<s>
An	O
Internet	B-General_Concept
operating	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
or	O
Internet	B-General_Concept
OS	I-General_Concept
,	O
is	O
any	O
type	O
of	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
designed	O
to	O
run	O
all	O
of	O
its	O
applications	O
and	O
services	O
through	O
an	O
Internet	O
client	O
,	O
generally	O
a	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
advantages	O
of	O
such	O
an	O
OS	O
would	O
be	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
run	O
on	O
a	O
thin	B-Device
client	I-Device
,	O
allowing	O
cheaper	O
,	O
more	O
easily	O
manageable	O
computer	O
systems	O
;	O
it	O
would	O
require	O
all	O
applications	O
to	O
be	O
designed	O
on	O
cross-platform	B-Operating_System
,	O
open	O
standards	O
;	O
and	O
would	O
not	O
tie	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
applications	O
,	O
documents	O
,	O
and	O
preferences	O
to	O
a	O
single	O
computer	O
,	O
but	O
rather	O
place	O
them	O
in	O
the	O
Internet	B-Architecture
cloud	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Internet	B-General_Concept
OS	I-General_Concept
has	O
also	O
been	O
promoted	O
as	O
the	O
perfect	O
type	O
of	O
platform	O
for	O
software	B-Architecture
as	I-Architecture
a	I-Architecture
service	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Talk	O
of	O
an	O
Internet	B-General_Concept
OS	I-General_Concept
began	O
to	O
surface	O
in	O
1995	O
as	O
the	O
browser	B-Application
war	I-Application
started	O
heating	O
up	O
between	O
Microsoft	O
and	O
Netscape	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
to	O
the	O
limited	O
capabilities	O
of	O
HTML	B-Language
at	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
began	O
developing	O
an	O
online	O
content	O
authoring	O
platform	O
that	O
would	O
be	O
based	O
on	O
distributed	O
OLE	B-Operating_System
(	O
Object	B-Operating_System
Linking	I-Operating_System
and	I-Operating_System
Embedding	I-Operating_System
)	O
which	O
it	O
codenamed	O
Blackbird	B-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
OLE	B-Operating_System
,	O
applications	O
put	O
on	O
the	O
web	O
would	O
contain	O
their	O
own	O
processing	O
logic	O
,	O
so	O
would	O
act	O
similar	O
to	O
applications	O
in	O
a	O
typical	O
desktop	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Immediately	O
,	O
there	O
were	O
concerns	O
that	O
this	O
would	O
tie	O
the	O
web	O
to	O
proprietary	B-Application
Microsoft	O
technology	O
that	O
would	O
n't	O
be	O
guaranteed	O
to	O
run	O
across	O
different	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
challenge	O
,	O
Marc	O
Andreessen	O
of	O
Netscape	B-Protocol
announced	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
new	O
products	O
that	O
would	O
help	O
transform	O
their	O
browser	B-Application
into	O
what	O
he	O
called	O
an	O
"	O
Internet	B-General_Concept
OS	I-General_Concept
"	O
that	O
would	O
provide	O
the	O
tools	O
and	O
programming	O
interfaces	O
for	O
a	O
new	O
generation	O
of	O
Internet-based	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
so-called	O
"	O
Internet	B-General_Concept
OS	I-General_Concept
"	O
would	O
still	O
run	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
a	O
regular	O
OS	O
being	O
based	O
around	O
Netscape	B-Protocol
Navigator	O
but	O
he	O
dismissed	O
desktop	B-General_Concept
operating	I-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
like	O
Windows	O
as	O
simply	O
"bag[s]	O
of	O
drivers	O
"	O
,	O
reiterating	O
that	O
the	O
goal	O
would	O
be	O
to	O
"	O
turn	O
Windows	O
into	O
a	O
mundane	O
collection	O
of	O
not	O
entirely	O
debugged	O
device	O
drivers	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Andreessen	O
explained	O
that	O
the	O
newest	O
versions	O
of	O
Navigator	O
were	O
not	O
just	O
web	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
,	O
but	O
suites	O
of	O
Internet	O
applications	O
,	O
including	O
programs	O
for	O
mail	O
,	O
FTP	O
,	O
news	O
,	O
and	O
more	O
,	O
and	O
would	O
come	O
with	O
viewers	O
for	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
document	O
types	O
,	O
like	O
Adobe	B-Application
Acrobat	I-Application
,	O
Apple	B-Application
QuickTime	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Sun	B-Device
Java	I-Device
applets	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
give	O
it	O
programming	O
interfaces	O
and	O
publishing	O
tools	O
for	O
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Netscape	B-Protocol
also	O
would	O
continue	O
to	O
sell	O
its	O
server	O
software	O
,	O
and	O
Java	B-Application
applets	I-Application
would	O
run	O
cross-platform	B-Operating_System
on	O
both	O
its	O
clients	O
and	O
its	O
servers	O
,	O
and	O
as	O
a	O
scripting	O
language	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
JavaScript	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
pointed	O
out	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
broad	O
capabilities	O
that	O
all	O
of	O
this	O
gave	O
their	O
browser	B-Application
the	O
only	O
difference	O
technically	O
between	O
Netscape	B-Protocol
Navigator	O
and	O
a	O
traditional	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
is	O
that	O
Navigator	O
did	O
n't	O
include	O
device	O
drivers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Technical	O
problems	O
with	O
Blackbird	B-Library
,	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
the	O
web	O
,	O
and	O
what	O
they	O
saw	O
as	O
competitive	O
statements	O
from	O
Netscape	B-Protocol
,	O
soon	O
led	O
Microsoft	O
to	O
rethink	O
their	O
strategy	O
and	O
they	O
began	O
to	O
position	O
OLE	B-Operating_System
as	O
a	O
primary	O
tool	O
within	O
Netscape	B-Protocol
's	O
proposed	O
ecosystem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OLE	B-Operating_System
would	O
now	O
be	O
embeddable	O
in	O
web	O
pages	O
using	O
an	O
ActiveX	B-Application
plug-in	O
,	O
and	O
would	O
be	O
easily	O
integrated	O
on	O
the	O
server	O
side	O
using	O
ASP	B-General_Concept
(	O
Active	B-General_Concept
Server	I-General_Concept
Pages	I-General_Concept
)	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Opposition	O
in	O
the	O
industry	O
to	O
Microsoft	O
began	O
to	O
grow	O
,	O
as	O
did	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
an	O
"	O
Internet	B-General_Concept
OS	I-General_Concept
"	O
,	O
and	O
this	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
formation	O
of	O
an	O
alliance	O
around	O
developing	O
Java	B-Language
as	O
an	O
alternative	O
to	O
Windows	O
the	O
chief	O
partners	O
being	O
Netscape	B-Protocol
,	O
Sun	O
,	O
Oracle	B-Application
,	O
and	O
IBM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
1997	O
,	O
the	O
group	O
published	O
a	O
position	O
paper	O
which	O
discussed	O
integration	O
of	O
software	O
component	O
models	O
within	O
CORBA	B-Architecture
a	O
commonly	O
used	O
architecture	O
allowing	O
computer	O
applications	O
from	O
different	O
vendors	O
running	O
on	O
different	O
systems	O
to	O
work	O
together	O
over	O
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
this	O
,	O
they	O
then	O
issued	O
several	O
RFPs	O
(	O
Request	O
for	O
Proposals	O
)	O
to	O
the	O
Object	B-Architecture
Management	I-Architecture
Group	I-Architecture
(	O
OMG	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
standards	O
body	O
responsible	O
for	O
managing	O
CORBA	B-Architecture
,	O
meant	O
to	O
help	O
integrate	O
different	O
aspects	O
of	O
Java	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
proposals	O
included	O
support	O
for	O
JavaBeans	O
the	O
serialized	O
,	O
component	O
architecture	O
of	O
Java	B-Language
and	O
for	O
JavaScript	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
what	O
was	O
called	O
the	O
"	O
Java-tization	O
of	O
CORBA	B-Architecture
"	O
,	O
the	O
group	O
was	O
positioning	O
Java	B-Language
to	O
be	O
a	O
distributed	O
object	O
architecture	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
what	O
Microsoft	O
had	O
intended	O
with	O
OLE	B-Operating_System
in	O
Blackbird	B-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
OLE	B-Operating_System
would	O
only	O
exist	O
as	O
a	O
second-class	O
technology	O
that	O
would	O
interface	O
through	O
CORBA	B-Architecture
using	O
JavaBeans	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
group	O
also	O
promoted	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
a	O
JavaOS	B-Application
a	O
minimal	O
,	O
Java-based	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
which	O
would	O
in	O
turn	O
run	O
Netscape	B-Protocol
's	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
,	O
and	O
through	O
the	O
browser	B-Application
run	O
JavaBeans	O
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
would	O
be	O
the	O
front	O
for	O
a	O
new	O
ecosystem	O
based	O
on	O
open	O
standards	O
;	O
first	O
,	O
HTML	B-Language
in	O
the	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
;	O
and	O
second	O
,	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
which	O
they	O
hoped	O
would	O
become	O
widely	O
adopted	O
through	O
CORBA	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
JavaOS	B-Application
would	O
be	O
hosted	O
on	O
a	O
Network	B-Device
Computer	I-Device
(	O
or	O
NC	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
concept	O
long	O
advocated	O
by	O
Oracle	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NC	O
would	O
be	O
a	O
thin	B-Device
client	I-Device
designed	O
only	O
for	O
Internet	O
use	O
,	O
leaving	O
it	O
to	O
access	O
applications	O
and	O
documents	O
stored	O
entirely	O
online	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oracle	B-Application
saw	O
its	O
role	O
as	O
providing	O
tools	O
for	O
the	O
server	O
layer	O
,	O
where	O
network-hosted	O
applications	O
would	O
be	O
provided	O
through	O
the	O
Network	O
Application	O
Server	O
,	O
which	O
in	O
turn	O
would	O
make	O
use	O
of	O
both	O
Oracle7	O
relationship	O
database	O
management	O
system	O
and	O
the	O
Oracle	B-Application
Web	O
Server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oracle	B-Application
also	O
outlined	O
what	O
was	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
the	O
Network	O
Computing	O
Architecture	O
(	O
NCA	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
separate	O
presentation	O
,	O
application	O
and	O
data	O
access	O
logic	O
into	O
Java	B-Application
applets	I-Application
or	O
NCA	O
cartridges	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
and	O
Intel	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
this	O
challenge	O
put	O
forward	O
a	O
standard	O
for	O
a	O
competing	O
model	O
called	O
the	O
NetPC	B-Device
,	O
a	O
diskless	O
PC	O
that	O
would	O
be	O
primarily	O
adapted	O
to	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
use	O
and	O
would	O
run	O
a	O
simplified	O
version	O
of	O
Windows	B-Application
95	I-Application
,	O
codenamed	O
Pegasus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
down	O
the	O
road	O
,	O
this	O
idea	O
evolved	O
into	O
the	O
Netbook	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
publicly	O
criticized	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
an	O
Internet	B-General_Concept
OS	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
instead	O
argued	O
that	O
the	O
traditional	O
desktop	B-General_Concept
OS	I-General_Concept
should	O
be	O
Internet-enabled	O
,	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
the	O
idea	O
for	O
Active	B-Application
Platform	I-Application
,	O
an	O
Internet	O
strategy	O
that	O
culminated	O
later	O
in	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
Windows	B-Device
98	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
strategy	O
,	O
which	O
involved	O
tightly	O
bundling	O
Internet	B-Application
Explorer	I-Application
in	O
Windows	O
,	O
became	O
the	O
center	O
of	O
a	O
United	O
States	O
antitrust	O
suit	O
against	O
Microsoft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
of	O
the	O
Gang	O
of	O
Five	O
Netscape	B-Protocol
,	O
Sun	O
,	O
IBM	O
,	O
Oracle	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Novell	O
were	O
involved	O
in	O
lobbying	O
for	O
antitrust	O
action	O
against	O
Microsoft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1998	O
,	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
alliance	O
started	O
to	O
fall	O
apart	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oracle	B-Application
continued	O
developing	O
server-side	O
Java	B-Language
databases	O
but	O
had	O
given	O
up	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
the	O
network	B-Device
computer	I-Device
and	O
Netscape	B-Protocol
had	O
given	O
up	O
on	O
their	O
Java	B-Language
browser	B-Application
efforts	O
,	O
instead	O
aiming	O
to	O
position	O
themselves	O
as	O
an	O
Internet	O
portal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
revived	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	B-General_Concept
OS	I-General_Concept
in	O
2009	O
with	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
Linux-based	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
designed	O
to	O
work	O
exclusively	O
with	O
AJAX-based	O
web	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
was	O
designed	O
to	O
look	O
and	O
operate	O
like	O
the	O
Chrome	B-Application
web	I-Application
browser	I-Application
and	O
be	O
sold	O
on	O
laptops	O
developed	O
with	O
partners	O
,	O
called	O
Chromebooks	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
also	O
promoted	O
G	B-Application
Suite	I-Application
,	O
their	O
suite	O
of	O
web	O
applications	O
,	O
as	O
an	O
alternative	O
to	O
traditional	O
desktop	O
software	O
such	O
as	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Office	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
has	O
tried	O
to	O
address	O
standard	O
criticisms	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	B-General_Concept
OS	I-General_Concept
concept	O
with	O
its	O
development	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Native	I-Application
Client	I-Application
allows	O
a	O
browser	B-Application
to	O
run	O
Intel	B-Operating_System
x86	I-Operating_System
native	O
code	O
in	O
a	O
sandbox	O
,	O
so	O
that	O
more	O
complex	O
programs	O
could	O
run	O
that	O
more	O
fully	O
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
a	O
system	O
's	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Gears	I-Application
was	O
also	O
created	O
to	O
allow	O
offline	O
access	O
of	O
online	O
applications	O
,	O
although	O
this	O
is	O
being	O
deprecated	O
in	O
favour	O
of	O
web	B-Application
storage	I-Application
,	O
a	O
model	O
in	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
standardization	O
by	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
Consortium	O
(	O
W3C	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ChromiumOS	B-Application
is	O
the	O
development	O
version	O
of	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
but	O
until	O
ChromeOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
ChromiumOS	B-Application
principal	O
user	O
interface	O
is	O
the	O
Chromium	B-Language
web	I-Language
browser	I-Language
rather	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
fully	O
free	O
and	O
open-source	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
the	O
commercial	O
Google	B-Application
Chrome	I-Application
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
version	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
such	O
ChromiumOS	B-Application
does	O
therefor	O
not	O
ship	O
any	O
of	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
branding	O
and	O
proprietary	B-Application
cloud	B-Architecture
services	I-Architecture
preinstalled	O
.	O
</s>
