<s>
The	O
Internet	B-Device
of	I-Device
Military	I-Device
Things	I-Device
(	O
IoMT	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
class	O
of	O
Internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
for	O
combat	O
operations	O
and	O
warfare	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
IoMT	O
is	O
largely	O
driven	O
by	O
the	O
idea	O
that	O
future	O
military	O
battles	O
will	O
be	O
dominated	O
by	O
machine	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
and	O
cyber	O
warfare	O
and	O
will	O
likely	O
take	O
place	O
in	O
urban	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
time	O
,	O
several	O
different	O
terms	O
have	O
been	O
introduced	O
to	O
describe	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
technology	O
for	O
reconnaissance	O
,	O
environment	O
surveillance	O
,	O
unmanned	O
warfare	O
and	O
other	O
combat	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
terms	O
include	O
the	O
Military	O
Internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
(	O
MIoT	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
Internet	O
of	O
Battle	O
Things	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Internet	O
of	O
Battlefield	O
Things	O
(	O
IoBT	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Internet	B-Device
of	I-Device
Military	I-Device
Things	I-Device
encompasses	O
a	O
large	O
range	O
of	O
devices	O
that	O
possess	O
intelligent	O
physical	O
sensing	O
,	O
learning	O
,	O
and	O
actuation	O
capabilities	O
through	O
virtual	O
or	O
cyber	O
interfaces	O
that	O
are	O
integrated	O
into	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
devices	O
include	O
items	O
such	O
as	O
sensors	O
,	O
vehicles	O
,	O
robots	B-Algorithm
,	O
UAVs	O
,	O
human-wearable	O
devices	O
,	O
biometrics	O
,	O
munitions	O
,	O
armor	O
,	O
weapons	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
smart	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
equipment	O
and	O
supply	O
tracking	O
)	O
,	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
monitoring	O
,	O
and	O
data	O
warfare	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
nations	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
NATO	O
officials	O
,	O
have	O
expressed	O
Interest	O
in	O
the	O
potential	O
military	O
benefits	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advancements	O
in	O
IoMT	O
technology	O
largely	O
stemmed	O
from	O
military	O
efforts	O
to	O
bolster	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
sensor	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
and	O
low-power	O
computing	B-Device
platforms	I-Device
during	O
the	O
1960s	O
for	O
defense	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
Cold	B-Application
War	I-Application
,	O
the	O
U.S.	O
military	O
pioneered	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
wireless	B-Architecture
sensor	I-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
technologies	O
to	O
detect	O
and	O
track	O
Soviet	O
submarines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Much	O
of	O
the	O
sensor	O
and	O
networking	O
technologies	O
that	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Department	O
of	O
Defense	O
(	O
DoD	O
)	O
developed	O
during	O
this	O
time	O
period	O
ultimately	O
served	O
as	O
the	O
foundation	O
for	O
modern	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Critically	O
,	O
the	O
DoD	O
helped	O
set	O
the	O
stage	O
for	O
future	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
research	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1960s	O
with	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
ARPANET	O
,	O
an	O
early	O
precursor	O
to	O
the	O
Internet	O
that	O
geographically-dispersed	O
military	O
scientists	O
used	O
to	O
share	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1980s	O
,	O
the	O
Defense	O
Advanced	O
Projects	O
Agency	O
(	O
DARPA	O
)	O
formally	O
partnered	O
with	O
academic	O
researchers	O
at	O
the	O
Massachusetts	O
Institute	O
of	O
Technology	O
(	O
MIT	O
)	O
and	O
Carnegie	O
Mellon	O
University	O
to	O
further	O
develop	O
distributed	O
,	O
wireless	B-Architecture
sensor	I-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
there	O
,	O
research	O
into	O
wireless	B-Architecture
sensor	I-Architecture
technologies	O
spread	O
throughout	O
the	O
civilian	O
research	O
community	O
and	O
eventually	O
found	O
use	O
for	O
industrial	O
applications	O
such	O
as	O
power	O
distribution	O
,	O
wastewater	O
treatment	O
,	O
and	O
factory	O
automation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
interest	O
in	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
research	O
in	O
the	O
military	O
started	O
to	O
wane	O
as	O
commercial	O
industry	O
surged	O
ahead	O
with	O
new	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
DoD	O
continued	O
research	O
into	O
advanced	O
sensors	O
,	O
intelligent	O
information	O
processing	O
systems	O
,	O
and	O
communication	O
networks	O
,	O
few	O
military	O
systems	O
have	O
taken	O
full	O
advantage	O
of	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
stack	O
such	O
as	O
networked	O
sensors	O
and	O
automated-response	O
technology	O
largely	O
due	O
to	O
security	O
concerns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2019	O
,	O
research	O
in	O
modern	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
technology	O
within	O
the	O
military	O
started	O
to	O
regain	O
a	O
considerable	O
amount	O
of	O
support	O
from	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Army	O
,	O
Navy	O
,	O
and	O
Air	O
Force	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
initiatives	O
were	O
formed	O
by	O
the	O
Department	O
of	O
Defense	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
bolster	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
research	O
in	O
the	O
military	O
domain	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
to	O
reduce	O
the	O
current	O
gap	O
in	O
progress	O
between	O
military	O
and	O
industry	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
aimed	O
to	O
establish	O
an	B-Operating_System
internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
for	O
each	O
soldier	O
by	O
integrating	O
wideband	O
radio	O
,	O
biosensors	O
,	O
and	O
smart	B-Device
wearable	I-Device
systems	I-Device
as	O
standard	O
equipment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Acting	O
as	O
a	O
detailed	O
blueprint	O
for	O
what	O
ARL	O
suspected	O
future	O
warfare	O
may	O
entail	O
,	O
the	O
IoBT	O
project	O
pushed	O
for	O
better	O
integration	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
technology	O
in	O
military	O
operations	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
better	O
prepare	O
for	O
techniques	O
such	O
as	O
electronic	O
warfare	O
that	O
may	O
lie	O
ahead	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
,	O
ARL	O
established	O
the	O
Internet	O
of	O
Battlefield	O
Things	O
Collaborative	O
Research	O
Alliance	O
(	O
IoBT-CRA	B-Device
)	O
to	O
bring	O
together	O
industry	O
,	O
university	O
,	O
and	O
government	O
researchers	O
to	O
advance	O
the	O
theoretical	O
foundations	O
of	O
IoBT	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
future	O
commercial	O
internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
may	O
exhibit	O
a	O
lack	O
of	O
uniform	O
standards	O
across	O
different	O
brands	O
and	O
manufacturers	O
,	O
entities	O
in	O
IoBT	O
must	O
remain	O
compatible	O
despite	O
displaying	O
extreme	O
heterogeneity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
making	O
use	O
of	O
existing	O
civilian	O
networking	O
infrastructure	O
in	O
military	O
operations	O
in	O
a	O
megacity	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scalability	B-Architecture
will	O
also	O
serve	O
as	O
an	O
important	O
factor	O
in	O
the	O
operation	O
since	O
the	O
network	O
must	O
be	O
flexible	O
enough	O
to	O
function	O
at	O
any	O
size	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
commercial	O
network	O
infrastructures	O
,	O
the	O
adoption	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
in	O
the	O
military	O
domain	O
must	O
take	O
into	O
consideration	O
the	O
extreme	O
likelihood	O
that	O
the	O
environment	O
may	O
be	O
intentionally	O
hostile	O
or	O
unstable	O
,	O
which	O
will	O
require	O
a	O
high	O
degree	O
of	O
intelligence	O
to	O
navigate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
the	O
IoBT	O
technology	O
must	O
be	O
capable	O
of	O
incorporating	O
predictive	B-General_Concept
intelligence	I-General_Concept
,	O
machine	O
learning	O
,	O
and	O
neural	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
in	O
order	O
to	O
understand	O
the	O
intent	O
of	O
the	O
human	O
users	O
and	O
determine	O
how	O
to	O
fulfill	O
that	O
intent	O
without	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
micromanaging	O
each	O
and	O
every	O
component	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
incorporation	O
of	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
into	O
the	O
sheer	O
volume	O
of	O
data	O
and	O
entities	O
involved	O
in	O
the	O
network	O
will	O
provide	O
an	O
almost	O
infinite	O
number	O
of	O
possibilities	O
for	O
behavior	O
and	O
technological	O
capability	O
in	O
the	O
real	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IoBT	O
should	O
also	O
demonstrate	O
a	O
sophisticated	O
level	O
of	O
situation	O
awareness	O
and	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
that	O
will	O
allow	O
the	O
system	O
to	O
autonomously	O
perform	O
work	O
based	O
on	O
limited	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
obtain	O
truly	O
useful	O
information	O
in	O
a	O
tactical	O
environment	O
,	O
semi-autonomous	O
IoBT	O
technologies	O
must	O
collect	O
an	O
unprecedented	O
volume	O
of	O
data	O
of	O
immense	O
complexity	O
in	O
levels	O
of	O
abstraction	B-Application
,	O
trustworthiness	O
,	O
value	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
attributes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Designed	O
to	O
emulate	O
the	O
adaptable	O
nature	O
of	O
the	O
lego	B-Language
blocks	O
and	O
mosaic	O
art	O
form	O
,	O
Mosaic	O
Warfare	O
was	O
promoted	O
as	O
a	O
strategy	O
to	O
confuse	O
and	O
overwhelm	O
adversary	O
forces	O
by	O
deploying	O
low-cost	O
adaptable	O
technological	O
expendable	O
weapon	O
systems	O
that	O
can	O
play	O
multiple	O
roles	O
and	O
coordinate	O
actions	O
with	O
one	O
another	O
,	O
complicating	O
the	O
decision-making	O
process	O
for	O
the	O
enemy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
Mosaic	O
Warfare	O
existed	O
within	O
DARPA	O
since	O
2017	O
and	O
contributed	O
to	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
various	O
technology	O
programs	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
System	O
of	O
Systems	O
Integration	O
Technology	O
and	O
Experimentation	O
(	O
SoSIT	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
a	O
network	O
system	O
that	O
allows	O
previously	O
disjointed	O
ground	O
stations	O
and	O
platforms	B-Device
to	O
transmit	O
and	O
translate	O
data	O
between	O
one	O
another	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
,	O
DARPA	O
announced	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
a	O
new	O
program	O
called	O
the	O
Ocean	O
of	O
Things	O
,	O
which	O
planned	O
to	O
apply	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
technology	O
on	O
a	O
grand	O
scale	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
establish	O
a	O
persistent	O
maritime	O
situational	O
awareness	O
over	O
large	O
ocean	O
areas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
the	O
data	O
collected	O
from	O
these	O
floats	O
would	O
then	O
be	O
transmitted	O
periodically	O
to	O
a	O
cloud	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
for	O
storage	O
and	O
real-time	O
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
this	O
approach	O
,	O
DARPA	O
aimed	O
to	O
create	O
an	O
extensive	O
sensor	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
that	O
can	O
autonomously	O
detect	O
,	O
track	O
,	O
and	O
identify	O
both	O
military	O
,	O
commercial	O
,	O
and	O
civilian	O
vessels	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
indicators	O
of	O
other	O
maritime	O
activity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
regards	O
to	O
the	O
data	O
analytics	O
,	O
the	O
project	O
concentrated	O
on	O
developing	O
cloud-based	B-Architecture
software	O
that	O
could	O
collect	O
,	O
process	O
,	O
and	O
transmit	O
data	O
about	O
the	O
environment	O
and	O
their	O
own	O
condition	O
using	O
a	O
dynamic	O
display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
crux	O
of	O
the	O
IoMT	O
concept	O
is	O
to	O
have	O
every	O
component	O
of	O
the	O
network	O
—	O
sensors	O
,	O
actuators	O
,	O
software	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
electronic	O
devices	O
—	O
connected	O
together	O
to	O
collect	O
and	O
exchange	O
data	O
,	O
poorly	O
protected	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
are	O
vulnerable	O
to	O
attacks	O
which	O
may	O
expose	O
large	O
amounts	O
of	O
confidential	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Department	O
of	O
Defense	O
,	O
security	O
remains	O
a	O
top	O
priority	O
in	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Minimizing	O
the	O
risks	O
associated	O
with	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
will	O
likely	O
require	O
a	O
large-scale	O
effort	O
by	O
the	O
network	O
to	O
maintain	O
impenetrable	O
cybersecurity	O
defenses	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
employ	O
counterintelligence	O
measures	O
that	O
thwart	O
,	O
subvert	O
,	O
or	O
deter	O
potential	O
threats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
adversary	O
forces	O
are	O
expected	O
to	O
adapt	O
and	O
evolve	O
their	O
strategies	O
for	O
infiltrating	O
the	O
IoMT	O
,	O
the	O
network	O
must	O
also	O
undergo	O
a	O
continuous	O
learning	O
process	O
that	O
autonomously	O
improves	O
anomaly	B-Algorithm
detection	I-Algorithm
,	O
pattern	O
monitoring	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
defensive	O
mechanisms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Secure	O
data	B-General_Concept
storage	I-General_Concept
serves	O
as	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
key	O
points	O
of	O
interest	O
for	O
IoMT	O
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
risks	O
of	O
digital	O
interference	O
and	O
manipulation	O
by	O
hackers	B-Application
,	O
concerns	O
have	O
also	O
been	O
expressed	O
regarding	O
the	O
availability	O
of	O
strong	O
wireless	O
signals	O
in	O
remote	O
combat	O
locations	O
.	O
</s>
