<s>
Internet	B-Application
bottlenecks	I-Application
are	O
places	O
in	O
telecommunication	O
networks	O
in	O
which	O
internet	O
service	O
providers	O
(	O
ISPs	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
naturally	O
occurring	O
high	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
network	O
,	O
slow	O
or	O
alter	O
the	O
network	O
speed	O
of	O
the	O
users	O
and/or	O
content	O
producers	O
using	O
that	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internet	B-Application
bottlenecks	I-Application
provide	O
artificial	O
and	O
natural	O
network	O
choke	O
points	O
to	O
inhibit	O
certain	O
sets	O
of	O
users	O
from	O
overloading	O
the	O
entire	O
network	O
by	O
consuming	O
too	O
much	O
bandwidth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alternatively	O
,	O
internet	B-Application
bottlenecks	I-Application
have	O
been	O
seen	O
as	O
a	O
way	O
for	O
ISPs	O
to	O
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
their	O
dominant	O
market-power	O
increasing	O
rates	O
for	O
content	O
providers	O
to	O
push	O
past	O
bottlenecks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technical	O
reasons	O
for	O
Internet	B-Application
bottlenecks	I-Application
are	O
largely	O
related	O
to	O
network	O
congestion	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
user	O
experiences	O
a	O
delay	O
in	O
delivering	O
or	O
accessing	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deep	B-Application
packet	I-Application
inspection	I-Application
(	O
DPI	O
)	O
may	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
address	O
network	O
congestion	O
through	O
recognition	O
of	O
a	O
specific	O
set	O
of	O
protocols	O
,	O
services	O
,	O
or	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ISPs	O
may	O
then	O
manipulate	O
the	O
bandwidth	B-Algorithm
allocation	I-Algorithm
for	O
those	O
groups	O
by	O
reducing	O
it	O
to	O
maintain	O
the	O
network	O
stability	O
and	O
available	O
bandwidth	O
for	O
the	O
entire	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Network	O
congestion	O
or	O
Internet	B-Application
bottleneck	I-Application
generally	O
occurs	O
and	O
is	O
felt	O
by	O
users	O
in	O
homes	O
and	O
businesses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
what	O
is	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
last	B-Protocol
mile	I-Protocol
of	I-Protocol
transmission	I-Protocol
,	O
which	O
is	O
when	O
there	O
is	O
not	O
enough	O
bandwidth	O
available	O
for	O
individual	O
users	O
to	O
access	O
the	O
content	O
they	O
want	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
terms	O
of	O
public	O
policy	O
,	O
Internet	B-Application
bottlenecks	I-Application
and/or	O
network	O
congestion	O
has	O
largely	O
been	O
nested	O
within	O
the	O
network	O
neutrality	O
debate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internet	B-Application
bottlenecks	I-Application
had	O
been	O
perceived	O
as	O
useful	O
facets	O
of	O
network	O
management	O
,	O
but	O
ISPs	O
have	O
throttled	O
specific	O
types	O
of	O
uses	O
of	O
their	O
networks	O
that	O
have	O
little	O
to	O
do	O
with	O
network	O
management	O
and	O
more	O
to	O
do	O
with	O
network	O
neutrality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
market-based	O
approach	O
to	O
addressing	O
the	O
issue	O
of	O
bottlenecking	O
by	O
allowing	O
the	O
market	O
to	O
choose	O
from	O
other	O
ISPs	O
that	O
are	O
providing	O
better	O
network	O
speeds	O
,	O
which	O
may	O
force	O
the	O
ISPs	O
using	O
Internet	B-Application
bottlenecks	I-Application
to	O
reduce	O
or	O
remove	O
the	O
bottlenecks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Organizations	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
U.S.	O
advocacy	O
organization	O
Free	O
Press	O
,	O
argue	O
that	O
Internet	B-Application
bottlenecks	I-Application
are	O
unnecessary	O
and	O
used	O
by	O
ISPs	O
to	O
arbitrarily	O
lead	O
users	O
to	O
alternate	O
websites	O
,	O
which	O
may	O
or	O
may	O
not	O
be	O
companies	O
of	O
the	O
ISPs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ISPs	O
can	O
charge	O
more	O
money	O
to	O
content	O
providers	O
to	O
push	O
past	O
the	O
Internet	B-Application
bottleneck	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Companies	O
that	O
oppose	O
the	O
regulation	O
of	O
Internet	B-Application
bottlenecks	I-Application
include	O
Comcast	O
and	O
AT&T	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
argue	O
that	O
Internet	B-Application
bottlenecks	I-Application
are	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
network	O
management	O
strategy	O
of	O
which	O
cannot	O
be	O
eliminated	O
due	O
to	O
ever	O
increasing	O
data	O
demands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Charges	O
were	O
made	O
against	O
Comcast	O
by	O
the	O
FCC	O
originally	O
brought	O
up	O
by	O
Free	O
Press	O
and	O
others	O
,	O
who	O
claimed	O
that	O
Comcast	O
was	O
purposely	O
degrading	O
the	O
network	O
speed	O
for	O
certain	O
uses	O
of	O
the	O
network	O
,	O
most	O
notably	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
P2P	O
file	O
sharing	O
from	O
services	O
like	O
BitTorrent	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Network	O
management	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
primary	O
arguments	O
used	O
by	O
ISPs	O
in	O
support	O
of	O
reducing	O
Internet	B-Application
bottlenecks	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
then	O
Verizon	B-Application
has	O
filed	O
lawsuits	O
against	O
the	O
FCC	O
claiming	O
the	O
FCC	O
is	O
overstepping	O
the	O
bounds	O
of	O
the	O
commission	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Senate	O
and	O
United	O
States	O
House	O
of	O
Representatives	O
voted	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
the	O
Net	O
Neutrality	O
regulations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Those	O
who	O
can	O
afford	O
to	O
bypass	O
any	O
Internet	B-Application
bottleneck	I-Application
will	O
then	O
have	O
an	O
advantage	O
in	O
network	O
speeds	O
,	O
but	O
will	O
have	O
to	O
pay	O
for	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Subsequently	O
,	O
in	O
some	O
cases	O
,	O
peering	B-Protocol
,	O
creating	O
a	O
physical	O
connection	O
between	O
two	O
networks	O
to	O
avoid	O
other	O
network	O
transit	O
services	O
,	O
has	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
bypass	O
Internet	B-Application
bottlenecks	I-Application
by	O
the	O
user	O
and	O
content	O
provider	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
some	O
speculation	O
that	O
if	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
regulation	O
of	O
Internet	B-Application
bottlenecks	I-Application
,	O
both	O
users	O
and	O
content	O
providers	O
will	O
simply	O
create	O
systems	O
like	O
peering	B-Protocol
to	O
navigate	O
around	O
ISPs	O
effectively	O
neutralizing	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
