steps	O
usually	O
include	O
:	O
partitioning	O
into	O
macroblocks	B-General_Concept
,	O
transformation	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
using	O
a	O
DCT	B-General_Concept
or	O
wavelet	O
)	O
,	O
quantization	B-Algorithm
and	O
entropy	B-Algorithm
encoding	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
codecs	O
like	O
ProRes	O
:	O
a	O
group	B-General_Concept
of	I-General_Concept
pictures	I-General_Concept
codec	O
without	O
inter	B-Algorithm
frames	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
