<s>
The	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
(	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
)	O
describes	O
physical	B-Application
objects	O
(	O
or	O
groups	O
of	O
such	O
objects	O
)	O
with	O
sensors	B-Application
,	O
processing	O
ability	O
,	O
software	O
and	O
other	O
technologies	O
that	O
connect	O
and	O
exchange	O
data	O
with	O
other	O
devices	O
and	O
systems	O
over	O
the	O
Internet	O
or	O
other	O
communications	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
has	O
been	O
considered	O
a	O
misnomer	O
because	O
devices	O
do	O
not	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
internet	O
,	O
they	O
only	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
connected	O
to	O
a	O
network	B-Application
,	O
and	O
be	O
individually	O
addressable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
field	O
has	O
evolved	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
convergence	O
of	O
multiple	O
technologies	O
,	O
including	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
commodity	O
sensors	B-Application
,	O
increasingly	O
powerful	O
embedded	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
machine	O
learning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Traditional	O
fields	O
of	O
embedded	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
,	O
wireless	B-Architecture
sensor	I-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
,	O
control	O
systems	O
,	O
automation	B-Application
(	O
including	O
home	O
and	O
building	O
automation	B-Application
)	O
,	O
independently	O
and	O
collectively	O
enable	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
consumer	O
market	O
,	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
technology	O
is	O
most	O
synonymous	O
with	O
products	O
pertaining	O
to	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
smart	O
home	O
"	O
,	O
including	O
devices	O
and	O
appliances	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
lighting	O
fixtures	O
,	O
thermostats	O
,	O
home	O
security	B-Application
systems	O
,	O
cameras	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
home	O
appliances	O
)	O
that	O
support	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
common	O
ecosystems	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
controlled	O
via	O
devices	O
associated	O
with	O
that	O
ecosystem	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
smartphones	B-Application
and	O
smart	B-Device
speakers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
IoT	B-Operating_System
is	O
also	O
used	O
in	O
healthcare	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
concerns	O
about	O
the	O
risks	O
in	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
technologies	O
and	O
products	O
,	O
especially	O
in	O
the	O
areas	O
of	O
privacy	O
and	O
security	B-Application
,	O
and	O
consequently	O
,	O
industry	O
and	O
governmental	O
moves	O
to	O
address	O
these	O
concerns	O
have	O
begun	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
international	O
and	O
local	O
standards	O
,	O
guidelines	O
,	O
and	O
regulatory	O
frameworks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
concept	O
of	O
a	O
network	B-Application
of	O
smart	B-Device
devices	I-Device
was	O
discussed	O
as	O
early	O
as	O
1982	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
modified	O
Coca-Cola	O
vending	O
machine	O
at	O
Carnegie	O
Mellon	O
University	O
becoming	O
the	O
first	O
ARPANET-connected	O
appliance	O
,	O
able	O
to	O
report	O
its	O
inventory	O
and	O
whether	O
newly	O
loaded	O
drinks	O
were	O
cold	O
or	O
not	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mark	O
Weiser	O
's	O
1991	O
paper	O
on	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
"	O
The	O
Computer	O
of	O
the	O
21st	O
Century	O
"	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
academic	O
venues	O
such	O
as	O
UbiComp	B-Architecture
and	O
PerCom	O
produced	O
the	O
contemporary	O
vision	O
of	O
the	O
IOT	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Between	O
1993	O
and	O
1997	O
,	O
several	O
companies	O
proposed	O
solutions	O
like	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
at	O
Work	O
or	O
Novell	O
's	O
NEST	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
Internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
"	O
and	O
the	O
term	O
itself	O
,	O
first	O
appeared	O
in	O
a	O
speech	O
by	O
Peter	B-Operating_System
T	I-Operating_System
.	I-Operating_System
Lewis	I-Operating_System
,	O
to	O
the	O
Congressional	O
Black	O
Caucus	O
Foundation	O
15th	O
Annual	O
Legislative	O
Weekend	O
in	O
Washington	O
,	O
D.C.	O
,	O
published	O
in	O
September	O
1985	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Lewis	O
,	O
"	O
The	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
,	O
or	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
,	O
is	O
the	O
integration	O
of	O
people	O
,	O
processes	O
and	O
technology	O
with	O
connectable	O
devices	O
and	O
sensors	B-Application
to	O
enable	O
remote	O
monitoring	O
,	O
status	O
,	O
manipulation	O
and	O
evaluation	O
of	O
trends	O
of	O
such	O
devices.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
Internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
"	O
was	O
coined	O
independently	O
by	O
Kevin	O
Ashton	O
of	O
Procter	O
&	O
Gamble	O
,	O
later	O
of	O
MIT	O
's	O
Auto-ID	B-Application
Center	I-Application
,	O
in	O
1999	O
,	O
though	O
he	O
prefers	O
the	O
phrase	O
"	O
Internet	O
for	O
things	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
that	O
point	O
,	O
he	O
viewed	O
radio-frequency	B-Application
identification	I-Application
(	O
RFID	B-Application
)	O
as	O
essential	O
to	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
would	O
allow	O
computers	O
to	O
manage	O
all	O
individual	O
things	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
theme	O
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
is	O
to	O
embed	O
short-range	O
mobile	O
transceivers	O
in	O
various	O
gadgets	O
and	O
daily	O
necessities	O
to	O
enable	O
new	O
forms	O
of	O
communication	O
between	O
people	O
and	O
things	O
,	O
and	O
between	O
things	O
themselves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2004	O
Cornelius	O
"	O
Pete	O
"	O
Peterson	O
,	O
CEO	O
of	O
NetSilicon	O
,	O
predicted	O
that	O
,	O
"	O
The	O
next	O
era	O
of	O
information	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
will	O
be	O
dominated	O
by	O
 [ IoT ] 	O
devices	O
,	O
and	O
networked	O
devices	O
will	O
ultimately	O
gain	O
in	O
popularity	O
and	O
significance	O
to	O
the	O
extent	O
that	O
they	O
will	O
far	O
exceed	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
networked	O
computers	O
and	O
workstations.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Defining	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
as	O
"	O
simply	O
the	O
point	O
in	O
time	O
when	O
more	O
'	O
things	O
or	O
objects	O
 '	O
were	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
Internet	O
than	O
people	O
"	O
,	O
Cisco	O
Systems	O
estimated	O
that	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
was	O
"	O
born	O
"	O
between	O
2008	O
and	O
2009	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
things/people	O
ratio	O
growing	O
from	O
0.08	O
in	O
2003	O
to	O
1.84	O
in	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
extensive	O
set	O
of	O
applications	O
for	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
is	O
often	O
divided	O
into	O
consumer	O
,	O
commercial	O
,	O
industrial	O
,	O
and	O
infrastructure	O
spaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
growing	O
portion	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
is	O
created	O
for	O
consumer	O
use	O
,	O
including	O
connected	O
vehicles	O
,	O
home	O
automation	B-Application
,	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
technology	I-Operating_System
,	O
connected	O
health	O
,	O
and	O
appliances	O
with	O
remote	O
monitoring	O
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
are	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
larger	O
concept	O
of	O
home	O
automation	B-Application
,	O
which	O
can	O
include	O
lighting	O
,	O
heating	O
and	O
air	O
conditioning	O
,	O
media	O
and	O
security	B-Application
systems	O
and	O
camera	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
smart	O
home	O
or	O
automated	O
home	O
could	O
be	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
platform	O
or	O
hubs	B-Protocol
that	O
control	O
smart	B-Device
devices	I-Device
and	O
appliances	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
using	O
Apple	O
's	O
HomeKit	B-Operating_System
,	O
manufacturers	O
can	O
have	O
their	O
home	O
products	O
and	O
accessories	O
controlled	O
by	O
an	O
application	B-Application
in	O
iOS	B-Application
devices	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Device
and	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
Watch	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
could	O
be	O
a	O
dedicated	O
app	O
or	O
iOS	B-Application
native	O
applications	O
such	O
as	O
Siri	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
can	O
be	O
demonstrated	O
in	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
Lenovo	O
's	O
Smart	O
Home	O
Essentials	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
line	O
of	O
smart	O
home	O
devices	O
that	O
are	O
controlled	O
through	O
Apple	O
's	O
Home	O
app	O
or	O
Siri	B-Application
without	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
a	O
Wi-Fi	O
bridge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
also	O
dedicated	O
smart	O
home	O
hubs	B-Protocol
that	O
are	O
offered	O
as	O
standalone	O
platforms	O
to	O
connect	O
different	O
smart	O
home	O
products	O
and	O
these	O
include	O
the	O
Amazon	B-Device
Echo	I-Device
,	O
Google	B-Device
Home	I-Device
,	O
Apple	O
's	O
HomePod	B-Device
,	O
and	O
Samsung	O
's	O
SmartThings	B-Application
Hub	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
key	O
application	B-Application
of	O
a	O
smart	O
home	O
is	O
to	O
provide	O
assistance	O
to	O
elderly	O
individuals	O
and	O
to	O
those	O
with	O
disabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Voice	B-Application
control	I-Application
can	O
assist	O
users	O
with	O
sight	O
and	O
mobility	O
limitations	O
while	O
alert	O
systems	O
can	O
be	O
connected	O
directly	O
to	O
cochlear	O
implants	O
worn	O
by	O
hearing-impaired	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
equipped	O
with	O
additional	O
safety	O
features	O
,	O
including	O
sensors	B-Application
that	O
monitor	O
for	O
medical	O
emergencies	O
such	O
as	O
falls	O
or	O
seizures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
Enterprise	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
"	O
refers	O
to	O
devices	O
used	O
in	O
business	O
and	O
corporate	O
settings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Internet	O
of	O
Medical	O
Things	O
(	O
IoMT	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
application	B-Application
of	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
for	O
medical	O
and	O
health-related	O
purposes	O
,	O
data	O
collection	O
and	O
analysis	O
for	O
research	O
,	O
and	O
monitoring	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
enable	O
remote	B-Application
health	I-Application
monitoring	I-Application
and	O
emergency	O
notification	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
2015	O
Goldman	O
Sachs	O
report	O
indicated	O
that	O
healthcare	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
"	O
can	O
save	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
more	O
than	O
$300	O
billion	O
in	O
annual	O
healthcare	O
expenditures	O
by	O
increasing	O
revenue	O
and	O
decreasing	O
cost.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Specialized	O
sensors	B-Application
can	O
also	O
be	O
equipped	O
within	O
living	O
spaces	O
to	O
monitor	O
the	O
health	O
and	O
general	O
well-being	O
of	O
senior	O
citizens	O
,	O
while	O
also	O
ensuring	O
that	O
proper	O
treatment	O
is	O
being	O
administered	O
and	O
assisting	O
people	O
to	O
regain	O
lost	O
mobility	O
via	O
therapy	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
sensors	B-Application
create	O
a	O
network	B-Application
of	O
intelligent	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
that	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
collect	O
,	O
process	O
,	O
transfer	O
,	O
and	O
analyze	O
valuable	O
information	O
in	O
different	O
environments	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
connecting	O
in-home	O
monitoring	O
devices	O
to	O
hospital-based	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
consumer	O
devices	O
to	O
encourage	O
healthy	O
living	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
connected	O
scales	O
or	O
wearable	B-Operating_System
heart	I-Operating_System
monitors	I-Operating_System
,	O
are	O
also	O
a	O
possibility	O
with	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
End-to-end	O
health	O
monitoring	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
platforms	O
are	O
also	O
available	O
for	O
antenatal	O
and	O
chronic	O
patients	O
,	O
helping	O
one	O
manage	O
health	O
vitals	O
and	O
recurring	O
medication	O
requirements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advances	O
in	O
plastic	O
and	O
fabric	O
electronics	O
fabrication	O
methods	O
have	O
enabled	O
ultra-low	O
cost	O
,	O
use-and-throwIoMT	O
sensors	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
sensors	B-Application
,	O
along	O
with	O
the	O
required	O
RFID	B-Application
electronics	O
,	O
can	O
be	O
fabricated	O
on	O
paper	O
or	O
e-textiles	O
for	O
wireless	O
powered	O
disposable	O
sensing	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moreover	O
,	O
IoT-based	O
systems	O
are	O
patient-centered	O
,	O
which	O
involves	O
being	O
flexible	O
to	O
the	O
patient	O
's	O
medical	O
conditions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
application	B-Application
of	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
in	O
healthcare	O
plays	O
a	O
fundamental	O
role	O
in	O
managing	O
chronic	O
diseases	O
and	O
in	O
disease	O
prevention	O
and	O
control	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
connectivity	O
enables	O
health	O
practitioners	O
to	O
capture	O
patient	O
's	O
data	O
and	O
apply	O
complex	O
algorithms	O
in	O
health	O
data	B-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
can	O
assist	O
in	O
the	O
integration	O
of	O
communications	O
,	O
control	O
,	O
and	O
information	O
processing	O
across	O
various	O
transportation	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Application	B-Application
of	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
extends	O
to	O
all	O
aspects	O
of	O
transportation	O
systems	O
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
the	O
vehicle	O
,	O
the	O
infrastructure	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
driver	O
or	O
user	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dynamic	O
interaction	O
between	O
these	O
components	O
of	O
a	O
transport	B-Architecture
system	O
enables	O
inter	O
-	O
and	O
intra-vehicular	O
communication	O
,	O
smart	B-Device
traffic	I-Device
control	I-Device
,	O
smart	O
parking	O
,	O
electronic	O
toll	O
collection	O
systems	O
,	O
logistics	O
and	O
fleet	O
management	O
,	O
vehicle	O
control	O
,	O
safety	O
,	O
and	O
road	O
assistance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
monitor	O
and	O
control	O
the	O
mechanical	O
,	O
electrical	O
and	O
electronic	O
systems	O
used	O
in	O
various	O
types	O
of	O
buildings	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
public	O
and	O
private	O
,	O
industrial	O
,	O
institutions	O
,	O
or	O
residential	O
)	O
in	O
home	O
automation	B-Application
and	O
building	O
automation	B-Application
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
integration	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	O
with	O
building	O
energy	O
management	O
systems	O
to	O
create	O
energy-efficient	O
and	O
IOT-driven	O
"	O
smart	O
buildings	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
integration	O
of	O
smart	B-Device
devices	I-Device
in	O
the	O
built	O
environment	O
and	O
how	O
they	O
might	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
future	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
known	O
as	O
IIoT	B-Device
,	O
industrial	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
acquire	O
and	O
analyze	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
from	O
connected	O
equipment	O
,	O
operational	O
technology	O
(	O
OT	O
)	O
,	O
locations	O
,	O
and	O
people	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Combined	O
with	O
operational	O
technology	O
(	O
OT	O
)	O
monitoring	O
devices	O
,	O
IIoT	B-Device
helps	O
regulate	O
and	O
monitor	O
industrial	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
can	O
connect	O
various	O
manufacturing	O
devices	O
equipped	O
with	O
sensing	O
,	O
identification	O
,	O
processing	O
,	O
communication	O
,	O
actuation	O
,	O
and	O
networking	O
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Network	B-Application
control	O
and	O
management	O
of	O
manufacturing	O
equipment	O
,	O
asset	O
and	O
situation	O
management	O
,	O
or	O
manufacturing	O
process	O
control	O
allow	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
to	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
industrial	O
applications	O
and	O
smart	O
manufacturing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IoT	B-Operating_System
intelligent	O
systems	O
enable	O
rapid	O
manufacturing	O
and	O
optimization	O
of	O
new	O
products	O
and	O
rapid	O
response	O
to	O
product	O
demands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	O
control	O
systems	O
to	O
automate	O
process	O
controls	O
,	O
operator	O
tools	O
and	O
service	O
information	O
systems	O
to	O
optimize	O
plant	O
safety	O
and	O
security	B-Application
are	O
within	O
the	O
purview	O
of	O
the	O
IIoT	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
IoT	B-Operating_System
can	O
also	O
be	O
applied	O
to	O
asset	O
management	O
via	O
predictive	O
maintenance	O
,	O
statistical	O
evaluation	O
,	O
and	O
measurements	O
to	O
maximize	O
reliability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Industrial	O
management	O
systems	O
can	O
be	O
integrated	O
with	O
smart	B-Architecture
grids	I-Architecture
,	O
enabling	O
energy	O
optimization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Measurements	O
,	O
automated	O
controls	O
,	O
plant	O
optimization	O
,	O
health	O
and	O
safety	O
management	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
functions	O
are	O
provided	O
by	O
networked	O
sensors	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
general	O
manufacturing	O
,	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
is	O
also	O
used	O
for	O
processes	O
in	O
the	O
industrialization	O
of	O
construction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
numerous	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
applications	O
in	O
farming	O
such	O
as	O
collecting	O
data	O
on	O
temperature	O
,	O
rainfall	O
,	O
humidity	O
,	O
wind	O
speed	O
,	O
pest	O
infestation	O
,	O
and	O
soil	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
farmers	O
can	O
now	O
monitor	O
soil	O
temperature	O
and	O
moisture	O
from	O
afar	O
and	O
even	O
apply	O
IoT-acquired	O
data	O
to	O
precision	O
fertilization	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
overall	O
goal	O
is	O
that	O
data	O
from	O
sensors	B-Application
,	O
coupled	O
with	O
the	O
farmer	O
's	O
knowledge	O
and	O
intuition	O
about	O
his	O
or	O
her	O
farm	O
,	O
can	O
help	O
increase	O
farm	O
productivity	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
help	O
reduce	O
costs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2018	O
,	O
Toyota	O
Tsusho	O
began	O
a	O
partnership	O
with	O
Microsoft	O
to	O
create	O
fish	O
farming	O
tools	O
using	O
the	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Azure	I-Application
application	B-Application
suite	O
for	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
technologies	O
related	O
to	O
water	O
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Developed	O
in	O
part	O
by	O
researchers	O
from	O
Kindai	O
University	O
,	O
the	O
water	O
pump	O
mechanisms	O
use	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
to	O
count	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
fish	O
on	O
a	O
conveyor	O
belt	O
,	O
analyze	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
fish	O
,	O
and	O
deduce	O
the	O
effectiveness	O
of	O
water	O
flow	O
from	O
the	O
data	O
the	O
fish	O
provide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
are	O
in	O
use	O
to	O
monitor	O
the	O
environments	O
and	O
systems	O
of	O
boats	O
and	O
yachts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
global	O
internet	O
data	O
networks	O
such	O
as	O
Sigfox	O
,	O
combined	O
with	O
long-life	O
batteries	O
,	O
and	O
microelectronics	O
allows	O
the	O
engine	O
rooms	O
,	O
bilge	O
,	O
and	O
batteries	O
to	O
be	O
constantly	O
monitored	O
and	O
reported	O
to	O
connected	O
Android	B-Application
&	O
Apple	O
applications	O
for	O
example	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Monitoring	O
and	O
controlling	O
operations	O
of	O
sustainable	O
urban	O
and	O
rural	O
infrastructures	O
like	O
bridges	O
,	O
railway	O
tracks	O
and	O
on	O
-	O
and	O
offshore	O
wind	O
farms	O
is	O
a	O
key	O
application	B-Application
of	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
infrastructure	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
monitoring	O
any	O
events	O
or	O
changes	O
in	O
structural	O
conditions	O
that	O
can	O
compromise	O
safety	O
and	O
increase	O
risk	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
can	O
benefit	O
the	O
construction	O
industry	O
by	O
cost-saving	O
,	O
time	O
reduction	O
,	O
better	O
quality	O
workday	O
,	O
paperless	O
workflow	O
and	O
increase	O
in	O
productivity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
help	O
in	O
taking	O
faster	O
decisions	O
and	O
saving	O
money	O
in	O
Real-Time	O
Data	B-General_Concept
Analytics	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
control	O
critical	O
infrastructure	O
like	O
bridges	O
to	O
provide	O
access	O
to	O
ships	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
usage	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
for	O
monitoring	O
and	O
operating	O
infrastructure	O
is	O
likely	O
to	O
improve	O
incident	O
management	O
and	O
emergency	O
response	O
coordination	O
,	O
and	O
quality	O
of	O
service	O
,	O
up-times	B-Device
and	O
reduce	O
costs	O
of	O
operation	O
in	O
all	O
infrastructure-related	O
areas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
areas	O
such	O
as	O
waste	O
management	O
can	O
benefit	O
from	O
automation	B-Application
and	O
optimization	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
brought	O
in	O
by	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
several	O
planned	O
or	O
ongoing	O
large-scale	O
deployments	O
of	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
,	O
to	O
enable	O
better	O
management	O
of	O
cities	O
and	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
Songdo	O
,	O
South	O
Korea	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
of	O
its	O
kind	O
fully	O
equipped	O
and	O
wired	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
,	O
is	O
gradually	O
being	O
built	O
,	O
with	O
approximately	O
70	O
percent	O
of	O
the	O
business	O
district	O
completed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
application	B-Application
is	O
currently	O
undergoing	O
a	O
project	O
in	O
Santander	O
,	O
Spain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
city	O
of	O
180,000	O
inhabitants	O
has	O
already	O
seen	O
18,000	O
downloads	O
of	O
its	O
city	O
smartphone	B-Application
app	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
app	O
is	O
connected	O
to	O
10,000	O
sensors	B-Application
that	O
enable	O
services	O
like	O
parking	O
search	O
,	O
environmental	O
monitoring	O
,	O
digital	B-Device
city	I-Device
agenda	O
,	O
and	O
more	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
its	O
RPMA	O
(	O
Random	O
Phase	O
Multiple	O
Access	O
)	O
technology	O
,	O
San	O
Diego-based	O
Ingenu	O
has	O
built	O
a	O
nationwide	O
public	O
network	B-Application
for	O
low-bandwidth	O
data	O
transmissions	O
using	O
the	O
same	O
unlicensed	O
2.4	O
gigahertz	O
spectrum	O
as	O
Wi-Fi	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ingenu	O
's	O
"	O
Machine	O
Network	B-Application
"	O
covers	O
more	O
than	O
a	O
third	O
of	O
the	O
US	O
population	O
across	O
35	O
major	O
cities	O
including	O
San	O
Diego	O
and	O
Dallas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
French	O
company	O
,	O
Sigfox	O
,	O
commenced	O
building	O
an	O
Ultra	O
Narrowband	O
wireless	O
data	O
network	B-Application
in	O
the	O
San	O
Francisco	O
Bay	O
Area	O
in	O
2014	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
business	O
to	O
achieve	O
such	O
a	O
deployment	O
in	O
the	O
U.S.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
subsequently	O
announced	O
it	O
would	O
set	O
up	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
4000	O
base	O
stations	O
to	O
cover	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
30	O
cities	O
in	O
the	O
U.S.	O
by	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2016	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
the	O
largest	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
network	B-Application
coverage	O
provider	O
in	O
the	O
country	O
thus	O
far	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cisco	O
also	O
participates	O
in	O
smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cisco	O
has	O
started	O
deploying	O
technologies	O
for	O
Smart	O
Wi-Fi	O
,	O
Smart	O
Safety	O
&	O
Security	B-Application
,	O
Smart	O
Lighting	O
,	O
Smart	O
Parking	O
,	O
Smart	O
Transports	O
,	O
Smart	O
Bus	O
Stops	O
,	O
Smart	O
Kiosks	O
,	O
Remote	O
Expert	O
for	O
Government	O
Services	O
(	O
REGS	O
)	O
and	O
Smart	O
Education	O
in	O
the	O
five	O
km	O
area	O
in	O
the	O
city	O
of	O
Vijaywada	O
,	O
India	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
network	B-Application
was	O
designed	O
and	O
engineered	O
by	O
Fluidmesh	O
Networks	O
,	O
a	O
Chicago-based	O
company	O
developing	O
wireless	O
networks	O
for	O
critical	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NYWW	O
network	B-Application
is	O
currently	O
providing	O
coverage	O
on	O
the	O
Hudson	O
River	O
,	O
East	O
River	O
,	O
and	O
Upper	O
New	O
York	O
Bay	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
wireless	O
network	B-Application
in	O
place	O
,	O
NY	O
Waterway	O
is	O
able	O
to	O
take	O
control	O
of	O
its	O
fleet	O
and	O
passengers	O
in	O
a	O
way	O
that	O
was	O
not	O
previously	O
possible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
applications	O
can	O
include	O
security	B-Application
,	O
energy	O
and	O
fleet	O
management	O
,	O
digital	O
signage	O
,	O
public	O
Wi-Fi	O
,	O
paperless	O
ticketing	O
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
devices	O
allow	O
for	O
remote	O
control	O
by	O
users	O
,	O
or	O
central	O
management	O
via	O
a	O
cloud-based	B-Architecture
interface	O
,	O
and	O
enable	O
functions	O
like	O
scheduling	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
remotely	O
powering	O
on	O
or	O
off	O
heating	O
systems	O
,	O
controlling	O
ovens	O
,	O
changing	O
lighting	O
conditions	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
smart	B-Architecture
grid	I-Architecture
is	O
a	O
utility-side	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
application	B-Application
;	O
systems	O
gather	O
and	O
act	O
on	O
energy	O
and	O
power-related	O
information	O
to	O
improve	O
the	O
efficiency	O
of	O
the	O
production	O
and	O
distribution	O
of	O
electricity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
advanced	O
metering	O
infrastructure	O
(	O
AMI	B-Operating_System
)	O
Internet-connected	O
devices	O
,	O
electric	O
utilities	O
not	O
only	O
collect	O
data	O
from	O
end-users	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
manage	O
distribution	O
automation	B-Application
devices	O
like	O
transformers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Environmental	O
monitoring	O
applications	O
of	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
typically	O
use	O
sensors	B-Application
to	O
assist	O
in	O
environmental	O
protection	O
by	O
monitoring	O
air	O
or	O
water	O
quality	O
,	O
atmospheric	O
or	O
soil	O
conditions	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
even	O
include	O
areas	O
like	O
monitoring	O
the	O
movements	O
of	O
wildlife	O
and	O
their	O
habitats	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
in	O
this	O
application	B-Application
typically	O
span	O
a	O
large	O
geographic	O
area	O
and	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
mobile	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
been	O
argued	O
that	O
the	O
standardization	O
that	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
brings	O
to	O
wireless	O
sensing	O
will	O
revolutionize	O
this	O
area	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
example	O
of	O
integrating	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
is	O
Living	O
Lab	O
which	O
integrates	O
and	O
combines	O
research	O
and	O
innovation	O
processes	O
,	O
establishing	O
within	O
a	O
public-private-people-partnership	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
currently	O
320	O
Living	O
Labs	O
that	O
use	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
to	O
collaborate	O
and	O
share	O
knowledge	O
between	O
stakeholders	O
to	O
co-create	O
innovative	O
and	O
technological	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
companies	O
to	O
implement	O
and	O
develop	O
for	O
smart	B-Device
cities	I-Device
,	O
they	O
need	O
to	O
have	O
incentives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
governments	O
play	O
key	O
roles	O
in	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
projects	O
as	O
changes	O
in	O
policies	O
will	O
help	O
cities	O
to	O
implement	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
which	O
provides	O
effectiveness	O
,	O
efficiency	O
,	O
and	O
accuracy	O
of	O
the	O
resources	O
that	O
are	O
being	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Internet	B-Device
of	I-Device
Military	I-Device
Things	I-Device
(	O
IoMT	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
application	B-Application
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
technologies	O
in	O
the	O
military	O
domain	O
for	O
the	O
purposes	O
of	O
reconnaissance	O
,	O
surveillance	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
combat-related	O
objectives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
heavily	O
influenced	O
by	O
the	O
future	O
prospects	O
of	O
warfare	O
in	O
an	O
urban	O
environment	O
and	O
involves	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
sensors	B-Application
,	O
munitions	O
,	O
vehicles	O
,	O
robots	O
,	O
human-wearable	O
biometrics	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
smart	O
technology	O
that	O
is	O
relevant	O
on	O
the	O
battlefield	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
examples	O
of	O
IOT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
military	O
is	O
Xaver	O
1000	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
equipped	O
with	O
an	O
AI-based	B-Application
life	O
target	O
tracking	O
system	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
its	O
own	O
3D	O
'	O
sense-through-the-wall	O
'	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Internet	O
of	O
Battlefield	O
Things	O
(	O
IoBT	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
project	O
initiated	O
and	O
executed	O
by	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Army	O
Research	O
Laboratory	O
(	O
ARL	O
)	O
that	O
focuses	O
on	O
the	O
basic	O
science	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
that	O
enhance	O
the	O
capabilities	O
of	O
Army	O
soldiers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
,	O
ARL	O
launched	O
the	O
Internet	O
of	O
Battlefield	O
Things	O
Collaborative	O
Research	O
Alliance	O
(	O
IoBT-CRA	B-Device
)	O
,	O
establishing	O
a	O
working	O
collaboration	O
between	O
industry	O
,	O
university	O
,	O
and	O
Army	O
researchers	O
to	O
advance	O
the	O
theoretical	O
foundations	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
technologies	O
and	O
their	O
applications	O
to	O
Army	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Ocean	O
of	O
Things	O
project	O
is	O
a	O
DARPA-led	O
program	O
designed	O
to	O
establish	O
an	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
across	O
large	O
ocean	O
areas	O
for	O
the	O
purposes	O
of	O
collecting	O
,	O
monitoring	O
,	O
and	O
analyzing	O
environmental	O
and	O
vessel	O
activity	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
entails	O
the	O
deployment	O
of	O
about	O
50,000	O
floats	O
that	O
house	O
a	O
passive	O
sensor	O
suite	O
that	O
autonomously	O
detect	O
and	O
track	O
military	O
and	O
commercial	O
vessels	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
cloud-based	B-Architecture
network	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
tag	O
itself	O
is	O
passive	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
it	O
contains	O
a	O
unique	O
identifier	O
(	O
typically	O
a	O
URL	O
)	O
which	O
enables	O
a	O
user	O
to	O
access	O
digital	O
content	O
about	O
the	O
product	O
via	O
a	O
smartphone	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Strictly	O
speaking	O
,	O
such	O
passive	O
items	O
are	O
not	O
part	O
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
,	O
but	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
seen	O
as	O
enablers	O
of	O
digital	O
interactions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
's	O
major	O
significant	O
trend	O
in	O
recent	O
years	O
is	O
the	O
explosive	O
growth	O
of	O
devices	O
connected	O
and	O
controlled	O
via	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
applications	O
for	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
technology	O
mean	O
that	O
the	O
specifics	O
can	O
be	O
very	O
different	O
from	O
one	O
device	O
to	O
the	O
next	O
but	O
there	O
are	O
basic	O
characteristics	O
shared	O
by	O
most	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
creates	O
opportunities	O
for	O
more	O
direct	O
integration	O
of	O
the	O
physical	B-Application
world	O
into	O
computer-based	O
systems	O
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
efficiency	O
improvements	O
,	O
economic	O
benefits	O
,	O
and	O
reduced	O
human	O
exertions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
number	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
increased	O
31%	O
year-over-year	O
to	O
8.4	O
billion	O
in	O
the	O
year	O
2017	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
estimated	O
that	O
there	O
will	O
be	O
30	O
billion	O
devices	O
by	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ambient	B-Operating_System
intelligence	I-Operating_System
and	O
autonomous	O
control	O
are	O
not	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
concept	O
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ambient	B-Operating_System
intelligence	I-Operating_System
and	O
autonomous	O
control	O
do	O
not	O
necessarily	O
require	O
Internet	O
structures	O
,	O
either	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
shift	O
in	O
research	O
(	O
by	O
companies	O
such	O
as	O
Intel	O
)	O
to	O
integrate	O
the	O
concepts	O
of	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
and	O
autonomous	O
control	O
,	O
with	O
initial	O
outcomes	O
towards	O
this	O
direction	O
considering	O
objects	O
as	O
the	O
driving	O
force	O
for	O
autonomous	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
promising	O
approach	O
in	O
this	O
context	O
is	O
deep	O
reinforcement	O
learning	O
where	O
most	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
systems	O
provide	O
a	O
dynamic	O
and	O
interactive	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Training	O
an	O
agent	O
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
device	O
)	O
to	O
behave	O
smartly	O
in	O
such	O
an	O
environment	O
cannot	O
be	O
addressed	O
by	O
conventional	O
machine	O
learning	O
algorithms	O
such	O
as	O
supervised	B-General_Concept
learning	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
IoT	B-Operating_System
intelligence	O
can	O
be	O
offered	O
at	O
three	O
levels	O
:	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
,	O
Edge/Fog	B-Device
nodes	I-Device
,	O
and	O
Cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
need	O
for	O
intelligent	O
control	O
and	O
decision	O
at	O
each	O
level	O
depends	O
on	O
the	O
time	O
sensitiveness	O
of	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
application	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
fast	O
decision	O
making	O
would	O
not	O
be	O
possible	O
through	O
transferring	O
data	O
from	O
the	O
vehicle	O
to	O
cloud	B-Architecture
instances	O
and	O
return	O
the	O
predictions	O
back	O
to	O
the	O
vehicle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Integrating	O
advanced	O
machine	O
learning	O
algorithms	O
including	O
deep	B-Algorithm
learning	I-Algorithm
into	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
is	O
an	O
active	O
research	O
area	O
to	O
make	O
smart	B-General_Concept
objects	I-General_Concept
closer	O
to	O
reality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moreover	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
get	O
the	O
most	O
value	O
out	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
deployments	O
through	O
analyzing	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
data	O
,	O
extracting	O
hidden	O
information	O
,	O
and	O
predicting	O
control	O
decisions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
wide	O
variety	O
of	O
machine	O
learning	O
techniques	O
have	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
domain	O
ranging	O
from	O
traditional	O
methods	O
such	O
as	O
regression	O
,	O
support	B-Algorithm
vector	I-Algorithm
machine	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
random	B-Algorithm
forest	I-Algorithm
to	O
advanced	O
ones	O
such	O
as	O
convolutional	B-Architecture
neural	I-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
,	O
LSTM	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
variational	B-Algorithm
autoencoder	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
future	O
,	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
may	O
be	O
a	O
non-deterministic	O
and	O
open	O
network	B-Application
in	O
which	O
auto-organized	O
or	O
intelligent	O
entities	O
(	O
web	O
services	O
,	O
SOA	O
components	O
)	O
and	O
virtual	O
objects	O
(	O
avatars	O
)	O
will	O
be	O
interoperable	O
and	O
able	O
to	O
act	O
independently	O
(	O
pursuing	O
their	O
own	O
objectives	O
or	O
shared	O
ones	O
)	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
context	O
,	O
circumstances	O
or	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Autonomous	O
behavior	O
through	O
the	O
collection	O
and	O
reasoning	O
of	O
context	O
information	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
object	O
's	O
ability	O
to	O
detect	O
changes	O
in	O
the	O
environment	O
(	O
faults	O
affecting	O
sensors	B-Application
)	O
and	O
introduce	O
suitable	O
mitigation	O
measures	O
constitutes	O
a	O
major	O
research	O
trend	O
,	O
clearly	O
needed	O
to	O
provide	O
credibility	O
to	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
products	O
and	O
solutions	O
in	O
the	O
marketplace	O
use	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
different	O
technologies	O
to	O
support	O
such	O
context-aware	O
automation	B-Application
,	O
but	O
more	O
sophisticated	O
forms	O
of	O
intelligence	O
are	O
requested	O
to	O
permit	O
sensor	O
units	O
and	O
intelligent	O
cyber-physical	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
to	O
be	O
deployed	O
in	O
real	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IoT	B-Operating_System
system	O
architecture	O
,	O
in	O
its	O
simplistic	O
view	O
,	O
consists	O
of	O
three	O
tiers	O
:	O
Tier	O
1	O
:	O
Devices	O
,	O
Tier	O
2	O
:	O
the	O
Edge	B-Device
Gateway	O
,	O
and	O
Tier	O
3	O
:	O
the	O
Cloud	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Devices	O
include	O
networked	O
things	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
sensors	B-Application
and	O
actuators	O
found	O
in	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
equipment	O
,	O
particularly	O
those	O
that	O
use	O
protocols	O
such	O
as	O
Modbus	B-Protocol
,	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
,	O
Zigbee	B-Protocol
,	O
or	O
proprietary	O
protocols	O
,	O
to	O
connect	O
to	O
an	O
Edge	B-Device
Gateway	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Edge	B-Device
Gateway	O
layer	O
consists	O
of	O
sensor	O
data	O
aggregation	O
systems	O
called	O
Edge	B-Device
Gateways	B-Application
that	O
provide	O
functionality	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
pre-processing	O
of	O
the	O
data	O
,	O
securing	O
connectivity	O
to	O
cloud	B-Architecture
,	O
using	O
systems	O
such	O
as	O
WebSockets	O
,	O
the	O
event	O
hub	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
,	O
even	O
in	O
some	O
cases	O
,	O
edge	B-Device
analytics	O
or	O
fog	B-Device
computing	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Edge	B-Device
Gateway	O
layer	O
is	O
also	O
required	O
to	O
give	O
a	O
common	O
view	O
of	O
the	O
devices	O
to	O
the	O
upper	O
layers	O
to	O
facilitate	O
in	O
easier	O
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
final	O
tier	O
includes	O
the	O
cloud	B-Architecture
application	B-Application
built	O
for	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
using	O
the	O
microservices	O
architecture	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
usually	O
polyglot	O
and	O
inherently	O
secure	O
in	O
nature	O
using	O
HTTPS/OAuth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
cloud	B-Architecture
tier	O
in	O
most	O
cloud-based	B-Architecture
IoT	B-Operating_System
system	O
features	O
event	O
queuing	O
and	O
messaging	O
system	O
that	O
handles	O
communication	O
that	O
transpires	O
in	O
all	O
tiers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
experts	O
classified	O
the	O
three-tiers	O
in	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
system	O
as	O
edge	B-Device
,	O
platform	O
,	O
and	O
enterprise	O
and	O
these	O
are	O
connected	O
by	O
proximity	O
network	B-Application
,	O
access	O
network	B-Application
,	O
and	O
service	O
network	B-Application
,	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Building	O
on	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
web	B-Device
of	I-Device
things	I-Device
is	O
an	O
architecture	O
for	O
the	O
application	B-Application
layer	I-Application
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
looking	O
at	O
the	O
convergence	O
of	O
data	O
from	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
into	O
Web	O
applications	O
to	O
create	O
innovative	O
use-cases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
program	O
and	O
control	O
the	O
flow	O
of	O
information	O
in	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
predicted	O
architectural	O
direction	O
is	O
being	O
called	O
BPM	B-Device
Everywhere	I-Device
which	O
is	O
a	O
blending	O
of	O
traditional	O
process	O
management	O
with	O
process	O
mining	O
and	O
special	O
capabilities	O
to	O
automate	O
the	O
control	O
of	O
large	O
numbers	O
of	O
coordinated	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
requires	O
huge	O
scalability	O
in	O
the	O
network	B-Application
space	O
to	O
handle	O
the	O
surge	O
of	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IETF	B-Protocol
6LoWPAN	I-Protocol
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
connect	O
devices	O
to	O
IP	B-Protocol
networks	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
billions	O
of	O
devices	O
being	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
Internet	O
space	O
,	O
IPv6	B-Protocol
will	O
play	O
a	O
major	O
role	O
in	O
handling	O
the	O
network	B-Application
layer	I-Application
scalability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IETF	B-Device
's	I-Device
Constrained	I-Device
Application	I-Device
Protocol	I-Device
,	O
ZeroMQ	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
MQTT	B-Application
can	O
provide	O
lightweight	O
data	O
transport	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
practice	O
many	O
groups	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
are	O
hidden	O
behind	O
gateway	O
nodes	O
and	O
may	O
not	O
have	O
unique	O
addresses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fog	B-Device
computing	I-Device
is	O
a	O
viable	O
alternative	O
to	O
prevent	O
such	O
a	O
large	O
burst	O
of	O
data	O
flow	O
through	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
edge	B-Device
devices	I-Device
 '	O
computation	O
power	O
to	O
analyze	O
and	O
process	O
data	O
is	O
extremely	O
limited	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Limited	O
processing	O
power	O
is	O
a	O
key	O
attribute	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
as	O
their	O
purpose	O
is	O
to	O
supply	O
data	O
about	O
physical	B-Application
objects	O
while	O
remaining	O
autonomous	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Heavy	O
processing	O
requirements	O
use	O
more	O
battery	O
power	O
harming	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
's	O
ability	O
to	O
operate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scalability	O
is	O
easy	O
because	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
simply	O
supply	O
data	O
through	O
the	O
internet	O
to	O
a	O
server	O
with	O
sufficient	O
processing	O
power	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Decentralized	O
Internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
,	O
or	O
decentralized	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
,	O
is	O
a	O
modified	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
utilizes	O
Fog	B-Device
Computing	I-Device
to	O
handle	O
and	O
balance	O
requests	O
of	O
connected	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
reduce	O
loading	O
on	O
the	O
cloud	B-Architecture
servers	O
and	O
improve	O
responsiveness	O
for	O
latency-sensitive	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
applications	O
like	O
vital	O
signs	O
monitoring	O
of	O
patients	O
,	O
vehicle-to-vehicle	O
communication	O
of	O
autonomous	O
driving	O
,	O
and	O
critical	O
failure	O
detection	O
of	O
industrial	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Conventional	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
is	O
connected	O
via	O
a	O
mesh	O
network	B-Application
and	O
led	O
by	O
a	O
major	O
head	O
node	O
(	O
centralized	O
controller	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
,	O
decentralized	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
attempts	O
to	O
divide	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
systems	O
into	O
smaller	O
divisions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Performance	O
is	O
improved	O
,	O
especially	O
for	O
huge	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
systems	O
with	O
millions	O
of	O
nodes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Decentralized	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
attempts	O
to	O
address	O
the	O
limited	O
bandwidth	O
and	O
hashing	O
capacity	O
of	O
battery	O
powered	O
or	O
wireless	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
via	O
lightweight	O
blockchain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cyberattack	O
identification	O
can	O
be	O
done	O
through	O
early	O
detection	O
and	O
mitigation	O
at	O
the	O
edge	B-Device
nodes	O
with	O
traffic	O
monitoring	O
and	O
evaluation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
semi-open	O
or	O
closed	O
loops	O
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
value	O
chains	O
,	O
whenever	O
a	O
global	O
finality	O
can	O
be	O
settled	O
)	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
will	O
often	O
be	O
considered	O
and	O
studied	O
as	O
a	O
complex	O
system	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
huge	O
number	O
of	O
different	O
links	O
,	O
interactions	O
between	O
autonomous	O
actors	O
,	O
and	O
its	O
capacity	O
to	O
integrate	O
new	O
actors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
practical	O
approach	O
,	O
not	O
all	O
elements	O
on	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
run	O
in	O
a	O
global	O
,	O
public	O
space	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
domestic	O
robotics	O
(	O
domotics	O
)	O
running	O
inside	O
a	O
smart	O
home	O
might	O
only	O
share	O
data	O
within	O
and	O
be	O
available	O
via	O
a	O
local	B-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Managing	O
and	O
controlling	O
a	O
high	O
dynamic	O
ad	O
hoc	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
things/devices	O
network	B-Application
is	O
a	O
tough	O
task	O
with	O
the	O
traditional	O
networks	O
architecture	O
,	O
Software	O
Defined	O
Networking	O
(	O
SDN	O
)	O
provides	O
the	O
agile	O
dynamic	O
solution	O
that	O
can	O
cope	O
with	O
the	O
special	O
requirements	O
of	O
the	O
diversity	O
of	O
innovative	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
exact	O
scale	O
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
is	O
unknown	O
,	O
with	O
quotes	O
of	O
billions	O
or	O
trillions	O
often	O
quoted	O
at	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
articles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
there	O
were	O
83	O
million	O
smart	B-Device
devices	I-Device
in	O
people	O
's	O
homes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
precise	O
geographic	O
location	O
of	O
a	O
thing	O
—	O
and	O
also	O
the	O
precise	O
geographic	O
dimensions	O
of	O
a	O
thing	O
—	O
can	O
be	O
critical	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
Note	O
that	O
some	O
things	O
on	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
will	O
be	O
sensors	B-Application
,	O
and	O
sensor	O
location	O
is	O
usually	O
important	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GeoWeb	B-Application
and	O
Digital	B-General_Concept
Earth	I-General_Concept
are	O
promising	O
applications	O
that	O
become	O
possible	O
when	O
things	O
can	O
become	O
organized	O
and	O
connected	O
by	O
location	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
,	O
if	O
things	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
take	O
actions	O
on	O
their	O
own	O
initiative	O
,	O
this	O
human-centric	O
mediation	O
role	O
is	O
eliminated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Just	O
as	O
standards	O
play	O
a	O
key	O
role	O
on	O
the	O
Internet	O
and	O
the	O
Web	O
,	O
geo-spatial	O
standards	O
will	O
play	O
a	O
key	O
role	O
on	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
have	O
the	O
potential	O
to	O
take	O
a	O
piece	O
of	O
this	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Social	O
Internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
(	O
SIoT	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
new	O
kind	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
that	O
focuses	O
the	O
importance	O
of	O
social	O
interaction	O
and	O
relationship	O
between	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SIoT	O
is	O
a	O
pattern	O
of	O
how	O
cross-domain	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
enabling	O
application	B-Application
to	O
application	B-Application
communication	O
and	O
collaboration	O
without	O
human	O
intervention	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
serve	O
their	O
owners	O
with	O
autonomous	O
services	O
,	O
and	O
this	O
only	O
can	O
be	O
realized	O
when	O
gained	O
low-level	O
architecture	O
support	O
from	O
both	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
software	O
and	O
hardware	O
engineering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IoT	B-Operating_System
defines	O
a	O
device	O
with	O
an	O
identity	O
like	O
a	O
citizen	O
in	O
a	O
community	O
and	O
connect	O
them	O
to	O
the	O
internet	O
to	O
provide	O
services	O
to	O
its	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SIoT	O
defines	O
a	O
social	O
network	B-Application
for	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
only	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
each	O
other	O
for	O
different	O
goals	O
that	O
to	O
serve	O
human	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SIoT	O
is	O
different	O
from	O
the	O
original	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
in	O
terms	O
of	O
the	O
collaboration	O
characteristics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IoT	B-Operating_System
is	O
passive	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
set	O
to	O
serve	O
for	O
dedicated	O
purposes	O
with	O
existing	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
in	O
predetermined	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SIoT	O
is	O
active	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
programmed	O
and	O
managed	O
by	O
AI	B-Application
to	O
serve	O
for	O
unplanned	O
purposes	O
with	O
mix	O
and	O
match	O
of	O
potential	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
from	O
different	O
systems	O
that	O
benefit	O
its	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
built-in	O
with	O
sociability	O
will	O
broadcast	O
their	O
abilities	O
or	O
functionalities	O
,	O
and	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
discovers	O
,	O
navigates	O
and	O
groups	O
with	O
other	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
or	O
nearby	O
network	B-Application
for	O
useful	O
service	O
compositions	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
help	O
its	O
users	O
proactively	O
in	O
every	O
day	O
's	O
life	O
especially	O
during	O
emergency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IoT-based	O
smart	O
home	O
technology	O
monitors	O
health	O
data	O
of	O
patients	O
or	O
aging	O
adults	O
by	O
analyzing	O
their	O
physiological	O
parameters	O
and	O
prompt	O
the	O
nearby	O
health	O
facilities	O
when	O
emergency	O
medical	O
services	O
needed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IoT	B-Operating_System
sensors	B-Application
on	O
the	O
vehicles	O
,	O
road	O
and	O
traffic	O
lights	O
monitor	O
the	O
conditions	O
of	O
the	O
vehicles	O
and	O
drivers	O
and	O
alert	O
when	O
attention	O
needed	O
and	O
also	O
coordinate	O
themselves	O
automatically	O
to	O
ensure	O
autonomous	O
driving	O
is	O
working	O
normally	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unfortunately	O
if	O
an	O
accident	O
happens	O
,	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
camera	O
will	O
inform	O
the	O
nearest	O
hospital	O
and	O
police	O
station	O
for	O
help	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
is	O
multifaceted	O
and	O
complicated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
main	O
factors	O
that	O
hindering	O
people	O
from	O
adopting	O
and	O
use	O
Internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
(	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
)	O
based	O
products	O
and	O
services	O
is	O
its	O
complexity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Installation	O
and	O
setup	O
is	O
a	O
challenge	O
to	O
people	O
,	O
therefore	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
need	O
for	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
to	O
mix	O
match	O
and	O
configure	O
themselves	O
automatically	O
to	O
provide	O
different	O
services	O
at	O
different	O
situation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
System	O
security	B-Application
always	O
a	O
concern	O
for	O
any	O
technology	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
more	O
crucial	O
for	O
SIoT	O
as	O
not	O
only	O
security	B-Application
of	O
oneself	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
considered	O
but	O
also	O
the	O
mutual	O
trust	O
mechanism	O
between	O
collaborative	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
from	O
time	O
to	O
time	O
,	O
from	O
place	O
to	O
place	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
critical	O
challenge	O
for	O
SIoT	O
is	O
the	O
accuracy	O
and	O
reliability	O
of	O
the	O
sensors	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
circumstances	O
,	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
sensors	B-Application
would	O
need	O
to	O
respond	O
in	O
nanoseconds	O
to	O
avoid	O
accidents	O
,	O
injury	O
,	O
and	O
loss	O
of	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
many	O
technologies	O
that	O
enable	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Crucial	O
to	O
the	O
field	O
is	O
the	O
network	B-Application
used	O
to	O
communicate	O
between	O
devices	O
of	O
an	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
installation	O
,	O
a	O
role	O
that	O
several	O
wireless	O
or	O
wired	O
technologies	O
may	O
fulfill	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
idea	O
of	O
the	O
Auto-ID	B-Application
Center	I-Application
is	O
based	O
on	O
RFID-tags	O
and	O
distinct	O
identification	O
through	O
the	O
Electronic	O
Product	O
Code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
has	O
evolved	O
into	O
objects	O
having	O
an	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
or	O
URI	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
alternative	O
view	O
,	O
from	O
the	O
world	O
of	O
the	O
Semantic	O
Web	O
focuses	O
instead	O
on	O
making	O
all	O
things	O
(	O
not	O
just	O
those	O
electronic	O
,	O
smart	O
,	O
or	O
RFID-enabled	O
)	O
addressable	O
by	O
the	O
existing	O
naming	O
protocols	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
URI	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Integration	O
with	O
the	O
Internet	O
implies	O
that	O
devices	O
will	O
use	O
an	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
as	O
a	O
distinct	O
identifier	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
limited	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
space	I-Protocol
of	O
IPv4	B-Protocol
(	O
which	O
allows	O
for	O
4.3	O
billion	O
different	O
addresses	O
)	O
,	O
objects	O
in	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
will	O
have	O
to	O
use	O
the	B-Protocol
next	I-Protocol
generation	I-Protocol
of	O
the	O
Internet	O
protocol	O
(	O
IPv6	B-Protocol
)	O
to	O
scale	O
to	O
the	O
extremely	O
large	O
address	O
space	O
required	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internet-of-things	B-Operating_System
devices	O
additionally	O
will	O
benefit	O
from	O
the	O
stateless	O
address	O
auto-configuration	O
present	O
in	O
IPv6	B-Protocol
,	O
as	O
it	O
reduces	O
the	O
configuration	O
overhead	O
on	O
the	O
hosts	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
IETF	B-Protocol
6LoWPAN	I-Protocol
header	O
compression	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
a	O
large	O
extent	O
,	O
the	O
future	O
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
will	O
not	O
be	O
possible	O
without	O
the	O
support	O
of	O
IPv6	B-Protocol
;	O
and	O
consequently	O
,	O
the	O
global	O
adoption	O
of	O
IPv6	B-Protocol
in	O
the	O
coming	O
years	O
will	O
be	O
critical	O
for	O
the	O
successful	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
in	O
the	O
future	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ADRC	O
defines	O
an	O
application	B-Application
layer	I-Application
protocol	O
and	O
supporting	O
framework	O
for	O
implementing	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
mesh	O
networking	O
–	O
Specification	O
providing	O
a	O
mesh	O
networking	O
variant	O
to	O
Bluetooth	B-General_Concept
low	I-General_Concept
energy	I-General_Concept
(	O
BLE	O
)	O
with	O
an	O
increased	O
number	O
of	O
nodes	O
and	O
standardized	O
application	B-Application
layer	I-Application
(	O
Models	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Radio-frequency	B-Application
identification	I-Application
(	O
RFID	B-Application
)	O
–	O
Technology	O
using	O
electromagnetic	O
fields	O
to	O
read	O
data	O
stored	O
in	O
tags	O
embedded	O
in	O
other	O
items	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wi-Fi	O
–	O
Technology	O
for	O
local	B-General_Concept
area	I-General_Concept
networking	I-General_Concept
based	O
on	O
the	O
IEEE	O
802.11	O
standard	O
,	O
where	O
devices	O
may	O
communicate	O
through	O
a	O
shared	O
access	O
point	O
or	O
directly	O
between	O
individual	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zigbee	B-Protocol
–	O
Communication	O
protocols	O
for	O
personal	O
area	O
networking	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
IEEE	O
802.15.4	O
standard	O
,	O
providing	O
low	O
power	O
consumption	O
,	O
low	O
data	O
rate	O
,	O
low	O
cost	O
,	O
and	O
high	O
throughput	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
5G	O
-	O
5G	O
wireless	O
networks	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
achieve	O
the	O
high	O
communication	O
requirements	O
of	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
and	O
connect	O
a	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
,	O
even	O
when	O
they	O
are	O
on	O
the	O
move	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
three	O
features	O
of	O
5G	O
that	O
are	O
each	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
useful	O
for	O
supporting	O
particular	O
elements	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
:	O
enhanced	O
mobile	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
(	O
eMBB	O
)	O
,	O
massive	O
machine	O
type	O
communications	O
(	O
mMTC	O
)	O
and	O
ultra-reliable	O
low	O
latency	O
communications	O
(	O
URLLC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Low-power	B-General_Concept
wide-area	I-General_Concept
networking	I-General_Concept
(	O
LPWAN	B-General_Concept
)	O
–	O
Wireless	O
networks	O
designed	O
to	O
allow	O
long-range	O
communication	O
at	O
a	O
low	O
data	O
rate	O
,	O
reducing	O
power	O
and	O
cost	O
for	O
transmission	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Available	O
LPWAN	B-General_Concept
technologies	O
and	O
protocols	O
:	O
LoRaWan	O
,	O
Sigfox	O
,	O
NB-IoT	O
,	O
Weightless	O
,	O
RPMA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Very	O
small	O
aperture	O
terminal	O
(	O
VSAT	O
)	O
–	O
Satellite	B-Application
communication	O
technology	O
using	O
small	O
dish	O
antennas	O
for	O
narrowband	O
and	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ethernet	O
–	O
General	O
purpose	O
networking	O
standard	O
using	O
twisted	O
pair	O
and	O
fiber	B-Architecture
optic	I-Architecture
links	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
hubs	B-Protocol
or	O
switches	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Power-line	B-Device
communication	I-Device
(	O
PLC	O
)	O
–	O
Communication	O
technology	O
using	O
electrical	O
wiring	O
to	O
carry	O
power	O
and	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specifications	O
such	O
as	O
HomePlug	O
or	O
G.hn	B-General_Concept
utilize	O
PLC	O
for	O
networking	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Different	O
technologies	O
have	O
different	O
roles	O
in	O
a	O
protocol	B-Protocol
stack	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Below	O
is	O
a	O
simplified	O
presentation	O
of	O
the	O
roles	O
of	O
several	O
popular	O
communication	O
technologies	O
in	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
applications	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
technical	O
standards	O
for	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
,	O
most	O
of	O
which	O
are	O
open	O
standards	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
standards	O
organizations	O
that	O
aspire	O
to	O
successfully	O
setting	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Short	O
name	O
Long	O
nameStandards	O
under	O
developmentOther	O
notes	O
Auto-ID	B-Application
Labs	I-Application
Auto	O
Identification	O
Center	O
Networked	O
RFID	B-Application
(	O
radiofrequency	B-Application
identification	I-Application
)	O
and	O
emerging	O
sensing	O
technologies	O
Connected	B-Application
Home	I-Application
over	I-Application
IP	I-Application
Project	B-Application
Connected	I-Application
Home	I-Application
over	I-Application
IP	I-Application
Connected	B-Application
Home	I-Application
over	I-Application
IP	I-Application
(	O
or	O
Project	B-Application
Connected	I-Application
Home	I-Application
over	I-Application
IP	I-Application
)	O
is	O
an	O
open-sourced	O
,	O
royalty-free	O
home	O
automation	B-Application
connectivity	O
standard	O
project	O
which	O
features	O
compatibility	O
among	O
different	O
smart	O
home	O
and	O
Internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
(	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
)	O
products	O
and	O
software	O
The	O
Connected	B-Application
Home	I-Application
over	I-Application
IP	I-Application
project	O
group	O
was	O
launched	O
and	O
introduced	O
by	O
Amazon	B-Application
,	O
Apple	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
Comcast	O
and	O
the	O
Zigbee	B-Protocol
Alliance	O
on	O
December	O
18	O
,	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GS1	O
digital	O
link	B-Protocol
standard	O
,	O
first	O
released	O
in	O
August	O
2018	O
,	O
allows	O
the	O
use	O
QR	O
Codes	O
,	O
GS1	O
Datamatrix	O
,	O
RFID	B-Application
and	O
NFC	O
to	O
enable	O
various	O
types	O
of	O
business-to-business	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
business-to-consumers	O
interactions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Parent	O
organization	O
comprises	O
member	O
organizations	O
such	O
as	O
GS1	O
US	O
IEEE	O
Institute	O
of	O
Electrical	O
and	O
Electronics	O
Engineers	O
Underlying	O
communication	O
technology	O
standards	O
such	O
as	O
IEEE	O
802.15.4	O
,	O
IEEE	O
P1451-99	O
(	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
Harmonization	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
IEEE	O
P1931.1	O
(	O
ROOF	O
Computing	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IETF	O
Internet	O
Engineering	O
Task	O
Force	O
Standards	O
that	O
comprise	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
(	O
the	O
Internet	B-Protocol
protocol	I-Protocol
suite	I-Protocol
)	O
MTConnect	O
Institute	O
—	O
MTConnect	O
is	O
a	O
manufacturing	O
industry	O
standard	O
for	O
data	O
exchange	O
with	O
machine	O
tools	O
and	O
related	O
industrial	O
equipment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
important	O
to	O
the	O
IIoT	B-Device
subset	O
of	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
O-DF	O
Open	O
Data	O
Format	O
O-DF	O
is	O
a	O
standard	O
published	O
by	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
Work	O
Group	O
of	O
The	O
Open	O
Group	O
in	O
2014	O
,	O
which	O
specifies	O
a	O
generic	O
information	O
model	O
structure	O
that	O
is	O
meant	O
to	O
be	O
applicable	O
for	O
describing	O
any	O
"	O
Thing	O
"	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
for	O
publishing	O
,	O
updating	O
and	O
querying	O
information	O
when	O
used	O
together	O
with	O
O-MI	O
(	O
Open	O
Messaging	O
Interface	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
O-MI	O
Open	O
Messaging	O
Interface	O
O-MI	O
is	O
a	O
standard	O
published	O
by	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
Work	O
Group	O
of	O
The	O
Open	O
Group	O
in	O
2014	O
,	O
which	O
specifies	O
a	O
limited	O
set	O
of	O
key	O
operations	O
needed	O
in	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
systems	O
,	O
notably	O
different	O
kinds	O
of	O
subscription	O
mechanisms	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Observer	B-Language
pattern	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
scholars	O
and	O
activists	O
argue	O
that	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
new	O
models	O
of	O
civic	O
engagement	O
if	O
device	O
networks	O
can	O
be	O
open	O
to	O
user	O
control	O
and	O
inter-operable	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Philip	O
N	O
.	O
Howard	O
,	O
a	O
professor	O
and	O
author	O
,	O
writes	O
that	O
political	O
life	O
in	O
both	O
democracies	O
and	O
authoritarian	O
regimes	O
will	O
be	O
shaped	O
by	O
the	O
way	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
will	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
civic	O
engagement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
he	O
argues	O
that	O
civil	O
society	O
groups	O
need	O
to	O
start	O
developing	O
their	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
strategy	O
for	O
making	O
use	O
of	O
data	O
and	O
engaging	O
with	O
the	O
public	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
key	O
drivers	O
of	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
is	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
this	O
purpose	O
,	O
companies	O
working	O
on	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
collect	O
data	O
from	O
multiple	O
sources	O
and	O
store	O
it	O
in	O
their	O
cloud	B-Architecture
network	B-Application
for	O
further	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
leaves	O
the	O
door	O
wide	O
open	O
for	O
privacy	O
and	O
security	B-Application
dangers	O
and	O
single	O
point	O
vulnerability	O
of	O
multiple	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
still	O
in	O
their	O
infancy	O
,	O
regulations	O
and	O
governance	O
regarding	O
these	O
issues	O
of	O
privacy	O
,	O
security	B-Application
,	O
and	O
data	O
ownership	O
continue	O
to	O
develop	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IoT	B-Operating_System
regulation	O
depends	O
on	O
the	O
country	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-General_Concept
security	I-General_Concept
–	O
At	O
the	O
time	O
of	O
designing	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
companies	O
should	O
ensure	O
that	O
data	O
collection	O
,	O
storage	O
and	O
processing	O
would	O
be	O
secure	O
at	O
all	O
times	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
consent	O
–	O
users	O
should	O
have	O
a	O
choice	O
as	O
to	O
what	O
data	O
they	O
share	O
with	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
companies	O
and	O
the	O
users	O
must	O
be	O
informed	O
if	O
their	O
data	O
gets	O
exposed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
minimisation	O
–	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
companies	O
should	O
collect	O
only	O
the	O
data	O
they	O
need	O
and	O
retain	O
the	O
collected	O
information	O
only	O
for	O
a	O
limited	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
resolution	O
recognized	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
formulating	O
a	O
National	O
Policy	O
on	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
and	O
the	O
matter	B-Application
of	O
privacy	O
,	O
security	B-Application
and	O
spectrum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
to	O
provide	O
an	O
impetus	O
to	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
ecosystem	O
,	O
in	O
March	O
2016	O
,	O
a	O
bipartisan	O
group	O
of	O
four	O
Senators	O
proposed	O
a	O
bill	O
,	O
The	O
Developing	O
Innovation	O
and	O
Growing	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
(	O
DIGIT	O
)	O
Act	O
,	O
to	O
direct	O
the	O
Federal	O
Communications	O
Commission	O
to	O
assess	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
more	O
spectrum	O
to	O
connect	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
bill	O
requires	O
"	O
a	O
manufacturer	O
of	O
a	O
connected	O
device	O
,	O
as	O
those	O
terms	O
are	O
defined	O
,	O
to	O
equip	O
the	O
device	O
with	O
a	O
reasonable	O
security	B-Application
feature	O
or	O
features	O
that	O
are	O
appropriate	O
to	O
the	O
nature	O
and	O
function	O
of	O
the	O
device	O
,	O
appropriate	O
to	O
the	O
information	O
it	O
may	O
collect	O
,	O
contain	O
,	O
or	O
transmit	O
,	O
and	O
designed	O
to	O
protect	O
the	O
device	O
and	O
any	O
information	O
contained	O
therein	O
from	O
unauthorized	O
access	O
,	O
destruction	O
,	O
use	O
,	O
modification	O
,	O
or	O
disclosure	O
,	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
standards	O
for	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
industry	O
are	O
actually	O
being	O
established	O
relating	O
to	O
automobiles	O
because	O
most	O
concerns	O
arising	O
from	O
use	O
of	O
connected	O
cars	O
apply	O
to	O
healthcare	O
devices	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
recent	O
report	O
from	O
the	O
World	O
Bank	O
examines	O
the	O
challenges	O
and	O
opportunities	O
in	O
government	O
adoption	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
December	O
2021	O
,	O
the	O
U.K.	O
government	O
introduced	O
the	O
Product	O
Security	B-Application
and	O
Telecommunications	O
Infrastructure	O
bill	O
(	O
PST	O
)	O
,	O
an	O
effort	O
to	O
legislate	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
distributors	O
,	O
manufacturers	O
,	O
and	O
importers	O
to	O
meet	O
certain	O
cybersecurity	O
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
bill	O
also	O
seeks	O
to	O
improve	O
the	O
security	B-Application
credentials	O
of	O
consumer	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
suffers	O
from	O
platform	B-Application
fragmentation	I-Application
,	O
lack	O
of	O
interoperability	O
and	O
common	O
technical	O
standards	O
a	O
situation	O
where	O
the	O
variety	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
,	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
both	O
hardware	O
variations	O
and	O
differences	O
in	O
the	O
software	O
running	O
on	O
them	O
,	O
makes	O
the	O
task	O
of	O
developing	O
applications	O
that	O
work	O
consistently	O
between	O
different	O
inconsistent	O
technology	O
ecosystems	O
hard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
wireless	O
connectivity	O
for	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
can	O
be	O
done	O
using	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
,	O
Wi-Fi	O
,	O
Wi-Fi	O
HaLow	O
,	O
Zigbee	B-Protocol
,	O
Z-Wave	B-Device
,	O
LoRa	B-General_Concept
,	O
NB-IoT	O
,	O
Cat	B-Device
M1	I-Device
as	O
well	O
as	O
completely	O
custom	O
proprietary	O
radios	O
–	O
each	O
with	O
its	O
own	O
advantages	O
and	O
disadvantages	O
;	O
and	O
unique	O
support	O
ecosystem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
's	O
amorphous	B-Operating_System
computing	I-Operating_System
nature	O
is	O
also	O
a	O
problem	O
for	O
security	B-Application
,	O
since	O
patches	O
to	O
bugs	O
found	O
in	O
the	O
core	O
operating	O
system	O
often	O
do	O
not	O
reach	O
users	O
of	O
older	O
and	O
lower-price	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
set	O
of	O
researchers	O
say	O
that	O
the	O
failure	O
of	O
vendors	O
to	O
support	O
older	O
devices	O
with	O
patches	O
and	O
updates	O
leaves	O
more	O
than	O
87%	O
of	O
active	O
Android	B-Application
devices	O
vulnerable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Philip	O
N	O
.	O
Howard	O
,	O
a	O
professor	O
and	O
author	O
,	O
writes	O
that	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
offers	O
immense	O
potential	O
for	O
empowering	O
citizens	O
,	O
making	O
government	O
transparent	O
,	O
and	O
broadening	O
information	O
access	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Concerns	O
about	O
privacy	O
have	O
led	O
many	O
to	O
consider	O
the	O
possibility	O
that	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
infrastructures	O
such	O
as	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
and	O
data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
are	O
inherently	O
incompatible	O
with	O
privacy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Key	O
challenges	O
of	O
increased	O
digitalization	O
in	O
the	O
water	O
,	O
transport	B-Architecture
or	O
energy	O
sector	O
are	O
related	O
to	O
privacy	O
and	O
cybersecurity	O
which	O
necessitate	O
an	O
adequate	O
response	O
from	O
research	O
and	O
policymakers	O
alike	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Writer	O
Adam	O
Greenfield	O
claims	O
that	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
technologies	O
are	O
not	O
only	O
an	O
invasion	O
of	O
public	O
space	O
but	O
are	O
also	O
being	O
used	O
to	O
perpetuate	O
normative	O
behavior	O
,	O
citing	O
an	O
instance	O
of	O
billboards	O
with	O
hidden	O
cameras	O
that	O
tracked	O
the	O
demographics	O
of	O
passersby	O
who	O
stopped	O
to	O
read	O
the	O
advertisement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
Council	O
compared	O
the	O
increased	O
prevalence	O
of	O
digital	O
surveillance	O
due	O
to	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
to	O
the	O
conceptual	O
panopticon	B-Application
described	O
by	O
Jeremy	O
Bentham	O
in	O
the	O
18th	O
century	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Discipline	O
and	O
Punish	O
:	O
The	O
Birth	O
of	O
the	O
Prison	O
Foucault	O
asserts	O
that	O
the	O
panopticon	B-Application
was	O
a	O
central	O
element	O
of	O
the	O
discipline	O
society	O
developed	O
during	O
the	O
Industrial	O
Era	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
his	O
1992	O
paper	O
"	O
Postscripts	O
on	O
the	O
Societies	O
of	O
Control	O
,	O
"	O
Deleuze	O
wrote	O
that	O
the	O
discipline	O
society	O
had	O
transitioned	O
into	O
a	O
control	O
society	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
computer	O
replacing	O
the	O
panopticon	B-Application
as	O
an	O
instrument	O
of	O
discipline	O
and	O
control	O
while	O
still	O
maintaining	O
the	O
qualities	O
similar	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
panopticism	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Justin	O
Brookman	O
,	O
of	O
the	O
Center	O
for	O
Democracy	O
and	O
Technology	O
,	O
expressed	O
concern	O
regarding	O
the	O
impact	O
of	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
on	O
consumer	O
privacy	O
,	O
saying	O
that	O
"	O
There	O
are	O
some	O
people	O
in	O
the	O
commercial	O
space	O
who	O
say	O
,	O
'	O
Oh	O
,	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
–	O
well	O
,	O
let	O
's	O
collect	O
everything	O
,	O
keep	O
it	O
around	O
forever	O
,	O
we	O
'll	O
pay	O
for	O
somebody	O
to	O
think	O
about	O
security	B-Application
later.	O
'	O
</s>
<s>
Tim	O
O'Reilly	O
believes	O
that	O
the	O
way	O
companies	O
sell	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
on	O
consumers	O
are	O
misplaced	O
,	O
disputing	O
the	O
notion	O
that	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
is	O
about	O
gaining	O
efficiency	O
from	O
putting	O
all	O
kinds	O
of	O
devices	O
online	O
and	O
postulating	O
that	O
the	O
"	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
is	O
really	O
about	O
human	O
augmentation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
applications	O
are	O
profoundly	O
different	O
when	O
you	O
have	O
sensors	B-Application
and	O
data	O
driving	O
the	O
decision-making.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
American	O
Civil	O
Liberties	O
Union	O
(	O
ACLU	O
)	O
expressed	O
concern	O
regarding	O
the	O
ability	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
to	O
erode	O
people	O
's	O
control	O
over	O
their	O
own	O
lives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chances	O
are	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
and	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
will	O
make	O
it	O
harder	O
for	O
us	O
to	O
control	O
our	O
own	O
lives	O
,	O
as	O
we	O
grow	O
increasingly	O
transparent	O
to	O
powerful	O
corporations	O
and	O
government	O
institutions	O
that	O
are	O
becoming	O
more	O
opaque	O
to	O
us.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
to	O
rising	O
concerns	O
about	O
privacy	O
and	O
smart	O
technology	O
,	O
in	O
2007	O
the	O
British	O
Government	O
stated	O
it	O
would	O
follow	O
formal	O
Privacy	O
by	O
Design	O
principles	O
when	O
implementing	O
their	O
smart	B-Device
metering	I-Device
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2009	O
the	O
Dutch	O
Parliament	O
rejected	O
a	O
similar	O
smart	B-Device
metering	I-Device
program	O
,	O
basing	O
their	O
decision	O
on	O
privacy	O
concerns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
challenge	O
for	O
producers	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
applications	O
is	O
to	O
clean	O
,	O
process	O
and	O
interpret	O
the	O
vast	O
amount	O
of	O
data	O
which	O
is	O
gathered	O
by	O
the	O
sensors	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
a	O
solution	O
proposed	O
for	O
the	O
analytics	O
of	O
the	O
information	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
Wireless	B-Architecture
Sensor	I-Architecture
Networks	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Depending	O
on	O
the	O
application	B-Application
,	O
there	O
could	O
be	O
high	O
data	O
acquisition	O
requirements	O
,	O
which	O
in	O
turn	O
lead	O
to	O
high	O
storage	O
requirements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Currently	O
the	O
Internet	O
is	O
already	O
responsible	O
for	O
5%	O
of	O
the	O
total	O
energy	O
generated	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
"	O
daunting	O
challenge	O
to	O
power	O
"	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
to	O
collect	O
and	O
even	O
store	O
data	O
still	O
remains	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
silos	O
,	O
although	O
a	O
common	O
challenge	O
of	O
legacy	O
systems	O
,	O
still	O
commonly	O
occur	O
with	O
the	O
implementation	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
,	O
particularly	O
within	O
manufacturing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
there	O
are	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
benefits	O
to	O
be	O
gained	O
from	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
and	O
IIoT	B-Device
devices	O
,	O
the	O
means	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
data	O
is	O
stored	O
can	O
present	O
serious	O
challenges	O
without	O
the	O
principles	O
of	O
autonomy	O
,	O
transparency	O
,	O
and	O
interoperability	O
being	O
considered	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
challenges	O
were	O
commonly	O
identified	O
in	O
manufactures	O
and	O
enterprises	O
which	O
have	O
begun	O
upon	O
digital	B-General_Concept
transformation	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
are	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
digital	O
foundation	O
,	O
indicating	O
that	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
receive	O
the	O
optimal	O
benefits	O
from	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
and	O
for	O
decision	O
making	O
,	O
enterprises	O
will	O
have	O
to	O
first	O
re-align	O
their	O
data	O
storing	O
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
challenges	O
were	O
identified	O
by	O
Keller	O
(	O
2021	O
)	O
when	O
investigating	O
the	O
IT	O
and	O
application	B-Application
landscape	O
of	O
I4.0	O
implementation	O
within	O
German	O
M&E	O
manufactures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Security	B-Application
is	O
the	O
biggest	O
concern	O
in	O
adopting	O
Internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
technology	O
,	O
with	O
concerns	O
that	O
rapid	O
development	O
is	O
happening	O
without	O
appropriate	O
consideration	O
of	O
the	O
profound	O
security	B-Application
challenges	O
involved	O
and	O
the	O
regulatory	O
changes	O
that	O
might	O
be	O
necessary	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
rapid	O
development	O
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
(	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
)	O
has	O
allowed	O
billions	O
of	O
devices	O
to	O
connect	O
to	O
the	O
network	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
too	O
many	O
connected	O
devices	O
and	O
the	O
limitation	O
of	O
communication	O
security	B-Application
technology	O
,	O
various	O
security	B-Application
issues	O
gradually	O
appear	O
in	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
of	O
the	O
technical	O
security	B-Application
concerns	O
are	O
similar	O
to	O
those	O
of	O
conventional	O
servers	O
,	O
workstations	O
and	O
smartphones	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
concerns	O
include	O
using	O
weak	O
authentication	O
,	O
forgetting	O
to	O
change	O
default	O
credentials	O
,	O
unencrypted	O
messages	O
sent	O
between	O
devices	O
,	O
SQL	B-Language
injections	I-Language
,	O
Man-in-the-middle	O
attacks	O
,	O
and	O
poor	O
handling	O
of	O
security	B-Application
updates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
many	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
have	O
severe	O
operational	O
limitations	O
on	O
the	O
computational	O
power	O
available	O
to	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
constraints	O
often	O
make	O
them	O
unable	O
to	O
directly	O
use	O
basic	O
security	B-Application
measures	O
such	O
as	O
implementing	O
firewalls	O
or	O
using	O
strong	O
cryptosystems	O
to	O
encrypt	O
their	O
communications	O
with	O
other	O
devices	O
-	O
and	O
the	O
low	O
price	O
and	O
consumer	O
focus	O
of	O
many	O
devices	O
makes	O
a	O
robust	O
security	B-Application
patching	O
system	O
uncommon	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rather	O
than	O
conventional	O
security	B-Application
vulnerabilities	O
,	O
fault	O
injection	O
attacks	O
are	O
on	O
the	O
rise	O
and	O
targeting	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
fault	O
injection	O
attack	O
is	O
a	O
physical	B-Application
attack	O
on	O
a	O
device	O
to	O
purposefully	O
introduce	O
faults	O
in	O
the	O
system	O
to	O
change	O
the	O
intended	O
behavior	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
devices	O
also	O
have	O
access	O
to	O
new	O
areas	O
of	O
data	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
often	O
control	O
physical	B-Application
devices	O
,	O
so	O
that	O
even	O
by	O
2014	O
it	O
was	O
possible	O
to	O
say	O
that	O
many	O
Internet-connected	O
appliances	O
could	O
already	O
"	O
spy	O
on	O
people	O
in	O
their	O
own	O
homes	O
"	O
including	O
televisions	O
,	O
kitchen	O
appliances	O
,	O
cameras	O
,	O
and	O
thermostats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer-controlled	O
devices	O
in	O
automobiles	O
such	O
as	O
brakes	O
,	O
engine	O
,	O
locks	O
,	O
hood	O
and	O
trunk	O
releases	O
,	O
horn	O
,	O
heat	O
,	O
and	O
dashboard	O
have	O
been	O
shown	O
to	O
be	O
vulnerable	O
to	O
attackers	O
who	O
have	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
on-board	O
network	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2008	O
security	B-Application
researchers	O
had	O
shown	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
remotely	O
control	O
pacemakers	O
without	O
authority	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Poorly	O
secured	O
Internet-accessible	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
subverted	O
to	O
attack	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
a	O
distributed	O
denial	O
of	O
service	O
attack	O
powered	O
by	O
Internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
devices	O
running	O
the	O
Mirai	B-Language
malware	O
took	B-Device
down	I-Device
a	I-Device
DNS	I-Device
provider	I-Device
and	I-Device
major	I-Device
web	I-Device
sites	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Mirai	B-Language
Botnet	I-Language
had	O
infected	O
roughly	O
65,000	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
within	O
the	O
first	O
20	O
hours	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Mirai	B-Language
Botnet	I-Language
had	O
singled	O
out	O
specific	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
that	O
consisted	O
of	O
DVRs	O
,	O
IP	O
cameras	O
,	O
routers	O
and	O
printers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2017	O
,	O
Junade	O
Ali	O
,	O
a	O
Computer	O
Scientist	O
at	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
noted	O
that	O
native	O
DDoS	O
vulnerabilities	O
exist	O
in	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
due	O
to	O
a	O
poor	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
Publish	B-Operating_System
–	I-Operating_System
subscribe	I-Operating_System
pattern	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
sorts	O
of	O
attacks	O
have	O
caused	O
security	B-Application
experts	O
to	O
view	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
as	O
a	O
real	O
threat	O
to	O
Internet	B-Protocol
services	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
U.S.	O
National	O
Intelligence	O
Council	O
in	O
an	O
unclassified	O
report	O
maintains	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
hard	O
to	O
deny	O
"	O
access	O
to	O
networks	O
of	O
sensors	B-Application
and	O
remotely-controlled	O
objects	O
by	O
enemies	O
of	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
criminals	O
,	O
and	O
mischief	O
makers	O
...	O
An	O
open	O
market	O
for	O
aggregated	O
sensor	O
data	O
could	O
serve	O
the	O
interests	O
of	O
commerce	O
and	O
security	B-Application
no	O
less	O
than	O
it	O
helps	O
criminals	O
and	O
spies	O
identify	O
vulnerable	O
targets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
massively	O
parallel	O
sensor	B-General_Concept
fusion	I-General_Concept
may	O
undermine	O
social	O
cohesion	O
,	O
if	O
it	O
proves	O
to	O
be	O
fundamentally	O
incompatible	O
with	O
Fourth-Amendment	O
guarantees	O
against	O
unreasonable	O
search.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
general	O
,	O
the	O
intelligence	O
community	O
views	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
as	O
a	O
rich	O
source	O
of	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
31	O
January	O
2019	O
,	O
the	O
Washington	O
Post	O
wrote	O
an	O
article	O
regarding	O
the	O
security	B-Application
and	O
ethical	O
challenges	O
that	O
can	O
occur	O
with	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
doorbells	O
and	O
cameras	O
:	O
"	O
Last	O
month	O
,	O
Ring	O
got	O
caught	O
allowing	O
its	O
team	O
in	O
Ukraine	O
to	O
view	O
and	O
annotate	O
certain	O
user	O
videos	O
;	O
the	O
company	O
says	O
it	O
only	O
looks	O
at	O
publicly	O
shared	O
videos	O
and	O
those	O
from	O
Ring	O
owners	O
who	O
provide	O
consent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Just	O
last	O
week	O
,	O
a	O
California	O
family	O
's	O
Nest	B-Application
camera	O
let	O
a	O
hacker	O
take	O
over	O
and	O
broadcast	O
fake	O
audio	O
warnings	O
about	O
a	O
missile	O
attack	O
,	O
not	O
to	O
mention	O
peer	O
in	O
on	O
them	O
,	O
when	O
they	O
used	O
a	O
weak	O
password.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
have	O
been	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
responses	O
to	O
concerns	O
over	O
security	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
Security	B-Application
Foundation	O
(	O
IoTSF	O
)	O
was	O
launched	O
on	O
23	O
September	O
2015	O
with	O
a	O
mission	O
to	O
secure	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
by	O
promoting	O
knowledge	O
and	O
best	O
practice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
large	O
IT	O
companies	O
are	O
continually	O
developing	O
innovative	O
solutions	O
to	O
ensure	O
the	O
security	B-Application
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
,	O
Mozilla	O
launched	O
Project	O
Things	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
to	O
route	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
through	O
a	O
safe	O
Web	B-Device
of	I-Device
Things	I-Device
gateway	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
per	O
the	O
estimates	O
from	O
KBV	O
Research	O
,	O
the	O
overall	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
security	B-Application
market	O
would	O
grow	O
at	O
27.9	O
%	O
rate	O
during	O
2016	O
–	O
2022	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
growing	O
infrastructural	O
concerns	O
and	O
diversified	O
usage	O
of	O
Internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Governmental	O
regulation	O
is	O
argued	O
by	O
some	O
to	O
be	O
necessary	O
to	O
secure	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
and	O
the	O
wider	O
Internet	O
–	O
as	O
market	O
incentives	O
to	O
secure	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
is	O
insufficient	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
found	O
that	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
nature	O
of	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
development	O
boards	O
,	O
they	O
generate	O
predictable	O
and	O
weak	O
keys	O
which	O
make	O
it	O
easy	O
to	O
be	O
utilized	O
by	O
Man-in-the-middle	O
attack	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IoT	B-Operating_System
security	B-Application
within	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
manufacturing	O
presents	O
different	O
challenges	O
,	O
and	O
varying	O
perspectives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
the	O
EU	O
and	O
Germany	O
,	O
data	O
protection	O
is	O
constantly	O
referenced	O
throughout	O
manufacturing	O
and	O
digital	B-General_Concept
policy	I-General_Concept
particularly	O
that	O
of	O
I4.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
attitude	O
towards	O
data	B-General_Concept
security	I-General_Concept
differs	O
from	O
the	O
enterprise	O
perspective	O
whereas	O
there	O
is	O
an	O
emphasis	O
on	O
less	O
data	O
protection	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
GDPR	O
as	O
the	O
data	O
being	O
collected	O
from	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
in	O
the	O
manufacturing	O
sector	O
does	O
not	O
display	O
personal	O
details	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Yet	O
,	O
research	O
has	O
indicated	O
that	O
manufacturing	O
experts	O
are	O
concerned	O
about	O
"	O
data	B-General_Concept
security	I-General_Concept
for	O
protecting	O
machine	O
technology	O
from	O
international	O
competitors	O
with	O
the	O
ever-greater	O
push	O
for	O
interconnectivity	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IoT	B-Operating_System
systems	O
are	O
typically	O
controlled	O
by	O
event-driven	O
smart	O
apps	O
that	O
take	O
as	O
input	O
either	O
sensed	O
data	O
,	O
user	O
inputs	O
,	O
or	O
other	O
external	O
triggers	O
(	O
from	O
the	O
Internet	O
)	O
and	O
command	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
actuators	O
towards	O
providing	O
different	O
forms	O
of	O
automation	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
sensors	B-Application
include	O
smoke	O
detectors	B-Application
,	O
motion	O
sensors	B-Application
,	O
and	O
contact	O
sensors	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Popular	O
control	O
platforms	O
on	O
which	O
third-party	O
developers	O
can	O
build	O
smart	O
apps	O
that	O
interact	O
wirelessly	O
with	O
these	O
sensors	B-Application
and	O
actuators	O
include	O
Samsung	O
's	O
SmartThings	B-Application
,	O
Apple	O
's	O
HomeKit	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
Amazon	B-Application
's	O
Alexa	O
,	O
among	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
problem	O
specific	O
to	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
systems	O
is	O
that	O
buggy	O
apps	O
,	O
unforeseen	O
bad	O
app	O
interactions	O
,	O
or	O
device/communication	O
failures	O
,	O
can	O
cause	O
unsafe	O
and	O
dangerous	O
physical	B-Application
states	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
"	O
unlock	O
the	O
entrance	O
door	O
when	O
no	O
one	O
is	O
at	O
home	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
turn	O
off	O
the	O
heater	O
when	O
the	O
temperature	O
is	O
below	O
0	O
degrees	O
Celsius	O
and	O
people	O
are	O
sleeping	O
at	O
night	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
have	O
evaluated	O
IotSan	O
on	O
the	O
Samsung	O
SmartThings	B-Application
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
76	O
manually	O
configured	O
systems	O
,	O
IotSan	O
detects	O
147	O
vulnerabilities	O
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
violations	O
of	O
safe	O
physical	B-Application
states/properties	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Given	O
widespread	O
recognition	O
of	O
the	O
evolving	O
nature	O
of	O
the	O
design	O
and	O
management	O
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
,	O
sustainable	O
and	O
secure	O
deployment	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
solutions	O
must	O
design	O
for	O
"	O
anarchic	O
scalability.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Application	B-Application
of	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
anarchic	O
scalability	O
can	O
be	O
extended	O
to	O
physical	B-Application
systems	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
hard	O
anarchic	O
scalability	O
thus	O
provides	O
a	O
pathway	O
forward	O
to	O
fully	O
realize	O
the	O
potential	O
of	O
Internet-of-things	B-Operating_System
solutions	O
by	O
selectively	O
constraining	O
physical	B-Application
systems	O
to	O
allow	O
for	O
all	O
management	O
regimes	O
without	O
risking	O
physical	B-Application
failure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Brown	O
University	O
computer	O
scientist	O
Michael	O
Littman	O
has	O
argued	O
that	O
successful	O
execution	O
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
Internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
requires	O
consideration	O
of	O
the	O
interface	O
's	O
usability	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
technology	O
itself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
concern	O
regarding	O
Internet-of-things	B-Operating_System
technologies	O
pertains	O
to	O
the	O
environmental	O
impacts	O
of	O
the	O
manufacture	O
,	O
use	O
,	O
and	O
eventual	O
disposal	O
of	O
all	O
these	O
semiconductor-rich	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
leads	O
to	O
societal	O
questions	O
concerning	O
the	O
environmental	O
impacts	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
over	O
their	O
lifetime	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
one	O
example	O
,	O
home	O
automation	B-Application
devices	O
sold	O
with	O
the	O
promise	O
of	O
a	O
"	O
Lifetime	O
Subscription	O
"	O
were	O
rendered	O
useless	O
after	O
Nest	B-Application
Labs	I-Application
acquired	O
Revolv	B-Application
and	O
made	O
the	O
decision	O
to	O
shut	O
down	O
the	O
central	O
servers	O
the	O
Revolv	B-Application
devices	O
had	O
used	O
to	O
operate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
Nest	B-Application
is	O
a	O
company	O
owned	O
by	O
Alphabet	O
(	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
parent	O
company	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
EFF	O
argues	O
this	O
sets	O
a	O
"	O
terrible	O
precedent	O
for	O
a	O
company	O
with	O
ambitions	O
to	O
sell	O
self-driving	O
cars	O
,	O
medical	O
devices	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
high-end	O
gadgets	O
that	O
may	O
be	O
essential	O
to	O
a	O
person	O
's	O
livelihood	O
or	O
physical	B-Application
safety.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
post-sale	O
manipulations	O
include	O
Google	B-Application
Nest	I-Application
Revolv	B-Application
,	O
disabled	O
privacy	O
settings	O
on	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
Sony	O
disabling	O
Linux	B-Application
on	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
3	I-Operating_System
,	O
enforced	O
EULA	O
on	O
Wii	B-Device
U	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kevin	O
Lonergan	O
at	O
Information	O
Age	O
,	O
a	O
business	O
technology	O
magazine	O
,	O
has	O
referred	O
to	O
the	O
terms	O
surrounding	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
as	O
a	O
"	O
terminology	O
zoo	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
company	O
operating	O
in	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
space	O
could	O
be	O
working	O
in	O
anything	O
related	O
to	O
sensor	O
technology	O
,	O
networking	O
,	O
embedded	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
,	O
or	O
analytics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Lonergan	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
was	O
coined	O
before	O
smart	B-Application
phones	I-Application
,	O
tablets	O
,	O
and	O
devices	O
as	O
we	O
know	O
them	O
today	O
existed	O
,	O
and	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
long	O
list	O
of	O
terms	O
with	O
varying	O
degrees	O
of	O
overlap	O
and	O
technological	O
convergence	O
:	O
Internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
,	O
Internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
everything	I-Operating_System
(	O
IoE	O
)	O
,	O
Internet	O
of	O
goods	O
(	O
supply	O
chain	O
)	O
,	O
industrial	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
,	O
pervasive	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
pervasive	O
sensing	O
,	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
cyber-physical	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
(	O
CPS	O
)	O
,	O
wireless	B-Architecture
sensor	I-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
(	O
WSN	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
smart	B-General_Concept
objects	I-General_Concept
,	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
,	O
cyberobjects	O
or	O
avatars	O
,	O
cooperating	O
objects	O
,	O
machine	O
to	O
machine	O
(	O
M2M	O
)	O
,	O
ambient	B-Operating_System
intelligence	I-Operating_System
(	O
AmI	B-Operating_System
)	O
,	O
Operational	O
technology	O
(	O
OT	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
information	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
(	O
IT	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Regarding	O
IIoT	B-Device
,	O
an	O
industrial	O
sub-field	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
Industrial	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
Consortium	O
's	O
Vocabulary	O
Task	O
Group	O
has	O
created	O
a	O
"	O
common	O
and	O
reusable	O
vocabulary	O
of	O
terms	O
"	O
to	O
ensure	O
"	O
consistent	O
terminology	O
"	O
across	O
publications	O
issued	O
by	O
the	O
Industrial	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
Consortium	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IoT	B-Operating_System
One	O
has	O
created	O
an	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
Terms	O
Database	O
including	O
a	O
New	O
Term	O
Alert	O
to	O
be	O
notified	O
when	O
a	O
new	O
term	O
is	O
published	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
this	O
database	O
aggregates	O
807	O
IoT-related	O
terms	O
,	O
while	O
keeping	O
material	O
"	O
transparent	O
and	O
comprehensive.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
a	O
shared	O
belief	O
in	O
the	O
potential	O
of	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
,	O
industry	O
leaders	O
and	O
consumers	O
are	O
facing	O
barriers	O
to	O
adopt	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
technology	O
more	O
widely	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mike	O
Farley	O
argued	O
in	O
Forbes	O
that	O
while	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
solutions	O
appeal	O
to	O
early	O
adopters	O
,	O
they	O
either	O
lack	O
interoperability	O
or	O
a	O
clear	O
use	O
case	O
for	O
end-users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
study	O
by	O
Ericsson	O
regarding	O
the	O
adoption	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
among	O
Danish	O
companies	O
suggests	O
that	O
many	O
struggle	O
"	O
to	O
pinpoint	O
exactly	O
where	O
the	O
value	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
lies	O
for	O
them	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
for	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
,	O
especially	O
in	O
regards	O
to	O
consumer	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
,	O
information	O
about	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
daily	O
routine	O
is	O
collected	O
so	O
that	O
the	O
"	O
things	O
"	O
around	O
the	O
user	O
can	O
cooperate	O
to	O
provide	O
better	O
services	O
that	O
fulfill	O
personal	O
preference	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
collected	O
information	O
which	O
describes	O
a	O
user	O
in	O
detail	O
travels	O
through	O
multiple	O
hops	B-Protocol
in	O
a	O
network	B-Application
,	O
due	O
to	O
a	O
diverse	O
integration	O
of	O
services	O
,	O
devices	O
and	O
network	B-Application
,	O
the	O
information	O
stored	O
on	O
a	O
device	O
is	O
vulnerable	O
to	O
privacy	O
violation	O
by	O
compromising	O
nodes	O
existing	O
in	O
an	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
network	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
on	O
21	O
October	O
2016	O
,	O
a	O
multiple	O
distributed	O
denial	O
of	O
service	O
(	O
DDoS	O
)	O
attacks	O
systems	O
operated	O
by	O
domain	B-Protocol
name	I-Protocol
system	I-Protocol
provider	O
Dyn	O
,	O
which	O
caused	O
the	O
inaccessibility	O
of	O
several	O
websites	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
GitHub	B-Application
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
attack	O
is	O
executed	O
through	O
a	O
botnet	B-Architecture
consisting	O
of	O
a	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
including	O
IP	O
cameras	O
,	O
gateways	B-Application
,	O
and	O
even	O
baby	O
monitors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fundamentally	O
there	O
are	O
4	O
security	B-Application
objectives	O
that	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
system	O
requires	O
:	O
(	O
1	O
)	O
data	O
confidentiality	O
:	O
unauthorized	O
parties	O
cannot	O
have	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
transmitted	O
and	O
stored	O
data	O
;	O
(	O
2	O
)	O
data	O
integrity	O
:	O
intentional	O
and	O
unintentional	O
corruption	O
of	O
transmitted	O
and	O
stored	O
data	O
must	O
be	O
detected	O
;	O
(	O
3	O
)	O
non-repudiation	O
:	O
the	O
sender	O
cannot	O
deny	O
having	O
sent	O
a	O
given	O
message	O
;	O
(	O
4	O
)	O
data	O
availability	O
:	O
the	O
transmitted	O
and	O
stored	O
data	O
should	O
be	O
available	O
to	O
authorized	O
parties	O
even	O
with	O
the	O
denial-of-service	O
(	O
DOS	O
)	O
attacks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Information	O
privacy	O
regulations	O
also	O
require	O
organizations	O
to	O
practice	O
"	O
reasonable	O
security	B-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
would	O
require	O
a	O
manufacturer	O
of	O
a	O
connected	O
device	O
,	O
as	O
those	O
terms	O
are	O
defined	O
,	O
to	O
equip	O
the	O
device	O
with	O
a	O
reasonable	O
security	B-Application
feature	O
or	O
features	O
that	O
are	O
appropriate	O
to	O
the	O
nature	O
and	O
function	O
of	O
the	O
device	O
,	O
appropriate	O
to	O
the	O
information	O
it	O
may	O
collect	O
,	O
contain	O
,	O
or	O
transmit	O
,	O
and	O
designed	O
to	O
protect	O
the	O
device	O
and	O
any	O
information	O
contained	O
therein	O
from	O
unauthorized	O
access	O
,	O
destruction	O
,	O
use	O
,	O
modification	O
,	O
or	O
disclosure	O
,	O
as	O
specified.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
each	O
organization	O
's	O
environment	O
is	O
unique	O
,	O
it	O
can	O
prove	O
challenging	O
to	O
demonstrate	O
what	O
"	O
reasonable	O
security	B-Application
"	O
is	O
and	O
what	O
potential	O
risks	O
could	O
be	O
involved	O
for	O
the	O
business	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oregon	O
's	O
also	O
"	O
requires	O
 [ a ] 	O
person	O
that	O
manufactures	O
,	O
sells	O
or	O
offers	O
to	O
sell	O
connected	O
device ]	O
manufacturer	O
to	O
equip	O
connected	O
device	O
with	O
reasonable	O
security	B-Application
features	O
that	O
protect	O
connected	O
device	O
and	O
information	O
that	O
connected	O
device	O
collects	O
,	O
contains	O
,	O
stores	O
or	O
transmits ]	O
stores	O
from	O
access	O
,	O
destruction	O
,	O
modification	O
,	O
use	O
or	O
disclosure	O
that	O
consumer	O
does	O
not	O
authorize.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
antivirus	O
provider	O
Kaspersky	O
,	O
there	O
were	O
639	O
million	O
data	O
breaches	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
in	O
2020	O
and	O
1.5	O
billion	O
breaches	O
in	O
the	O
first	O
six	O
months	O
of	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
study	O
issued	O
by	O
Ericsson	O
regarding	O
the	O
adoption	O
of	O
Internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
among	O
Danish	O
companies	O
identified	O
a	O
"	O
clash	O
between	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
and	O
companies	O
 '	O
traditional	O
governance	O
structures	O
,	O
as	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
still	O
presents	O
both	O
uncertainties	O
and	O
a	O
lack	O
of	O
historical	O
precedence.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
the	O
respondents	O
interviewed	O
,	O
60	O
percent	O
stated	O
that	O
they	O
"	O
do	O
not	O
believe	O
they	O
have	O
the	O
organizational	O
capabilities	O
,	O
and	O
three	O
of	O
four	O
do	O
not	O
believe	O
they	O
have	O
the	O
processes	O
needed	O
,	O
to	O
capture	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
opportunity.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
lack	O
of	O
digital	O
leadership	O
in	O
the	O
age	O
of	O
digital	B-General_Concept
transformation	I-General_Concept
has	O
also	O
stifled	O
innovation	O
and	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
adoption	O
to	O
a	O
degree	O
that	O
many	O
companies	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
face	O
of	O
uncertainty	O
,	O
"	O
were	O
waiting	O
for	O
the	O
market	O
dynamics	O
to	O
play	O
out	O
"	O
,	O
or	O
further	O
action	O
in	O
regards	O
to	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
"	O
was	O
pending	O
competitor	O
moves	O
,	O
customer	O
pull	O
,	O
or	O
regulatory	O
requirements.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
2018	O
study	O
,	O
70	O
–	O
75%	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
deployments	O
were	O
stuck	O
in	O
the	O
pilot	O
or	O
prototype	O
stage	O
,	O
unable	O
to	O
reach	O
scale	O
due	O
in	O
part	O
to	O
a	O
lack	O
of	O
business	O
planning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
though	O
scientists	O
,	O
engineers	O
,	O
and	O
managers	O
across	O
the	O
world	O
are	O
continuously	O
working	O
to	O
create	O
and	O
exploit	O
the	O
benefits	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
products	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
some	O
flaws	O
in	O
the	O
governance	O
,	O
management	O
and	O
implementation	O
of	O
such	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
tremendous	O
forward	O
momentum	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
information	O
and	O
other	O
underlying	O
technologies	O
,	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
still	O
remains	O
a	O
complex	O
area	O
and	O
the	O
problem	O
of	O
how	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
projects	O
are	O
managed	O
still	O
needs	O
to	O
be	O
addressed.IoT	O
projects	O
must	O
be	O
run	O
differently	O
than	O
simple	O
and	O
traditional	O
IT	O
,	O
manufacturing	O
or	O
construction	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
projects	O
have	O
longer	O
project	O
timelines	O
,	O
a	O
lack	O
of	O
skilled	O
resources	O
and	O
several	O
security/legal	O
issues	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
need	O
for	O
new	O
and	O
specifically	O
designed	O
project	O
processes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
management	O
techniques	O
should	O
improve	O
the	O
success	O
rate	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
projects	O
:	O
</s>
