<s>
The	O
Internet	B-Protocol
Printing	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
IPP	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
specialized	O
communication	O
protocol	O
for	O
communication	O
between	O
client	O
devices	O
(	O
computers	O
,	O
mobile	O
phones	O
,	O
tablets	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
and	O
printers	O
(	O
or	O
print	B-Application
servers	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
allows	O
clients	O
to	O
submit	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
print	O
jobs	O
to	O
the	O
network-attached	O
printer	O
or	O
print	B-Application
server	I-Application
,	O
and	O
perform	O
tasks	O
such	O
as	O
querying	O
the	O
status	O
of	O
a	O
printer	O
,	O
obtaining	O
the	O
status	O
of	O
print	O
jobs	O
,	O
or	O
cancelling	O
individual	O
print	O
jobs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
all	O
IP-based	O
protocols	O
,	O
IPP	O
can	O
run	O
locally	O
or	O
over	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IPP	O
is	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
several	O
printer	O
logo	O
certification	O
programs	O
including	O
AirPrint	B-Operating_System
,	O
IPP	O
Everywhere	O
,	O
and	O
Mopria	O
Alliance	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
supported	O
by	O
over	O
98%	O
of	O
printers	O
sold	O
today	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IPP	O
began	O
as	O
a	O
proposal	O
by	O
Novell	O
for	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
an	O
Internet	B-Protocol
printing	I-Protocol
protocol	I-Protocol
project	O
in	O
1996	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
about	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
Lexmark	O
publicly	O
proposed	O
something	O
called	O
the	O
HyperText	O
Printing	O
Protocol	O
(	O
HTPP	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
both	O
HP	O
and	O
Microsoft	O
had	O
started	O
work	O
on	O
new	O
print	O
services	O
for	O
what	O
became	O
Windows	B-Application
2000	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
of	O
the	O
companies	O
chose	O
to	O
start	O
a	O
common	O
Internet	B-Protocol
Printing	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
project	O
in	O
the	O
Printer	O
Working	O
Group	O
(	O
PWG	O
)	O
and	O
negotiated	O
an	O
IPP	O
birds-of-a-feather	O
(	O
or	O
BOF	O
)	O
session	O
with	O
the	O
Application	O
Area	O
Directors	O
in	O
the	O
Internet	O
Engineering	O
Task	O
Force	O
(	O
IETF	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
BOF	O
session	O
in	O
December	O
1996	O
showed	O
sufficient	O
interest	O
in	O
developing	O
a	O
printing	O
protocol	O
,	O
leading	O
to	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
the	O
IETF	O
Internet	B-Protocol
Printing	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
ipp	O
)	O
working	O
group	O
,	O
which	O
concluded	O
in	O
2005	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IPP	O
2.0	O
was	O
published	O
as	O
a	O
PWG	O
Candidate	O
Standard	O
in	O
2009	O
(	O
PWG	O
5100.10-2009	O
,	O
)	O
and	O
defined	O
two	O
new	O
IPP	O
versions	O
(	O
2.0	O
for	O
printers	O
and	O
2.1	O
for	O
print	B-Application
servers	I-Application
)	O
with	O
additional	O
conformance	O
requirements	O
beyond	O
IPP	O
1.1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
corresponding	O
self-certification	O
manual	O
and	O
tool	O
suite	O
was	O
published	O
in	O
2016	O
allowing	O
printer	O
manufacturers	O
and	O
print	B-Application
server	I-Application
implementors	O
to	O
certify	O
their	O
solutions	O
against	O
the	O
published	O
specification	O
and	O
be	O
listed	O
on	O
the	O
page	O
maintained	O
by	O
the	O
PWG	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IPP	O
is	O
implemented	O
using	O
the	O
Hypertext	B-Protocol
Transfer	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
)	O
and	O
inherits	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
streaming	O
and	O
security	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
authorization	O
can	O
take	O
place	O
via	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
's	O
Digest	B-Protocol
access	I-Protocol
authentication	I-Protocol
mechanism	O
,	O
GSSAPI	O
,	O
or	O
any	O
other	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
authentication	O
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Encryption	O
is	O
provided	O
using	O
the	O
TLS	O
protocol-layer	O
,	O
either	O
in	O
the	O
traditional	O
always-on	O
mode	O
used	O
by	O
HTTPS	B-Protocol
or	O
using	O
the	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
Upgrade	O
extension	O
to	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
(	O
RFC	O
2817	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Public	O
key	O
certificates	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
authentication	O
with	O
TLS	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Streaming	O
is	O
supported	O
using	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
chunking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
formats	O
include	O
PDF	B-Application
or	O
JPEG	O
,	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
capabilities	O
of	O
the	O
destination	O
printer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IPP	O
uses	O
the	O
traditional	O
client	O
–	O
server	O
model	O
,	O
with	O
clients	O
sending	O
IPP	O
request	O
messages	O
with	O
the	O
MIME	B-Protocol
media	O
type	O
"	O
application/ipp	O
"	O
in	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
POST	O
requests	O
to	O
an	O
IPP	O
printer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IPP	O
response	O
is	O
sent	O
back	O
to	O
the	O
client	O
in	O
the	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
POST	O
response	O
,	O
again	O
using	O
the	O
"	O
application/ipp	O
"	O
MIME	B-Protocol
media	O
type	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IPP	O
uses	O
TCP	B-Protocol
with	O
port	O
631	O
as	O
its	O
well-known	O
port	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Products	O
using	O
the	O
Internet	B-Protocol
Printing	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
include	O
CUPS	O
(	O
which	O
is	O
part	O
of	O
Apple	B-Operating_System
macOS	I-Operating_System
and	O
many	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
and	O
Linux	B-Application
distributions	O
and	O
is	O
the	O
reference	O
implementation	O
for	O
most	O
versions	O
of	O
IPP	O
)	O
,	O
Novell	B-Application
iPrint	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
versions	O
starting	O
from	O
MS	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
2000	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
XP	I-Application
and	O
Windows	B-Application
Server	I-Application
2003	I-Application
offer	O
IPP	O
printing	O
via	O
HTTPS	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Device
7	I-Device
,	O
Windows	B-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
and	O
2008	B-Device
R2	I-Device
also	O
support	O
IPP	O
printing	O
over	O
RPC	B-Operating_System
in	O
the	O
"	O
Medium-Low	O
"	O
security	O
zone	O
.	O
</s>
