<s>
Internet	B-Application
vigilantism	I-Application
is	O
the	O
act	O
of	O
carrying	O
out	O
vigilante	B-Application
activities	O
through	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
expanding	O
scope	O
of	O
media	O
savvy	O
and	O
online	O
interaction	O
has	O
enabled	O
vigilantes	B-Application
to	O
utilize	O
methods	O
specific	O
to	O
the	O
Internet	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
distribute	O
justice	O
to	O
parties	O
they	O
consider	O
to	O
be	O
corrupt	O
,	O
but	O
who	O
have	O
not	O
committed	O
a	O
formal	O
crime	O
or	O
have	O
not	O
been	O
held	O
accountable	O
by	O
the	O
criminal	O
justice	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internet	B-Application
vigilantism	I-Application
originated	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
2000s	O
and	O
has	O
since	O
evolved	O
to	O
include	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
methods	O
such	O
as	O
hacking	O
,	O
baiting	O
,	O
and	O
public	O
shaming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internet	B-Application
vigilantism	I-Application
changes	O
in	O
cultural	O
and	O
political	O
drive	O
depending	O
on	O
location	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
varying	O
relationships	O
to	O
state	O
authority	O
depending	O
on	O
context	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
many	O
internet	B-Application
vigilante	I-Application
groups	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
individuals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
internet	B-Application
vigilantism	I-Application
describes	O
punitive	O
public	O
denunciations	O
,	O
aimed	O
at	O
swaying	O
public	O
opinion	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
“	O
take	O
justice	O
into	O
one	O
's	O
own	O
hands	O
”	O
by	O
engaging	O
in	O
forms	O
of	O
targeted	O
surveillance	O
,	O
unwanted	O
attention	O
,	O
negative	O
publicity	O
,	O
repression	O
,	O
coercion	O
or	O
dissuasion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Associate	O
professor	O
in	O
sociology	O
Benjamin	O
Loveluck	O
identifies	O
the	O
four	O
main	O
forms	O
of	O
internet	B-Application
vigilantism	I-Application
as	O
:	O
flagging	O
,	O
investigation	O
,	O
hounding	O
,	O
and	O
organized	O
denunciation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
referred	O
to	O
by	O
Steve	O
Man	O
as	O
Sousveillance	O
,	O
meaning	O
"	O
to	O
watch	O
from	O
below	O
"	O
,	O
internet	B-Application
vigilantism	I-Application
can	O
work	O
as	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
peer	O
surveillance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
muddied	O
overlaps	O
between	O
internet	B-Application
vigilantism	I-Application
and	O
cyberbullying	O
,	O
as	O
both	O
utilize	O
public	O
shaming	O
methods	O
,	O
and	O
cyberbullying	O
may	O
sometimes	O
be	O
conducted	O
under	O
the	O
guise	O
of	O
internet	B-Application
vigilantism	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
in	O
the	O
case	O
that	O
the	O
vigilante	B-Application
"	O
realizes	O
they	O
are	O
n't	O
achieving	O
social	O
justice	O
but	O
utilize	O
it	O
as	O
a	O
means	O
of	O
rationalizing	O
their	O
acts	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	O
vigilantism	O
can	O
also	O
overlap	O
with	O
digital	O
activism	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
awareness	O
of	O
a	O
social	O
issue	O
may	O
increase	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
dissemination	O
of	O
information	O
and	O
weaponization	O
of	O
visibility	O
associated	O
with	O
digital	O
vigilante	B-Application
tactics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
are	O
methods	O
of	O
internet	B-Application
vigilantism	I-Application
that	O
have	O
been	O
used	O
or	O
proposed	O
for	O
use	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
,	O
the	O
Kentucky	O
Senate	O
proposed	O
a	O
bill	O
to	O
ban	O
the	O
doxxing	B-Application
of	O
children	O
after	O
a	O
teenager	O
,	O
Nick	O
Sandmann	O
and	O
a	O
Native	O
American	O
activist	O
,	O
Nathan	O
Phillips	O
were	O
filmed	O
in	O
a	O
confrontation	O
at	O
a	O
protest	O
rally	O
which	O
went	O
viral	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
consists	O
of	O
crowdsourcing	O
and	O
pooling	O
together	O
information	O
from	O
the	O
public	O
via	O
online	O
forums	O
to	O
conduct	O
vigilante	B-Application
justice	O
through	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
internet	B-Application
vigilantism	I-Application
,	O
information	O
entropy	O
is	O
an	O
act	O
intended	O
to	O
disrupt	O
online	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DoS	O
attacks	O
grew	O
in	O
popularity	O
due	O
to	O
Low	B-Language
Orbit	I-Language
Ion	I-Language
Cannon	I-Language
(	O
LOIC	B-Language
)	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
an	O
open	O
source	O
application	O
that	O
enables	O
denial	O
of	O
service	O
attacks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
vigilantes	B-Application
interact	O
with	O
scammers	O
simply	O
to	O
waste	O
their	O
time	O
and	O
resources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cyber	B-Application
Vigilantism	I-Application
originated	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
2000s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
similar	O
example	O
can	O
be	O
seen	O
in	O
the	O
Netflix	O
TV	O
show	O
Do	O
n't	O
F**k	O
with	O
Cats	O
:	O
Hunting	O
an	O
Internet	O
Killer	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
a	O
widespread	O
effort	O
by	O
internet	B-Application
vigilantes	I-Application
is	O
made	O
to	O
track	O
down	O
a	O
serial	O
cat	O
murderer	O
on	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
who	O
had	O
been	O
posting	O
anonymous	O
videos	O
of	O
their	O
activities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2008	O
,	O
cyber	B-Application
vigilantism	I-Application
was	O
used	O
in	O
Shenzhen	O
China	O
to	O
expose	O
a	O
government	O
official	O
for	O
attempted	O
child	O
molestation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cyber	B-Application
Vigilantism	I-Application
has	O
also	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
punish	O
online	O
bullies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
perpetrators	O
were	O
doxxed	B-Application
by	O
bloggers	O
who	O
committed	O
themselves	O
to	O
ensuring	O
their	O
social	O
punishment	O
and	O
loss	O
of	O
employment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Singapore	O
,	O
cyber	B-Application
vigilantism	I-Application
became	O
a	O
popular	O
form	O
of	O
peer	O
surveillance	O
and	O
is	O
largely	O
viewed	O
as	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
civic	O
engagement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Online	O
shaming	O
is	O
viewed	O
by	O
the	O
vigilantes	B-Application
as	O
reintegrative	O
shaming	O
,	O
as	O
they	O
claim	O
their	O
actions	O
are	O
a	O
means	O
of	O
shaming	O
the	O
behavior	O
rather	O
than	O
the	O
perpetrator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internet	B-Application
vigilantism	I-Application
can	O
also	O
take	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
Dark	O
Justice	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
when	O
vigilante	B-Application
pedophile	O
hunters	O
pose	O
as	O
children	O
online	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
ensnare	O
sexual	O
predators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vigilantes	B-Application
may	O
view	O
their	O
actions	O
as	O
digital	O
citizenship	O
if	O
they	O
are	O
seeking	O
to	O
improve	O
the	O
safety	O
of	O
online	O
interaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Silva	O
,	O
"	O
Vigilantes	B-Application
 '	O
responses	O
to	O
perceived	O
malicious	O
activity	O
have	O
reportedly	O
caused	O
the	O
loss	O
of	O
digital	O
evidence	O
,	O
thereby	O
obstructing	O
law	O
enforcement	O
's	O
effort	O
in	O
ascertaining	O
attribution	O
and	O
jurisdiction	O
over	O
cybercrime	O
offences.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
internet	B-Application
vigilantism	I-Application
is	O
generally	O
in	O
opposition	O
to	O
legitimate	O
criminal	O
investigations	O
,	O
and	O
viewed	O
as	O
tampering	O
with	O
evidence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
cases	O
in	O
which	O
internet	B-Application
vigilantism	I-Application
is	O
legally	O
protected	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
when	O
it	O
falls	O
under	O
laws	O
relating	O
to	O
protection	O
of	O
the	O
other	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
have	O
also	O
been	O
cases	O
in	O
which	O
vigilantes	B-Application
have	O
cooperated	O
with	O
criminal	O
justice	O
investigations	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
cases	O
of	O
BrickerBot	O
and	O
WannaCry	O
ransomware	O
attack	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
both	O
of	O
these	O
cases	O
,	O
vigilantes	B-Application
cooperated	O
with	O
authorities	O
,	O
utilizing	O
cybercrime	O
methods	O
to	O
fight	O
cybercrime	O
and	O
prevent	O
further	O
damage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conversely	O
,	O
internet	B-Application
vigilantism	I-Application
can	O
also	O
work	O
for	O
the	O
interests	O
of	O
the	O
Government	O
or	O
for	O
the	O
government	O
,	O
as	O
is	O
sometimes	O
the	O
case	O
in	O
Russia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
non	O
profit	O
groups	O
practicing	O
internet	B-Application
vigilantism	I-Application
,	O
Liga	O
Bezopasnogo	O
Interneta	O
(	O
LBI	O
,	O
Safe	O
Internet	O
League	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Molodezhnaia	O
Sluzhba	O
Bezopasnost	O
(	O
Youth	O
Security	O
Service	O
)	O
,	O
attempted	O
to	O
pass	O
a	O
bill	O
that	O
would	O
enable	O
unpaid	O
volunteers	O
to	O
regulate	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
Cyber	O
Cossak	O
movement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Russian	O
youth	O
group	O
Nashi	O
,	O
who	O
conducted	O
a	O
vigilante	B-Application
project	O
called	O
StopXam	O
,	O
has	O
even	O
been	O
publicly	O
supported	O
by	O
Vladimir	O
Putin	O
,	O
who	O
has	O
posed	O
for	O
a	O
picture	O
with	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
the	O
Unite	O
the	O
Right	O
rally	O
in	O
Charlottesville	O
Virginia	B-Application
,	O
internet	B-Application
vigilantism	I-Application
was	O
used	O
to	O
help	O
police	O
track	O
down	O
violent	O
protestors	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
bring	O
justice	O
when	O
the	O
police	O
were	O
considered	O
by	O
the	O
public	O
to	O
be	O
doing	O
so	O
inadequately	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
included	O
doxing	B-Application
and	O
public	O
shaming	O
of	O
the	O
protestors	O
via	O
Twitter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
many	O
internet	B-Application
vigilante	I-Application
groups	O
permeating	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
with	O
different	O
motivations	O
and	O
levels	O
of	O
anonymity	O
.	O
</s>
