<s>
An	O
Internet	B-Application
outage	I-Application
or	O
Internet	B-Application
blackout	I-Application
or	O
Internet	B-Application
shutdown	I-Application
is	O
the	O
complete	O
or	O
partial	O
failure	O
of	O
the	O
internet	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
occur	O
due	O
to	O
censorship	B-Application
,	O
cyberattacks	O
,	O
disasters	O
,	O
police	O
or	O
security	O
services	O
actions	O
or	O
errors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Countries	O
with	O
a	O
less	O
developed	O
Internet	B-Architecture
infrastructure	I-Architecture
are	O
more	O
vulnerable	O
due	O
to	O
small	O
numbers	O
of	O
high-capacity	O
links	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
government	O
internet	B-Application
blackout	I-Application
is	O
the	O
deliberate	O
shut	O
down	O
of	O
civilian	O
internet	O
access	O
by	O
a	O
government	O
for	O
a	O
small	O
area	O
or	O
many	O
large	O
areas	O
of	O
its	O
country	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
autocracies	O
,	O
internet	B-Application
shutdowns	I-Application
have	O
appeared	O
especially	O
in	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
contested	O
elections	O
and	O
post-electoral	O
violence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
could	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
advance	O
of	O
an	O
airstrike	B-Application
campaign	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Extreme	O
weather	O
events	O
and	O
natural	O
disasters	O
can	O
lead	O
to	O
internet	B-Application
outages	I-Application
by	O
either	O
directly	O
destroying	O
local	O
ICT	O
infrastructure	O
or	O
indirectly	O
damaging	O
the	O
local	O
electricity	O
grid	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Solar	O
superstorms	O
could	O
cause	O
large-scale	O
global	O
months-long	O
Internet	B-Application
outages	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
researchers	O
describes	O
potential	O
mitigation	O
measures	O
and	O
exceptions	O
–	O
such	O
as	O
user-powered	O
mesh	O
networks	O
,	O
related	O
peer-to-peer	O
applications	O
and	O
new	O
protocols	O
–	O
and	O
the	O
robustness	O
of	O
the	O
current	O
Internet	B-Architecture
infrastructure	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Malicious	O
software	O
can	O
infect	O
and	O
damage	O
computer	O
systems	O
and	O
networks	O
,	O
leading	O
to	O
internet	B-Application
outages	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
botnet	B-Architecture
is	O
a	O
network	O
of	O
compromised	O
computers	O
that	O
are	O
controlled	O
by	O
an	O
attacker	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
computers	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
launch	O
DDoS	O
attacks	O
,	O
spread	O
malware	O
,	O
or	O
perform	O
other	O
malicious	O
actions	O
that	O
can	O
cause	O
internet	B-Application
outages	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Border	B-Protocol
Gateway	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
BGP	B-Protocol
)	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
route	O
traffic	O
on	O
the	O
internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BGP	B-Protocol
hijacking	O
is	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
cyber-attack	O
where	O
an	O
attacker	O
alters	O
the	O
routing	O
information	O
in	O
BGP	B-Protocol
,	O
causing	O
internet	O
traffic	O
to	O
be	O
directed	O
to	O
the	O
wrong	O
place	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Floods	O
,	O
hurricanes	O
,	O
earthquakes	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
natural	O
disasters	O
can	O
damage	O
internet	B-Architecture
infrastructure	I-Architecture
,	O
causing	O
outages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Accidents	O
caused	O
by	O
human	O
error	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
construction	O
crew	O
cutting	O
through	O
a	O
fiber-optic	O
cable	O
,	O
can	O
cause	O
internet	B-Application
outages	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
failure	O
of	O
equipment	O
such	O
as	O
servers	O
,	O
routers	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
switches	O
can	O
cause	O
internet	B-Application
outages	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scheduled	O
maintenance	O
or	O
unexpected	O
repairs	O
on	O
the	O
internet	B-Architecture
infrastructure	I-Architecture
can	O
cause	O
outages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
variety	O
of	O
organizations	O
measure	O
internet	B-Application
shutdowns	I-Application
including	O
the	O
Open	B-Application
Observatory	I-Application
of	I-Application
Network	I-Application
Interference	I-Application
,	O
Access	O
Now	O
,	O
Freedom	O
House	O
,	O
the	O
Digital	O
Society	O
Project	O
(	O
using	O
the	O
V-Dem	O
Institute	O
methodology	O
and	O
infrastructure	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
OpenNet	B-Application
Initiative	I-Application
,	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Michigan	O
's	O
Censored	O
Planet	O
Observatory	O
,	O
the	O
Internet	B-Application
Censorship	I-Application
Lab	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Monash	O
IP	O
Observatory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
these	O
organizations	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Access	O
Now	O
,	O
maintain	O
active	O
lists	O
of	O
internet	B-Application
shutdowns	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
organizations	O
use	O
expert	O
analysis	O
to	O
identify	O
internet	B-Application
shutdowns	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
internet	B-Application
shutdowns	I-Application
,	O
the	O
DSP	O
asks	O
"	O
How	O
often	O
does	O
the	O
government	O
shut	O
down	O
domestic	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
Internet	O
?	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Freedom	O
House	O
's	O
Freedom	O
on	O
the	O
Net	O
report	O
also	O
uses	O
expert	O
analysis	O
to	O
assess	O
whether	O
internet	B-Application
shutdowns	I-Application
have	O
occurred	O
,	O
but	O
instead	O
of	O
surveying	O
multiple	O
experts	O
,	O
Freedom	O
House	O
identifies	O
and	O
partners	O
with	O
a	O
single	O
expert	O
to	O
conduct	O
an	O
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
organizations	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Open	B-Application
Observatory	I-Application
of	I-Application
Network	I-Application
Interference	I-Application
,	O
the	O
Internet	B-Application
Censorship	I-Application
Lab	O
and	O
the	O
Monash	O
IP-Observatory	O
use	O
automated	O
remote	O
sensing	O
methods	O
to	O
detect	O
internet	B-Application
shutdowns	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Open	B-Application
Observatory	I-Application
of	I-Application
Network	I-Application
Interference	I-Application
uses	O
software	O
installed	O
on	O
computers	O
of	O
volunteers	O
around	O
the	O
world	O
to	O
detect	O
shutdowns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Organizations	O
such	O
as	O
Access	O
Now	O
and	O
the	O
OpenNet	B-Application
Initiative	I-Application
use	O
such	O
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
OpenNet	B-Application
Initiative	I-Application
has	O
volunteers	O
install	O
software	O
on	O
their	O
computers	O
to	O
check	O
websites	O
from	O
access	O
points	O
around	O
the	O
world	O
,	O
then	O
confirms	O
those	O
results	O
with	O
manual	O
observations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
comparatively	O
new	O
method	O
for	O
detecting	O
internet	B-Application
shutdowns	I-Application
is	O
remote	O
sensing	O
with	O
automated	O
oversight	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Year	O
Name	O
Country	O
or	O
region	O
Affected	O
users	O
Number	O
of	O
affected	O
users	O
(	O
rough	O
)	O
Description	O
Duration	O
(	O
rough	O
)	O
Internet	O
component	O
Cause	O
Entity	O
responsible	O
Type	O
16	O
Jul	O
1997	O
DNS	B-Protocol
TLD	O
Outage	O
Worldwide	O
50,000,000	O
An	O
Ingress	B-Application
database	I-Application
failure	O
resulted	O
in	O
corrupt	O
.com	O
and	O
.net	O
zones	O
,	O
which	O
were	O
subsequently	O
released	O
to	O
the	O
DNS	B-Protocol
root	O
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
4	O
hours	O
DNS	B-Protocol
Automation	O
and	O
Human	O
Failure	O
InterNIC	O
/	O
Network	O
Solutions	O
All	O
.com	O
and	O
.net	O
domains	O
2008	O
2008	O
submarine	O
cable	O
disruption	O
Middle	O
East	O
and	O
Mediterranean	O
Sea	O
Three	O
separate	O
incidents	O
of	O
major	O
damage	O
to	O
submarine	O
optical	O
communication	O
cables	O
around	O
the	O
world	O
occurred	O
in	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
resulted	O
in	O
Google	O
blocking	O
Michael	O
Jackson-related	O
searches	O
(	O
after	O
assumption	O
that	O
a	O
DDoS	O
attack	O
was	O
at	O
hand	O
)	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
and	O
Wikipedia	O
crashed	O
,	O
and	O
AOL	O
Instant	O
Messenger	O
collapsing	O
for	O
40	O
minutes.Search	O
Engines	O
&	O
Social	O
MediaMultiple	O
subjects	O
on	O
MJ	O
's	O
death	O
results	O
online.Events	O
2011	O
2011	O
submarine	O
cable	O
disruption	O
South	O
Asia	O
and	O
Middle	O
East	O
Two	O
incidents	O
of	O
submarine	O
communications	O
cables	O
cut	O
off	O
on	O
25	O
December	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
the	O
incidents	O
had	O
caused	O
the	O
internet	O
disruptions	O
and	O
slowdowns	O
for	O
users	O
in	O
the	O
South	O
Asia	O
and	O
Middle	O
East	O
in	O
particular	O
UAE	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
ISPs	O
government	O
censorship	B-Application
20122012	O
Syrian	O
internet	O
outageOn	O
29	O
November	O
2012	O
the	O
Syrian	O
internet	O
was	O
cut	O
off	O
from	O
the	O
rest	O
of	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
autonomous	B-Architecture
system	I-Architecture
(	O
AS29386	O
)	O
of	O
Syrian	O
Telecommunication	O
Establishment	O
(	O
STE	O
)	O
was	O
cut	O
off	O
completely	O
at	O
10:26	O
UTC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Five	O
prefixes	O
were	O
reported	O
to	O
have	O
remained	O
up	O
,	O
this	O
is	O
why	O
Dyn	B-Protocol
reports	O
an	O
outage	O
of	O
92%	O
of	O
the	O
country	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2016	O
Deutsche	O
Telekom	O
900,000	O
At	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
November	O
2016	O
0.9	O
million	O
routers	B-Protocol
,	O
from	O
Deutsche	O
Telekom	O
and	O
produced	O
by	O
Arcadyan	O
,	O
were	O
crashed	O
due	O
to	O
failed	O
TR-064	O
exploitation	O
attempts	O
by	O
a	O
variant	O
of	O
Mirai	B-Language
,	O
which	O
resulted	O
in	O
internet	O
connectivity	O
problems	O
for	O
the	O
users	O
of	O
these	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
TalkTalk	O
later	O
patched	O
their	O
routers	B-Protocol
,	O
a	O
new	O
variant	O
of	O
Mirai	B-Language
was	O
discovered	O
in	O
TalkTalk	O
routers	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
1	O
day	O
Internet	B-Protocol
routers	I-Protocol
cyberattack	O
2016	O
Mirai	B-Language
has	O
also	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
an	O
attack	O
on	O
Liberia	O
's	O
internet	B-Architecture
infrastructure	I-Architecture
in	O
November	O
2016	O
.	O
cyberattack	O
2016	O
DDoS	B-Device
attack	I-Device
on	I-Device
Dyn	I-Device
Dyn	B-Protocol
(	O
company	O
)	O
The	O
cyberattack	O
took	O
place	O
on	O
October	O
21	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
and	O
involved	O
multiple	O
distributed	O
denial-of-service	O
attacks	O
(	O
DDoS	O
attacks	O
)	O
targeting	O
systems	O
operated	O
by	O
Domain	B-Protocol
Name	I-Protocol
System	I-Protocol
(	O
DNS	B-Protocol
)	O
provider	O
Dyn	B-Protocol
,	O
which	O
caused	O
major	O
internet	O
platforms	O
and	O
services	O
to	O
be	O
unavailable	O
to	O
large	O
swathes	O
of	O
users	O
in	O
Europe	O
and	O
North	O
America	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
DNS	B-Protocol
provider	O
,	O
Dyn	B-Protocol
provides	O
to	O
end-users	O
the	O
service	O
of	O
mapping	O
an	O
Internet	O
domain	O
name	O
—	O
when	O
,	O
for	O
instance	O
,	O
entered	O
into	O
a	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
—	O
to	O
its	O
corresponding	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
distributed	O
denial-of-service	O
(	O
DDoS	O
)	O
attack	O
was	O
accomplished	O
through	O
a	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
DNS	B-Protocol
lookup	O
requests	O
from	O
tens	O
of	O
millions	O
of	O
IP	B-Protocol
addresses	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
activities	O
are	O
believed	O
to	O
have	O
been	O
executed	O
through	O
a	O
botnet	B-Architecture
consisting	O
of	O
a	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
Internet-connected	B-Operating_System
devices	I-Operating_System
—	O
such	O
as	O
printers	O
,	O
IP	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
,	O
residential	B-Application
gateways	I-Application
and	O
baby	O
monitors	O
—	O
that	O
had	O
been	O
infected	O
with	O
the	O
Mirai	B-Language
malware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1	O
day	O
Domain	B-Protocol
Name	I-Protocol
System	I-Protocol
(	O
DNS	B-Protocol
)	O
provider	O
cyberattack	O
2017	O
South-West	O
and	O
North-West	O
of	O
Cameroon	O
20%	O
of	O
the	O
country	O
's	O
population	O
On	O
January	O
17	O
,	O
around	O
20	O
percent	O
of	O
the	O
people	O
in	O
Cameroon	O
had	O
their	O
internet	O
blocked	O
due	O
to	O
recent	O
anti-government	O
protests	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
270	O
days	O
or	O
8	O
months	O
government	O
censorship	B-Application
2017	O
On	O
October	O
1	O
,	O
The	O
autonomous	B-Architecture
system	I-Architecture
(	O
AS131279	O
)	O
of	O
Star	O
JV	O
was	O
cut	O
off	O
completely	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
alleged	O
US	O
cyber	O
attack	O
9	O
hours	O
and	O
31	O
minutes	O
cyberattack	O
2019	O
Verizon	B-Application
and	O
BGP	B-Protocol
Optimizer	O
Verizon	B-Application
(	O
company	O
)	O
On	O
June	O
24	O
,	O
2019	O
,	O
many	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	O
faced	O
an	O
unprecedented	O
outage	O
as	O
Verizon	B-Application
,	O
the	O
popular	O
internet	O
transit	O
provider	O
accidentally	O
rerouted	O
IP	O
packages	O
after	O
it	O
wrongly	O
accepted	O
a	O
network	O
misconfiguration	O
from	O
a	O
small	O
ISP	O
in	O
Pennsylvania	O
,	O
USA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
The	O
Register	O
,	O
systems	O
around	O
the	O
planet	O
were	O
automatically	O
updated	O
,	O
and	O
connections	O
destined	O
for	O
Facebook	B-Application
,	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
,	O
and	O
others	O
,	O
ended	O
up	O
going	O
through	O
DQE	O
and	O
Allegheny	O
,	O
which	O
buckled	O
under	O
the	O
strain	O
,	O
causing	O
traffic	O
to	O
disappear	O
into	O
a	O
black	O
hole	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
3	O
hours	O
Internet	O
transit	O
provider	O
misconfiguration	O
2019	O
Iranian	O
internet	B-Application
shutdown	I-Application
The	O
Internet	O
in	O
Iran	O
was	O
shut	O
down	O
by	O
the	O
government	O
,	O
whereby	O
approximately	O
96%	O
of	O
networks	O
were	O
without	O
access	O
in	O
an	O
attempt	O
to	O
stop	O
mobilization	O
for	O
anti-government	O
protests	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
7	O
days	O
ISPs	O
government	O
censorship	B-Application
2019	O
Internet	B-Application
shutdown	I-Application
in	O
India	O
50,000,000	O
The	O
Government	O
of	O
India	O
passed	O
the	O
Citizenship	O
Amendment	O
Act	O
,	O
2019	O
which	O
caused	O
huge	O
controversy	O
and	O
mass	O
protest	O
in	O
various	O
parts	O
of	O
India	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
one	O
year	O
(	O
Kashmir	O
)	O
government	O
censorship	B-Application
Various	O
State	O
governments	O
of	O
India	O
2019	O
2019	O
Burmese	O
internet	B-Application
shutdown	I-Application
On	O
June	O
21	O
,	O
the	O
Internet	O
in	O
Burma	O
was	O
shut	O
down	O
by	O
the	O
government	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
shutdown	O
is	O
ongoing	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
become	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
longest	O
internet	B-Application
shutdown	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
government	O
censorship	B-Application
2019	O
2019	O
Papua	O
protests	O
To	O
curb	O
the	O
escalating	O
protests	O
occurred	O
in	O
the	O
Indonesian	O
provinces	O
of	O
Papua	O
and	O
West	O
Papua	O
,	O
Indonesian	O
authority	O
imposed	O
an	O
internet	B-Application
blackout	I-Application
on	O
both	O
provinces	O
on	O
21	O
August	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
19	O
days	O
government	O
censorship	B-Application
2021	O
On	O
October	O
21st	O
,	O
North	O
Korean	O
internet	B-Architecture
infrastructure	I-Architecture
dropped	O
off	O
the	O
internet	O
,	O
including	O
public	O
facing	O
websites	O
and	O
email	O
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
least	O
14	O
minutes	O
2021Facebook	O
outageWorldwideLAN	O
Internet	O
Connection	O
2,850,000,000	O
On	O
October	O
4	O
,	O
2021	O
,	O
at	O
around	O
11:45	O
AM	O
EST	O
,	O
the	O
online	O
social	O
media	O
site	O
Facebook	B-Application
went	O
down	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
Facebook	B-Application
subsidiaries	O
including	O
Instagram	B-Application
and	O
WhatsApp	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Around	O
4:00	O
PM	O
EST	O
,	O
people	O
reported	O
other	O
sites	O
were	O
not	O
working	O
via	O
Downdetector	O
,	O
including	O
Gmail	B-Application
and	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
the	O
latter	O
possibly	O
caused	O
by	O
Facebook	B-Application
users	I-Application
reporting	O
the	O
outage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
a	O
short	O
period	O
of	O
time	O
,	O
no	O
Facebook	B-Application
employee	O
could	O
access	O
the	O
building	O
to	O
investigate	O
the	O
issue	O
due	O
to	O
their	O
"	O
keycards	O
not	O
working.	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
around	O
6:30	O
PM	O
EST	O
,	O
Facebook	B-Application
reported	O
that	O
all	O
their	O
sites	O
were	O
up	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Facebook	B-Application
CEO	O
Mark	O
Zuckerberg	O
lost	O
around	O
$7B	O
dollars	O
after	O
the	O
outage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
more	O
info	O
,	O
see	O
2021	O
Facebook	B-Application
outage7	O
hoursLAN	O
connectionBGP	O
Withdrawal	O
of	O
IP	B-Protocol
Address	I-Protocol
(	O
Facebook	B-Application
)	O
,	O
Server	O
overwhelming	O
(	O
other	O
sites	O
)	O
2022	O
2022	O
Kazakhstan	O
internet	B-Application
shutdown	I-Application
On	O
4	O
January	O
2022	O
the	O
Internet	O
in	O
Kazakhstan	O
was	O
shut	O
down	O
on	O
account	O
of	O
anti-government	O
protests	O
against	O
sudden	O
energy	O
price	O
rises	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
5	O
days	O
government	O
censorship	B-Application
mobile	O
internet	O
2022	O
Rogers	O
outage	O
On	O
July	O
8th	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
Rogers	O
reported	O
the	O
largest	O
outage	O
in	O
Canadian	O
history	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
outage	O
occurred	O
during	O
an	O
update	O
to	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
core	O
IP	O
network	O
that	O
resulted	O
in	O
the	O
deletion	O
of	O
a	O
routing	O
filter	O
on	O
its	O
distribution	O
routers	B-Protocol
,	O
which	O
caused	O
all	O
possible	O
routes	O
to	O
the	O
internet	O
to	O
pass	O
through	O
the	O
routers	B-Protocol
,	O
exceeding	O
the	O
capacity	O
of	O
the	O
routers	B-Protocol
on	O
its	O
core	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internet	B-Application
outages	I-Application
can	O
be	O
prevented	O
by	O
a	O
more	O
resilient	O
,	O
decentralized	O
Internet	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
have	O
been	O
some	O
measures	O
taken	O
and	O
possibilities	O
exist	O
for	O
managing	O
and	O
countering	O
a	O
large-scale	O
Internet	B-Application
outage	I-Application
.	O
</s>
