<s>
The	O
International	B-Protocol
Networking	I-Protocol
Working	I-Protocol
Group	I-Protocol
(	O
INWG	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
prominent	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
researchers	O
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
who	O
studied	O
and	O
developed	O
standards	O
and	O
protocols	O
for	O
computer	B-Architecture
networking	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Set	O
up	O
in	O
1972	O
as	O
an	O
informal	O
group	O
to	O
consider	O
the	O
technical	O
issues	O
involved	O
in	O
connecting	O
different	O
networks	O
,	O
its	O
charter	O
was	O
to	O
develop	O
international	O
standard	O
protocols	O
for	O
internetworking	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Concepts	O
developed	O
by	O
members	O
of	O
the	O
group	O
contributed	O
to	O
the	O
original	O
"	O
Protocol	O
for	O
Packet	O
Network	O
Intercommunication	O
"	O
proposed	O
by	O
Vint	O
Cerf	O
and	O
Bob	O
Kahn	O
in	O
1974	O
and	O
the	O
Transmission	B-Protocol
Control	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
and	O
Internet	B-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
)	O
that	O
emerged	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
International	B-Protocol
Networking	I-Protocol
Working	I-Protocol
Group	I-Protocol
formed	O
in	O
October	O
1972	O
at	O
the	O
International	O
Conference	O
on	O
Computer	B-Architecture
Communication	I-Architecture
held	O
in	O
Washington	O
D.C.	O
Its	O
purpose	O
was	O
to	O
study	O
and	O
develop	O
"	O
international	O
standard	O
protocols	O
for	O
internetworking	B-Architecture
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
researchers	O
represented	O
the	O
American	O
ARPANET	O
,	O
the	O
French	O
CYCLADES	O
project	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
British	O
team	O
working	O
on	O
the	O
NPL	B-Protocol
network	I-Protocol
and	O
European	O
Informatics	O
Network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Louis	O
Pouzin	O
introduced	O
the	O
term	O
catenet	B-Architecture
,	O
the	O
original	O
term	O
for	O
an	O
interconnected	O
network	O
,	O
in	O
October	O
1973	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zimmerman	O
published	O
a	O
paper	O
"	O
Standard	O
host-host	O
protocol	O
for	O
heterogeneous	O
computer	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
"	O
in	O
April	O
1974	O
,	O
and	O
Pouzin	O
published	O
a	O
May	O
1974	O
paper	O
"	O
A	O
Proposal	O
for	O
Interconnecting	O
Packet	O
Switching	O
Networks	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kahn	O
and	O
Vint	O
Cerf	O
also	O
published	O
their	O
proposal	O
in	O
May	O
1974	O
,	O
"	O
A	O
Protocol	O
for	O
Packet	O
Network	O
Intercommunication	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
introduced	O
the	O
term	O
internet	O
as	O
a	O
shorthand	O
for	O
internetwork	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
were	O
two	O
competing	O
proposals	O
,	O
INWG	O
37	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
early	O
Transmission	B-Protocol
Control	I-Protocol
Program	I-Protocol
proposed	O
by	O
Kahn	O
and	O
Cerf	O
(	O
updated	O
in	O
INWG	O
72	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
INWG	O
61	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
CYCLADES	O
TS	O
(	O
transport	O
station	O
)	O
protocol	O
proposed	O
by	O
Pouzin	O
and	O
Zimmermann	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CCIT	O
went	O
on	O
to	O
adopt	O
the	O
X.25	B-Protocol
standard	O
in	O
1976	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
virtual	B-Protocol
circuits	I-Protocol
,	O
and	O
ARPA	O
ultimately	O
developed	O
the	O
Internet	B-Protocol
protocol	I-Protocol
suite	I-Protocol
,	O
including	O
the	O
Internet	B-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
as	O
connectionless	O
layer	O
and	O
the	O
Transmission	B-Protocol
Control	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
as	O
a	O
reliable	O
connection-oriented	O
service	O
,	O
which	O
incorporated	O
concepts	O
from	O
the	O
French	O
CYCLADES	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
'	O
Protocol	B-Protocol
Wars	I-Protocol
 '	O
of	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
and	O
early	O
1990s	O
,	O
engineers	O
,	O
organizations	O
and	O
nations	O
became	O
polarized	O
over	O
the	O
issue	O
of	O
which	O
standard	O
,	O
the	O
OSI	O
model	O
or	O
the	O
Internet	B-Protocol
protocol	I-Protocol
suite	I-Protocol
would	O
result	O
in	O
the	O
best	O
and	O
most	O
robust	O
computer	B-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
ARPA	O
partnerships	O
with	O
the	O
telecommunication	O
and	O
computer	O
industry	O
led	O
to	O
widespread	O
private	O
sector	O
adoption	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	B-Protocol
protocol	I-Protocol
suite	I-Protocol
as	O
a	O
communication	O
protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nonetheless	O
,	O
issues	O
with	O
the	O
Internet	B-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
suite	I-Protocol
remain	O
and	O
alternatives	O
have	O
been	O
proposed	O
building	O
on	O
INWG	O
ideas	O
such	O
as	O
Recursive	B-Architecture
Internetwork	I-Architecture
Architecture	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
