<s>
An	O
Internet	B-General_Concept
area	I-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
(	O
IAN	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
concept	O
for	O
a	O
communications	O
network	O
that	O
connects	O
voice	O
and	O
data	O
endpoints	O
within	O
a	O
cloud	O
environment	O
over	O
IP	O
,	O
replacing	O
an	O
existing	O
local	B-General_Concept
area	I-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
(	O
LAN	B-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
wide	O
area	O
network	O
(	O
WAN	O
)	O
or	O
the	O
public	O
switched	O
telephone	O
network	O
(	O
PSTN	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Endpoints	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
connected	O
only	O
over	O
a	O
broadband	B-General_Concept
connection	O
across	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Opposed	O
to	O
IAN	O
,	O
LAN	B-General_Concept
interconnects	O
computers	O
in	O
a	O
limited	O
area	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
home	O
,	O
a	O
school	O
,	O
a	O
computer	O
laboratory	O
or	O
an	O
office	O
building	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hosted	O
in	B-Architecture
the	I-Architecture
cloud	I-Architecture
by	O
a	O
managed	O
services	O
provider	O
,	O
an	O
IAN	O
platform	O
offers	O
users	O
secure	O
access	O
to	O
information	O
from	O
anywhere	O
,	O
at	O
any	O
time	O
,	O
via	O
an	O
Internet	O
connection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IAN	O
is	O
rooted	O
in	O
the	O
rise	O
of	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
the	O
underlying	O
concept	O
of	O
which	O
dates	O
back	O
to	O
the	O
1950s	O
;	O
when	O
large-scale	O
mainframes	B-Architecture
became	O
available	O
in	O
academia	O
and	O
corporations	O
,	O
accessible	O
via	O
thin	B-Device
clients	I-Device
and	O
terminal	B-General_Concept
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
it	O
was	O
costly	O
to	O
buy	O
a	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
,	O
it	O
became	O
important	O
to	O
find	O
ways	O
to	O
get	O
the	O
greatest	O
return	O
on	O
the	O
investment	O
in	O
them	O
,	O
allowing	O
multiple	O
users	O
to	O
share	O
both	O
the	O
physical	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
computer	O
from	O
multiple	O
terminals	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
to	O
share	O
the	O
CPU	B-Device
time	O
,	O
eliminating	O
periods	O
of	O
inactivity	O
,	O
which	O
became	O
known	O
in	O
the	O
industry	O
as	O
time-sharing	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
computers	O
became	O
more	O
prevalent	O
,	O
scientists	O
and	O
technologists	O
explored	O
ways	O
to	O
make	O
large-scale	O
computing	O
power	O
available	O
to	O
more	O
users	O
through	O
time	B-General_Concept
sharing	I-General_Concept
,	O
experimenting	O
with	O
algorithms	O
to	O
provide	O
the	O
optimal	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
infrastructure	O
,	O
platform	O
and	O
applications	O
with	O
prioritized	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
CPU	B-Device
and	O
efficiency	O
for	O
the	O
end	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Almost	O
all	O
the	O
modern-day	O
characteristics	O
of	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
(	O
elastic	O
provision	O
,	O
provided	O
as	O
a	O
utility	O
,	O
online	O
,	O
illusion	O
of	O
infinite	O
supply	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
comparison	O
to	O
the	O
electricity	O
industry	O
and	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
public	O
,	O
private	O
,	O
government	O
,	O
and	O
community	O
forms	O
,	O
were	O
thoroughly	O
explored	O
in	O
Douglas	O
Parkhill	O
's	O
1966	O
book	O
,	O
The	O
Challenge	O
of	O
the	O
Computer	O
Utility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
scholars	O
have	O
shown	O
that	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
's	O
roots	O
go	O
all	O
the	O
way	O
back	O
to	O
the	O
1950s	O
when	O
scientist	O
Herb	O
Grosch	O
(	O
the	O
author	O
of	O
Grosch	O
's	O
law	O
)	O
postulated	O
that	O
the	O
entire	O
world	O
would	O
operate	O
on	O
dumb	O
terminals	O
powered	O
by	O
about	O
15	O
large	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
expense	O
of	O
these	O
powerful	O
computers	O
,	O
many	O
corporations	O
and	O
other	O
entities	O
could	O
avail	O
themselves	O
of	O
computing	O
capability	O
through	O
time	B-General_Concept
sharing	I-General_Concept
and	O
several	O
organizations	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
GE	O
's	O
GEISCO	O
,	O
IBM	O
subsidiary	O
The	O
Service	O
Bureau	O
Corporation	O
(	O
SBC	O
,	O
founded	O
in	O
1957	O
)	O
,	O
Tymshare	O
(	O
founded	O
in	O
1966	O
)	O
,	O
National	O
CSS	O
(	O
founded	O
in	O
1967	O
and	O
bought	O
by	O
Dun	O
&	O
Bradstreet	O
in	O
1979	O
)	O
,	O
Dial	O
Data	O
(	O
bought	O
by	O
Tymshare	O
in	O
1968	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Bolt	O
,	O
Beranek	O
and	O
Newman	O
(	O
BBN	O
)	O
marketed	O
time	B-General_Concept
sharing	I-General_Concept
as	O
a	O
commercial	O
venture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
telecommunications	O
companies	O
who	O
previously	O
offered	O
primarily	O
dedicated	O
point-to-point	O
data	O
circuits	O
,	O
began	O
offering	O
virtual	B-Application
private	I-Application
network	I-Application
(	O
VPN	B-Application
)	O
services	O
with	O
comparable	O
quality	O
of	O
service	O
but	O
at	O
a	O
much	O
lower	O
cost	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
extends	O
this	O
boundary	O
to	O
cover	O
servers	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
network	B-Architecture
infrastructure	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
dot-com	O
bubble	O
,	O
Amazon	B-Application
played	O
a	O
key	O
role	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
by	O
modernizing	O
their	O
data	B-Operating_System
centers	I-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
,	O
like	O
most	O
computer	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
,	O
were	O
using	O
as	O
little	O
as	O
10%	O
of	O
their	O
capacity	O
at	O
any	O
one	O
time	O
,	O
just	O
to	O
leave	O
room	O
for	O
occasional	O
spikes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Having	O
found	O
that	O
the	O
new	O
cloud	O
architecture	O
resulted	O
in	O
significant	O
internal	O
efficiency	O
improvements	O
whereby	O
small	O
,	O
fast-moving	O
"	O
two-pizza	O
teams	O
"	O
(	O
teams	O
small	O
enough	O
to	O
be	O
fed	O
with	O
two	O
pizzas	O
)	O
could	O
add	O
new	O
features	O
faster	O
and	O
more	O
easily	O
,	O
Amazon	B-Application
initiated	O
a	O
new	O
product	O
development	O
effort	O
to	O
provide	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
to	O
external	O
customers	O
,	O
and	O
launched	O
Amazon	B-Application
Web	I-Application
Services	I-Application
(	O
AWS	B-Application
)	O
on	O
a	O
utility	O
computing	O
basis	O
in	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
2008	O
,	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
became	O
the	O
first	O
open-source	O
,	O
AWS	B-Application
API-compatible	O
platform	O
for	O
deploying	O
private	O
clouds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
2008	O
,	O
OpenNebula	B-Language
,	O
enhanced	O
in	O
the	O
RESERVOIR	O
European	O
Commission-funded	O
project	O
,	O
became	O
the	O
first	O
open-source	O
software	O
for	O
deploying	O
private	O
and	O
hybrid	O
clouds	O
,	O
and	O
for	O
the	O
federation	O
of	O
clouds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
same	O
year	O
,	O
efforts	O
were	O
focused	O
on	O
providing	O
quality	O
of	O
service	O
guarantees	O
(	O
as	O
required	O
by	O
real-time	O
interactive	O
applications	O
)	O
to	O
cloud-based	B-Architecture
infrastructures	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
framework	O
of	O
the	O
IRMOS	O
European	O
Commission-funded	O
project	O
,	O
resulting	O
to	O
a	O
real-time	O
cloud	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
mid-2008	O
,	O
Gartner	O
saw	O
an	O
opportunity	O
for	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
"	O
to	O
shape	O
the	O
relationship	O
among	O
consumers	O
of	O
IT	O
services	O
,	O
those	O
who	O
use	O
IT	O
services	O
and	O
those	O
who	O
sell	O
them	O
"	O
and	O
observed	O
that	O
"	O
organizations	O
are	O
switching	O
from	O
company-owned	O
hardware	O
and	O
software	O
assets	O
to	O
per-use	O
service-based	O
models	O
"	O
so	O
that	O
the	O
"	O
projected	O
shift	O
to	O
computing	O
...	O
will	O
result	O
in	O
dramatic	O
growth	O
in	O
IT	O
products	O
in	O
some	O
areas	O
and	O
significant	O
reductions	O
in	O
other	O
areas.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
in	O
2011	O
,	O
IBM	O
announced	O
the	O
Smarter	B-Device
Computing	I-Device
framework	O
to	O
support	O
a	O
Smarter	B-Device
Planet	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
the	O
various	O
components	O
of	O
the	O
Smarter	B-Device
Computing	I-Device
foundation	O
,	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
is	O
a	O
critical	O
piece	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Now	O
,	O
the	O
ubiquitous	O
availability	O
of	O
high-capacity	O
networks	O
,	O
low-cost	O
computers	O
and	O
storage	O
devices	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
widespread	O
adoption	O
of	O
hardware	B-General_Concept
virtualization	I-General_Concept
,	O
service-oriented	O
architecture	O
,	O
autonomic	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
utility	O
computing	O
have	O
led	O
to	O
a	O
tremendous	O
growth	O
in	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
iAreaNet	O
was	O
founded	O
in	O
1999	O
by	O
CEO	O
James	O
DeCrescenzo	O
as	O
a	O
company	O
called	O
Internet	B-General_Concept
Area	I-General_Concept
Network	I-General_Concept
,	O
devoted	O
to	O
providing	O
offsite	O
data	O
storage	O
and	O
disaster	O
prevention	O
before	O
the	O
cloud	O
existed	O
in	O
widely	O
deployed	O
commercial	O
form	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
then	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
strengthened	O
operations	O
and	O
has	O
made	O
significant	O
investments	O
in	O
developing	O
a	O
powerful	O
infrastructure	O
to	O
provide	O
businesses	O
with	O
an	O
array	O
of	O
technology	O
solutions	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
patent-pending	O
iAreaOffice	O
,	O
which	O
commercializes	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
an	O
IAN	O
by	O
eliminating	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
traditional	O
LAN	B-General_Concept
,	O
WAN	O
or	O
telephone	O
system	O
for	O
business	O
communications	O
.	O
</s>
