<s>
In	O
computing	O
,	O
Internet	B-Application
geolocation	I-Application
is	O
software	O
capable	O
of	O
deducing	O
the	O
geographic	O
position	O
of	O
a	O
device	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
device	O
's	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
determine	O
the	O
country	O
,	O
city	O
,	O
or	O
ZIP	O
code	O
,	O
determining	O
its	O
geographical	O
location	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
is	O
assigned	O
to	O
each	O
device	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
computer	O
,	O
printer	O
)	O
participating	O
in	O
a	O
computer	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
that	O
uses	O
the	O
Internet	B-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
for	O
communication	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
protocol	O
specifies	O
that	O
each	O
IP	O
packet	O
must	O
have	O
a	O
header	B-General_Concept
which	O
contains	O
,	O
among	O
other	O
things	O
,	O
the	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
of	O
the	O
sender	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
databases	O
typically	O
contain	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
data	O
which	O
may	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
firewalls	O
,	O
ad	O
servers	O
,	O
routing	O
,	O
mail	O
systems	O
,	O
web	O
sites	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
automated	O
systems	O
where	O
a	O
geolocation	O
may	O
be	O
useful	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
alternative	O
to	O
hosting	O
and	O
querying	O
a	O
database	O
is	O
to	O
obtain	O
the	O
country	O
code	O
for	O
a	O
given	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
through	O
a	O
DNSBL-style	O
lookup	O
from	O
a	O
remote	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
commercial	O
databases	O
have	O
augmented	O
geolocation	B-Application
software	I-Application
with	O
demographic	O
data	O
to	O
enable	O
demographic-type	O
targeting	O
using	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
primary	O
source	O
for	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
data	O
is	O
the	O
regional	O
Internet	O
registries	O
which	O
allocate	O
and	O
distribute	O
IP	B-Protocol
addresses	I-Protocol
amongst	O
organizations	O
located	O
in	O
their	O
respective	O
service	O
regions	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
from	O
2021	O
RFC	O
9092	O
allows	O
assignees	O
to	O
specify	O
location	O
of	O
any	O
IP	O
subnetwork	B-Protocol
they	O
own	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Application
mining	I-Application
or	O
user-submitted	O
geographic	O
location	O
data	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
a	O
weather	O
website	O
asking	O
visitors	O
for	O
a	O
city	O
name	O
to	O
find	O
their	O
local	O
forecast	O
or	O
pairing	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
with	O
the	O
address	O
information	O
in	O
their	O
account	O
profile	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wi-Fi	O
positioning	O
system	O
through	O
the	O
examination	O
of	O
neighborhood	O
Wi-Fi	O
BSSID	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mozilla	O
Location	B-Application
Service	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examination	O
of	O
neighborhood	O
Bluetooth	B-Protocol
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pairing	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
with	O
the	O
GPS	O
location	O
of	O
a	O
device	O
that	O
's	O
using	O
such	O
an	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Guesstimates	O
from	O
adjacent	O
Class	B-Protocol
C	I-Protocol
range	I-Protocol
and/or	O
gleaned	O
from	O
network	O
hops	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Network	O
routing	O
information	O
collected	O
to	O
the	O
end	O
point	O
of	O
the	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	B-Error_Name
scrubbing	I-Error_Name
to	O
filter	O
out	O
or	O
identify	O
anomalies	B-Error_Name
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
geolocation	B-Application
software	I-Application
maps	O
IP	B-Protocol
addresses	I-Protocol
associated	O
with	O
an	O
entire	O
county	O
or	O
territory	O
to	O
a	O
particular	O
location	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
geographic	O
center	O
of	O
the	O
territory	O
,	O
this	O
can	O
cause	O
considerable	O
problems	O
for	O
the	O
people	O
who	O
happen	O
to	O
live	O
there	O
,	O
as	O
law	O
enforcement	O
authorities	O
and	O
others	O
may	O
mistakenly	O
assume	O
any	O
crimes	O
or	O
other	O
misconduct	O
associated	O
with	O
the	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
to	O
originate	O
from	O
that	O
particular	O
location	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
farmstead	O
northeast	O
of	O
Potwin	O
,	O
Kansas	O
became	O
the	O
default	O
site	O
of	O
600	O
million	O
IP	B-Protocol
addresses	I-Protocol
when	O
the	O
Massachusetts-based	O
digital	O
mapping	O
company	O
MaxMind	O
changed	O
the	O
putative	O
geographic	O
center	O
of	O
the	O
contiguous	O
United	O
States	O
from	O
39.8333333	O
,	O
-98.585522	O
to	O
38.0000	O
,	O
-97.0000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
used	O
the	O
National	O
Geospatial-Intelligence	O
Agency	O
's	O
coordinates	O
for	O
Pretoria	O
,	O
which	O
pointed	O
to	O
the	O
family	O
's	O
house	O
,	O
to	O
represent	O
IP	B-Protocol
addresses	I-Protocol
associated	O
with	O
Pretoria	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Technical	O
measures	O
for	O
ensuring	O
anonymity	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
proxy	B-Application
servers	I-Application
,	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
circumvent	O
restrictions	O
imposed	O
by	O
geolocation	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Federal	O
Communications	O
Commission	O
(	O
FCC	O
)	O
has	O
proposed	O
that	O
geolocation	B-Application
software	I-Application
might	O
be	O
leveraged	O
to	O
support	O
9-1-1	O
location	O
determination	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
or	O
the	O
related	B-Algorithm
unique	I-Algorithm
URL	O
may	O
also	O
be	O
investigated	O
with	O
basic	O
functions	O
,	O
typing	O
from	O
the	O
keyboard	B-Device
two	O
instructions	O
:	O
ping	B-Protocol
and	O
traceroute	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
,	O
they	O
are	O
available	O
as	O
a	O
command	O
line	O
tool	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
same	O
way	O
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
has	O
the	O
prompt	O
of	O
DOS	B-Device
working	O
with	O
those	O
instructions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Prosecutors	O
often	O
have	O
the	O
capability	O
of	O
determining	O
the	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
data	O
necessary	O
to	O
link	O
a	O
computer	O
to	O
a	O
crime	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IP	B-Application
address	I-Application
geolocation	I-Application
can	O
be	O
also	O
used	O
in	O
fraud	O
detection	O
to	O
match	O
billing	O
address	O
postal	O
code	O
or	O
area	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Whois	B-Protocol
databases	I-Protocol
can	O
also	O
help	O
verify	O
IP	B-Protocol
addresses	I-Protocol
and	O
registrants	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
geolocation	B-Application
software	I-Application
can	O
get	O
the	O
information	O
of	O
user	O
location	O
,	O
companies	O
using	O
geomarketing	O
may	O
provide	O
web	O
content	O
or	O
products	O
that	O
are	O
famous	O
or	O
useful	O
in	O
that	O
specific	O
location	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advertisements	O
and	O
content	O
on	O
a	O
website	O
that	O
uses	O
geolocation	B-Application
software	I-Application
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
an	O
API	B-General_Concept
(	O
also	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
"	O
IP	O
API	B-General_Concept
"	O
or	O
"	O
IP	B-Application
address	I-Application
geolocation	I-Application
API	B-General_Concept
"	O
)	O
may	O
be	O
tailored	O
to	O
provide	O
the	O
information	O
that	O
a	O
certain	O
user	O
wants	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
location-based	O
game	O
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
pervasive	O
game	O
for	O
smartphones	B-Application
or	O
other	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
in	O
which	O
the	O
gameplay	O
evolves	O
and	O
progresses	O
via	O
a	O
player	O
's	O
real-world	O
location	O
which	O
is	O
typically	O
obtained	O
by	O
GPS	O
functionality	O
from	O
the	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
