<s>
An	O
internationalized	B-Language
domain	I-Language
name	I-Language
(	O
IDN	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
Internet	O
domain	O
name	O
that	O
contains	O
at	O
least	O
one	O
label	O
displayed	O
in	O
software	B-Application
applications	I-Application
,	O
in	O
whole	O
or	O
in	O
part	O
,	O
in	O
non-latin	O
script	O
or	O
alphabet	B-Application
or	O
in	O
the	O
Latin	O
alphabet-based	O
characters	O
with	O
diacritics	O
or	O
ligatures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internationalized	B-Language
domain	I-Language
names	I-Language
are	O
stored	O
in	O
the	O
Domain	B-Protocol
Name	I-Protocol
System	I-Protocol
(	O
DNS	B-Protocol
)	O
as	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
strings	O
using	O
Punycode	B-General_Concept
transcription	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DNS	B-Protocol
,	O
which	O
performs	O
a	O
lookup	O
service	O
to	O
translate	O
mostly	O
user-friendly	O
names	O
into	O
network	O
addresses	O
for	O
locating	O
Internet	O
resources	O
,	O
is	O
restricted	O
in	O
practice	O
to	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
characters	I-Protocol
,	O
a	O
practical	O
limitation	O
that	O
initially	O
set	O
the	O
standard	O
for	O
acceptable	O
domain	O
names	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
internationalization	O
of	O
domain	O
names	O
is	O
a	O
technical	O
solution	O
to	O
translate	O
names	O
written	O
in	O
language-native	O
scripts	O
into	O
an	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
text	I-Protocol
representation	O
that	O
is	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
DNS	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internationalized	B-Language
domain	I-Language
names	I-Language
can	O
only	O
be	O
used	O
with	O
applications	O
that	O
are	O
specifically	O
designed	O
for	O
such	O
use	O
;	O
they	O
require	O
no	O
changes	O
in	O
the	O
infrastructure	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
much	O
debate	O
and	O
many	O
competing	O
proposals	O
,	O
a	O
system	O
called	O
Internationalizing	O
Domain	O
Names	O
in	O
Applications	O
(	O
IDNA	B-Language
)	O
was	O
adopted	O
as	O
a	O
standard	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
been	O
implemented	O
in	O
several	O
top-level	O
domains	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
IDNA	B-Language
,	O
the	O
term	O
internationalized	B-Language
domain	I-Language
name	I-Language
means	O
specifically	O
any	O
domain	O
name	O
consisting	O
only	O
of	O
labels	O
to	O
which	O
the	O
IDNA	B-Language
ToASCII	O
algorithm	O
(	O
see	O
below	O
)	O
can	O
be	O
successfully	O
applied	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2008	O
,	O
the	O
IETF	O
formed	O
a	O
new	O
IDN	O
working	O
group	O
to	O
update	O
the	O
current	O
IDNA	B-Language
protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2008	O
,	O
UN-ESCWA	O
together	O
with	O
the	O
Public	O
Interest	O
Registry	O
(	O
PIR	O
)	O
and	O
Afilias	O
launched	O
the	O
Arabic	O
Script	O
in	O
IDNs	B-Language
Working	O
Group	O
(	O
ASIWG	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
comprised	O
experts	O
in	O
DNS	B-Protocol
,	O
ccTLD	B-Application
operators	O
,	O
business	O
,	O
academia	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
members	O
of	O
regional	O
and	O
international	O
organizations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2009	O
,	O
the	O
Internet	B-Application
Corporation	I-Application
for	I-Application
Assigned	I-Application
Names	I-Application
and	I-Application
Numbers	I-Application
(	O
ICANN	B-Application
)	O
approved	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
internationalized	B-General_Concept
country	I-General_Concept
code	I-General_Concept
top-level	I-General_Concept
domains	I-General_Concept
(	O
IDN	B-General_Concept
ccTLDs	I-General_Concept
)	O
in	O
the	O
Internet	O
that	O
use	O
the	O
IDNA	B-Language
standard	O
for	O
native	O
language	O
scripts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2010	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
IDN	B-General_Concept
ccTLDs	I-General_Concept
were	O
installed	O
in	O
the	O
DNS	B-Protocol
root	I-Protocol
zone	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internationalizing	O
Domain	O
Names	O
in	O
Applications	O
(	O
IDNA	B-Language
)	O
is	O
a	O
mechanism	O
defined	O
in	O
2003	O
for	O
handling	O
internationalized	B-Language
domain	I-Language
names	I-Language
containing	O
non-ASCII	O
characters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
Domain	B-Protocol
Name	I-Protocol
System	I-Protocol
supports	O
non-ASCII	O
characters	O
,	O
applications	O
such	O
as	O
e-mail	O
and	O
web	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
restrict	O
the	O
characters	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
domain	O
names	O
for	O
purposes	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
hostname	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Strictly	O
speaking	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
the	O
network	O
protocols	O
these	O
applications	O
use	O
that	O
have	O
restrictions	O
on	O
the	O
characters	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
domain	O
names	O
,	O
not	O
the	O
applications	O
that	O
have	O
these	O
limitations	O
or	O
the	O
DNS	B-Protocol
itself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
retain	O
backward	O
compatibility	O
with	O
the	O
installed	O
base	O
,	O
the	O
IETF	O
IDNA	B-Language
Working	O
Group	O
decided	O
that	O
internationalized	B-Language
domain	I-Language
names	I-Language
should	O
be	O
converted	O
to	O
a	O
suitable	O
ASCII-based	O
form	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
handled	O
by	O
web	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
and	O
other	O
user	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IDNA	B-Language
specifies	O
how	O
this	O
conversion	O
between	O
names	O
written	O
in	O
non-ASCII	O
characters	O
and	O
their	O
ASCII-based	O
representation	O
is	O
performed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
IDNA-enabled	O
application	O
is	O
able	O
to	O
convert	O
between	O
the	O
internationalized	O
and	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
representations	O
of	O
a	O
domain	O
name	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
uses	O
the	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
form	O
for	O
DNS	B-Protocol
lookups	O
but	O
can	O
present	O
the	O
internationalized	O
form	O
to	O
users	O
who	O
presumably	O
prefer	O
to	O
read	O
and	O
write	O
domain	O
names	O
in	O
non-ASCII	O
scripts	O
such	O
as	O
Arabic	O
or	O
Hiragana	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applications	O
that	O
do	O
not	O
support	O
IDNA	B-Language
will	O
not	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
handle	O
domain	O
names	O
with	O
non-ASCII	O
characters	O
,	O
but	O
will	O
still	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
access	O
such	O
domains	O
if	O
given	O
the	O
(	O
usually	O
rather	O
cryptic	O
)	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
equivalent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ICANN	B-Application
issued	O
guidelines	O
for	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
IDNA	B-Language
in	O
June	O
2003	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
was	O
already	O
possible	O
to	O
register	O
.jp	B-General_Concept
domains	O
using	O
this	O
system	O
in	O
July	O
2003	O
and	O
.info	O
domains	O
in	O
March	O
2004	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
ICANN	B-Application
working	O
group	O
focused	O
on	O
country-code	B-Application
domain	I-Application
names	I-Application
at	O
the	O
top	O
level	O
was	O
formed	O
in	O
November	O
2007	O
and	O
promoted	O
jointly	O
by	O
the	O
country	O
code	O
supporting	O
organization	O
and	O
the	O
Governmental	O
Advisory	O
Committee	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
ICANN	B-Application
supports	O
the	O
community-led	O
Universal	B-Protocol
Acceptance	I-Protocol
Steering	O
Group	O
,	O
which	O
seeks	O
to	O
promote	O
the	O
usability	O
of	O
IDNs	B-Language
and	O
other	O
new	O
gTLDS	O
in	O
all	O
applications	O
,	O
devices	O
and	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mozilla	B-Language
1.4	O
,	O
Netscape	B-Protocol
7.1	O
,	O
and	O
Opera	B-Application
7.11	O
were	O
among	O
the	O
first	O
applications	O
to	O
support	O
IDNA	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
browser	B-Application
plugin	O
is	O
available	O
for	O
Internet	O
Explorer	O
6	O
to	O
provide	O
IDN	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internet	O
Explorer	O
7.0	O
and	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
's	O
URL	O
APIs	O
provide	O
native	O
support	O
for	O
IDN	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
conversions	O
between	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
and	O
non-ASCII	O
forms	O
of	O
a	O
domain	O
name	O
are	O
accomplished	O
by	O
a	O
pair	O
of	O
algorithms	O
called	O
ToASCII	O
and	O
ToUnicode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ToASCII	O
leaves	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
labels	O
unchanged	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
fails	O
if	O
the	O
label	O
is	O
unsuitable	O
for	O
the	O
Domain	B-Protocol
Name	I-Protocol
System	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
ToASCII	O
then	O
translates	O
the	O
result	O
to	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
,	O
using	O
Punycode	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Finally	O
,	O
it	O
prepends	O
the	O
four-character	O
string	O
"	O
xn--	B-Language
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
four-character	O
string	O
is	O
called	O
the	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
Compatible	O
Encoding	O
(	O
ACE	O
)	O
prefix	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
distinguish	O
labels	O
encoded	O
in	O
Punycode	B-General_Concept
from	O
ordinary	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
labels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
final	O
string	O
could	O
exceed	O
the	O
63-character	O
limit	O
of	O
a	O
DNS	B-Protocol
label	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
label	O
for	O
which	O
ToASCII	O
fails	O
cannot	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
an	O
internationalized	B-Language
domain	I-Language
name	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
function	O
ToUnicode	O
reverses	O
the	O
action	O
of	O
ToASCII	O
,	O
stripping	O
off	O
the	O
ACE	O
prefix	O
and	O
applying	O
the	O
Punycode	B-General_Concept
decode	O
algorithm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IDNA	B-Language
encoding	O
may	O
be	O
illustrated	O
using	O
the	O
example	O
domain	O
Bücher.example	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
second	O
label	O
is	O
pure	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
is	O
left	O
unchanged	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
label	O
is	O
processed	O
by	O
Nameprep	O
to	O
give	O
bücher	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
converted	O
to	O
Punycode	B-General_Concept
to	O
result	O
in	O
bcher-kva	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
then	O
prefixed	O
with	O
xn--	B-Language
to	O
produce	O
xn--bcher-kva	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
resulting	O
name	O
suitable	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
DNS	B-Protocol
records	O
and	O
queries	O
is	O
therefore	O
xn--bcher-kva.example	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
reasonable	O
to	O
infer	O
,	O
therefore	O
,	O
that	O
the	O
usage	O
growth	O
could	O
have	O
been	O
even	O
more	O
significant	O
if	O
DNS	B-Protocol
was	O
available	O
in	O
Arabic	O
characters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
introduction	O
of	O
IDNs	B-Language
offers	O
many	O
potential	O
new	O
opportunities	O
and	O
benefits	O
for	O
Arab	O
Internet	O
users	O
by	O
allowing	O
them	O
to	O
establish	O
domains	O
in	O
their	O
native	O
languages	O
and	O
alphabets	B-Application
,	O
and	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
whole	O
range	O
of	O
services	O
and	O
localized	O
applications	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
those	O
domains	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2009	O
,	O
ICANN	B-Application
decided	O
to	O
implement	O
a	O
new	O
class	O
of	O
top-level	O
domains	O
,	O
assignable	O
to	O
countries	O
and	O
independent	O
regions	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
rules	O
for	O
country	B-Application
code	I-Application
top-level	I-Application
domains	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
domain	O
names	O
may	O
be	O
any	O
desirable	O
string	O
of	O
characters	O
,	O
symbols	O
,	O
or	O
glyphs	O
in	O
the	O
language-specific	O
,	O
non-Latin	O
alphabet	B-Application
or	O
script	O
of	O
the	O
applicant	O
's	O
language	O
,	O
within	O
certain	O
guidelines	O
to	O
assure	O
sufficient	O
visual	O
uniqueness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
process	O
of	O
installing	O
IDN	O
country	B-Application
code	I-Application
domains	I-Application
began	O
with	O
a	O
long	O
period	O
of	O
testing	O
in	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
subdomains	O
in	O
the	O
test	O
top-level	O
domain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eleven	O
domains	O
used	O
language-native	O
scripts	O
or	O
alphabets	B-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
"	O
δοκιμή	O
"	O
,	O
meaning	O
test	O
in	O
Greek	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
efforts	O
culminated	O
in	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
internationalized	B-General_Concept
country	I-General_Concept
code	I-General_Concept
top-level	I-General_Concept
domains	I-General_Concept
(	O
IDN	B-General_Concept
ccTLDs	I-General_Concept
)	O
for	O
production	O
use	O
in	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
Domain	B-Protocol
Name	I-Protocol
System	I-Protocol
,	O
these	O
domains	O
use	O
an	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
representation	O
consisting	O
of	O
the	O
prefix	O
"	O
xn--	B-Language
"	O
followed	O
by	O
the	O
Punycode	B-General_Concept
translation	O
of	O
the	O
Unicode	O
representation	O
of	O
the	O
language-specific	O
alphabet	B-Application
or	O
script	O
glyphs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
Cyrillic	O
name	O
of	O
Russia	O
's	O
IDN	B-General_Concept
ccTLD	I-General_Concept
is	O
"	O
рф	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Punycode	B-General_Concept
representation	O
,	O
this	O
is	O
"	O
p1ai	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
its	O
DNS	B-Protocol
name	I-Protocol
is	O
"	O
xn--p1ai	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
other	O
registries	O
that	O
support	O
non-ASCII	O
domain	O
names	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
since	O
most	O
modern	O
browsers	B-Application
only	O
recognize	O
IDNA/Punycode	O
IDNs	B-Language
,	O
ThaiURL-encoded	O
domains	O
must	O
be	O
typed	O
in	O
or	O
linked	O
to	O
in	O
their	O
encoded	O
form	O
,	O
and	O
they	O
will	O
be	O
displayed	O
thus	O
in	O
the	O
address	O
bar	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
registries	O
support	O
Punycode	B-General_Concept
emoji	B-Application
characters	O
as	O
emoji	B-Protocol
domains	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
Unicode	O
in	O
domain	O
names	O
makes	O
it	O
potentially	O
easier	O
to	O
spoof	O
web	O
sites	O
as	O
the	O
visual	O
representation	O
of	O
an	O
IDN	O
string	O
in	O
a	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
may	O
make	O
a	O
spoof	O
site	O
appear	O
indistinguishable	O
from	O
the	O
legitimate	O
site	O
being	O
spoofed	O
,	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
font	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
concrete	O
example	O
,	O
using	O
Cyrillic	O
letters	O
а	O
,	O
е	O
,	O
і	O
,	O
р	O
(	O
a	O
;	O
then	O
"	O
Ie	O
"	O
/	O
"	O
Ye	O
"	O
U+0435	O
,	O
looking	O
essentially	O
identical	O
to	O
Latin	O
letter	O
e	B-Language
;	O
then	O
U+0456	O
,	O
essentially	O
identical	O
to	O
Latin	O
letter	O
i	O
;	O
and	O
"	O
Er	O
"	O
U+0440	O
,	O
essentially	O
identical	O
to	O
Latin	O
letter	O
p	B-Language
)	O
,	O
the	O
URL	O
wіkіреdіа.org	O
is	O
formed	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
virtually	O
indistinguishable	O
from	O
the	O
visual	O
representation	O
of	O
the	O
legitimate	O
wikipedia.org	O
(	O
possibly	O
depending	O
on	O
fonts	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
top-level	O
domains	O
have	O
started	O
to	O
accept	O
internationalized	B-Language
domain	I-Language
name	I-Language
registrations	O
at	O
the	O
second	O
or	O
lower	O
levels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DotAsia	O
,	O
the	O
registrar	O
for	O
the	O
TLD	O
Asia	O
,	O
conducted	O
a	O
70-day	O
sunrise	B-Protocol
period	I-Protocol
starting	O
May	O
11	O
,	O
2011	O
for	O
second-level	O
domain	O
registrations	O
in	O
the	O
Chinese	O
,	O
Japanese	O
and	O
Korean	O
scripts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1998-07	O
:	O
Geneva	O
INET'98	O
conference	O
with	O
a	O
BoF	O
discussion	O
on	O
iDNS	B-Language
and	O
APNG	O
General	O
Meeting	O
and	O
Working	O
Group	O
meeting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1998-07	O
:	O
Asia	O
Pacific	O
Networking	O
Group	O
(	O
APNG	O
,	O
now	O
still	O
in	O
existence	O
and	O
distinct	O
from	O
a	O
gathering	O
known	O
as	O
APSTAR	O
)	O
iDNS	B-Language
Working	O
Group	O
formed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1999-02	O
:	O
iDNS	B-Language
Testbed	O
launched	O
by	O
BIX	O
Pte	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1999-07	O
Tout	O
,	O
Walid	O
R	O
.	O
(	O
WALID	O
Inc	O
.	O
)	O
filed	O
IDNA	B-Language
patent	O
application	O
number	O
US1999000358043	O
"	O
Method	O
and	O
system	O
for	O
internationalizing	O
domain	O
names	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ltd	O
.	O
and	O
National	O
University	O
of	O
Singapore	O
together	O
with	O
New	O
York	O
Venture	O
Capital	O
investors	O
,	O
General	O
Atlantic	O
Partners	O
,	O
spun	O
off	O
the	O
IDN	O
effort	O
into	O
2	O
new	O
Singapore	O
companies	O
–	O
i-DNS.net	O
International	O
Inc	O
.	O
and	O
i-Email.net	O
Pte	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1999-11	O
:	O
IETF	O
IDN	O
Birds-of-Feather	O
in	O
Washington	O
was	O
initiated	O
by	O
i-DNS.net	O
at	O
the	O
request	O
of	O
IETF	O
officials	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1999-12	O
:	O
i-DNS.net	O
InternationalPte	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Late	O
1999	O
:	O
Kilnam	O
Chon	O
initiates	O
Task	O
Force	O
on	O
IDNS	B-Language
which	O
led	O
to	O
formation	O
of	O
MINC	O
,	O
the	O
Multilingual	O
Internet	O
Names	O
Consortium	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
were	O
launched	O
in	O
India	O
with	O
IT	O
Ministry	O
support	O
by	O
i-DNS.net	O
International	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2000-03	O
:	O
APRICOT	O
2000	O
Multilingual	O
DNS	B-Protocol
session	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2000-04	O
:	O
WALID	O
Inc	O
.	O
(	O
with	O
IDNA	B-Language
patent-pending	O
application	O
6182148	O
)	O
started	O
Registration	O
&	O
Resolving	O
Multilingual	O
Domain	O
Names	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2001-03	O
:	O
ICANN	B-Application
Board	O
IDN	O
Working	O
Group	O
formed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2001-11	O
:	O
ICANN	B-Application
IDN	O
Committee	O
formed	O
,	O
Ram	O
Mohan	O
(	O
Afilias	O
)	O
appointed	O
as	O
Charter	O
Member	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2003-01	O
:	O
ICANN	B-Application
IDN	O
Guidelines	O
Working	O
Group	O
formed	O
with	O
membership	O
from	O
leading	O
gTLD	O
and	O
ccTLD	B-Application
registries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2003-01	O
:	O
Free	O
implementation	O
of	O
stringprep	O
,	O
Punycode	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
IDNA	B-Language
are	O
released	O
in	O
GNU	O
Libidn	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2003-06	O
:	O
Publication	O
of	O
ICANN	B-Application
IDN	O
guidelines	O
for	O
registries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Adopted	O
by	O
.cn	O
,	O
.info	O
,	O
.jp	B-General_Concept
,	O
.org	O
,	O
and	O
.tw	O
registries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2004-05	O
:	O
Publication	O
of	O
RFC	O
3743	O
,	O
Joint	O
Engineering	O
Team	O
(	O
JET	O
)	O
Guidelines	O
for	O
Internationalized	B-Language
Domain	I-Language
Names	I-Language
(	O
IDN	O
)	O
Registration	O
and	O
Administration	O
for	O
Chinese	O
,	O
Japanese	O
,	O
and	O
Korean	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2005-03	O
:	O
First	O
Study	O
Group	O
17	O
of	O
ITU-T	O
meeting	O
on	O
Internationalized	B-Language
Domain	I-Language
Names	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
2005-05	O
:	O
.IN	O
ccTLD	B-Application
(	O
India	O
)	O
creates	O
an	O
expert	O
IDN	O
Working	O
Group	O
to	O
create	O
solutions	O
for	O
22	O
official	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2006-04	O
:	O
ITU	O
Study	O
Group	O
17	O
meeting	O
in	O
Korea	O
gave	O
final	O
approval	O
to	O
the	O
Question	O
on	O
Internationalized	B-Language
Domain	I-Language
Names	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
2006-06	O
:	O
Workshop	O
on	O
IDN	O
at	O
ICANN	B-Application
meeting	O
at	O
Marrakech	O
,	O
Morocco	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2006-11	O
:	O
ICANN	B-Application
GNSO	O
IDN	O
Working	O
Group	O
created	O
to	O
discuss	O
policy	O
implications	O
of	O
IDN	O
TLDs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2007-03	O
:	O
ICANN	B-Application
GNSO	O
IDN	O
Working	O
Group	O
completes	O
work	O
,	O
Ram	O
Mohan	O
presents	O
a	O
report	O
at	O
ICANN	B-Application
Lisboa	O
meeting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2007-10	O
:	O
Eleven	O
IDNA	B-Language
top-level	O
domains	O
were	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
root	B-Application
nameservers	I-Application
in	O
order	O
to	O
evaluate	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
IDNA	B-Language
at	O
the	O
top	O
level	O
of	O
the	O
DNS	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
2008-01	O
:	O
ICANN	B-Application
:	O
Successful	O
Evaluations	O
of	O
.test	O
IDN	O
TLDs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2008-02	O
:	O
IDN	O
Workshop	O
:	O
IDNs	B-Language
in	O
Indian	O
Languages	O
and	O
Scripts	O
,	O
ICANN	B-Application
,	O
DIT	O
,	O
Afilias	O
,	O
C-DAC	O
,	O
NIXI	O
lead	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2008-04	O
:	O
IETF	O
IDNAbis	O
WG	O
chaired	O
by	O
Vint	O
Cerf	O
continues	O
the	O
work	O
to	O
update	O
IDNA	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
2008-06	O
:	O
ICANN	B-Application
board	O
votes	O
to	O
develop	O
final	O
fast-track	O
implementation	O
proposal	O
for	O
a	O
limited	O
number	O
of	O
IDN	B-General_Concept
ccTLDS	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
2008-10	O
:	O
ICANN	B-Application
Seeks	O
Interest	O
in	O
IDN	B-General_Concept
ccTLD	I-General_Concept
Fast-Track	O
Process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2009-09	O
:	O
ICANN	B-Application
puts	O
IDN	B-General_Concept
ccTLD	I-General_Concept
proposal	O
on	O
agenda	O
for	O
Seoul	O
meeting	O
in	O
October	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2009-10	O
:	O
ICANN	B-Application
approves	O
the	O
registration	O
of	O
IDN	O
names	O
in	O
the	O
root	O
of	O
the	O
DNS	B-Protocol
through	O
the	O
IDN	B-General_Concept
ccTLD	I-General_Concept
Fast-Track	O
process	O
at	O
its	O
meeting	O
in	O
Seoul	O
,	O
26	O
–	O
30	O
October	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2010-01	O
:	O
ICANN	B-Application
announces	O
that	O
Egypt	O
,	O
the	O
Russian	O
Federation	O
,	O
Saudi	O
Arabia	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
United	O
Arab	O
Emirates	O
were	O
the	O
first	O
countries	O
to	O
have	O
passed	O
the	O
Fast-Track	O
String	O
Evaluation	O
within	O
the	O
IDN	B-General_Concept
ccTLD	I-General_Concept
domain	O
application	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
are	O
the	O
ccTLDs	B-Application
in	O
the	O
Arabic	O
alphabet	B-Application
for	O
Egypt	O
,	O
Saudi	O
Arabia	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
United	O
Arab	O
Emirates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2010-12	O
:	O
ICANN	B-Application
Board	O
IDN	O
Variants	O
Working	O
Group	O
formed	O
to	O
oversee	O
and	O
track	O
the	O
IDN	O
Variant	O
Issues	O
Project	O
.	O
</s>
