<s>
Across	O
the	O
many	O
fields	O
concerned	O
with	O
interactivity	B-General_Concept
,	O
including	O
information	O
science	O
,	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
,	O
human-computer	O
interaction	O
,	O
communication	O
,	O
and	O
industrial	O
design	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
little	O
agreement	O
over	O
the	O
meaning	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
interactivity	B-General_Concept
"	O
,	O
but	O
most	O
definitions	O
are	O
related	O
to	O
interaction	O
between	O
users	O
and	O
computers	O
and	O
other	O
machines	O
through	O
a	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interactivity	B-General_Concept
can	O
however	O
also	O
refer	O
to	O
interaction	O
between	O
people	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multiple	O
views	O
on	O
interactivity	B-General_Concept
exist	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
"	O
contingency	O
view	O
"	O
of	O
interactivity	B-General_Concept
,	O
there	O
are	O
three	O
levels	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Not	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
,	O
when	O
a	O
message	O
is	O
not	O
related	O
to	O
previous	O
messages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interactive	B-General_Concept
,	O
when	O
a	O
message	O
is	O
related	O
to	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
previous	O
messages	O
and	O
to	O
the	O
relationship	O
between	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
body	O
of	O
research	O
has	O
made	O
a	O
strong	O
distinction	O
between	O
interaction	O
and	O
interactivity	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
suffix	O
'	O
ity	O
 '	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
form	O
nouns	O
that	O
denote	O
a	O
quality	O
or	O
condition	O
,	O
this	O
body	O
of	O
research	O
has	O
defined	O
interactivity	B-General_Concept
as	O
the	O
'	O
quality	O
or	O
condition	O
of	O
interaction	O
 '	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
researchers	O
suggest	O
that	O
the	O
distinction	O
between	O
interaction	O
and	O
interactivity	B-General_Concept
is	O
important	O
since	O
interaction	O
may	O
be	O
present	O
in	O
any	O
given	O
setting	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
quality	O
of	O
the	O
interaction	O
varies	O
from	O
low	O
and	O
high	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Human	O
communication	O
is	O
the	O
basic	O
example	O
of	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
communication	I-General_Concept
which	O
involves	O
two	O
different	O
processes	O
;	O
human	O
to	O
human	O
interactivity	B-General_Concept
and	O
human	O
to	O
computer	O
interactivity	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Human-Human	O
interactivity	B-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
communication	O
between	O
people	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
word	O
interactivity	B-General_Concept
is	O
related	O
to	O
and	O
stems	O
from	O
the	O
term	O
interaction	O
used	O
by	O
sociologists	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
the	O
actions	O
of	O
at	O
least	O
two	O
individuals	O
who	O
exchange	O
or	O
interplay	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interactivity	B-General_Concept
also	O
refers	O
to	O
a	O
communication	O
systems	O
ability	O
to	O
"	O
talk	O
back	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Human	O
to	O
Human	O
interactivity	B-General_Concept
consists	O
of	O
many	O
conceptualizations	O
which	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
anthropomorphic	O
definitions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
complex	O
systems	O
that	O
detect	O
and	O
react	O
to	O
human	O
behavior	O
are	O
sometimes	O
called	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
communication	O
between	O
a	O
human	O
and	O
an	O
artifact	O
,	O
interactivity	B-General_Concept
refers	O
to	O
the	O
artifact	O
's	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
behaviour	O
as	O
experienced	O
by	O
the	O
human	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
interactivity	B-General_Concept
of	O
an	O
iPod	B-Device
is	O
not	O
its	O
physical	O
shape	O
and	O
colour	O
(	O
its	O
so-called	O
"	O
design	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
its	O
ability	O
to	O
play	O
music	O
,	O
or	O
its	O
storage	O
capacity	O
—	O
it	O
is	O
the	O
behaviour	O
of	O
its	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
as	O
experienced	O
by	O
its	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
includes	O
the	O
way	O
the	O
user	O
moves	O
their	O
finger	O
on	O
its	O
input	O
wheel	O
,	O
the	O
way	O
this	O
allows	O
the	O
selection	O
of	O
a	O
tune	O
in	O
the	O
playlist	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
way	O
the	O
user	B-Application
controls	I-Application
the	O
volume	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
artifact	O
's	O
interactivity	B-General_Concept
is	O
best	O
perceived	O
through	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
bystander	O
can	O
imagine	O
how	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
like	O
to	O
use	O
an	O
artifact	O
by	O
watching	O
others	O
use	O
it	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
is	O
only	O
through	O
actual	O
use	O
that	O
its	O
interactivity	B-General_Concept
is	O
fully	O
experienced	O
and	O
"	O
felt	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
kinesthetic	O
nature	O
of	O
the	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
experience	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
Media	O
academic	O
Vincent	O
Maher	O
defines	O
interactivity	B-General_Concept
as	O
"	O
the	O
relation	O
constituted	O
by	O
a	O
symbolic	O
interface	O
between	O
its	O
referential	O
,	O
objective	O
functionality	O
and	O
the	O
subject.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
look	B-Application
and	I-Application
feel	I-Application
"	O
is	O
often	O
used	O
to	O
refer	O
to	O
the	O
specifics	O
of	O
a	O
computer	O
system	O
's	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
this	O
metaphor	O
,	O
the	O
"	O
look	O
"	O
refers	O
to	O
its	O
visual	O
design	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
"	O
feel	O
"	O
refers	O
to	O
its	O
interactivity	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Indirectly	O
this	O
can	O
be	O
regarded	O
as	O
an	O
informal	O
definition	O
of	O
interactivity	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
a	O
more	O
detailed	O
discussion	O
of	O
how	O
interactivity	B-General_Concept
has	O
been	O
conceptualized	O
in	O
the	O
human-computer	O
interaction	O
literature	O
,	O
and	O
how	O
the	O
phenomenology	O
of	O
the	O
French	O
philosopher	O
Merleau-Ponty	O
can	O
shed	O
light	O
on	O
the	O
user	O
experience	O
,	O
see	O
(	O
Svanaes	O
2000	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
,	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
refers	O
to	O
software	O
which	O
accepts	O
and	O
responds	O
to	O
input	O
from	O
people	O
—	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
data	O
or	O
commands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interactive	B-General_Concept
software	O
includes	O
most	O
popular	O
programs	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
word	B-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
or	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
applications	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
comparison	O
,	O
noninteractive	B-General_Concept
programs	O
operate	O
without	O
human	O
contact	O
;	O
examples	O
of	O
these	O
include	O
compilers	B-Language
and	O
batch	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
applications	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
response	O
is	O
complex	O
enough	O
it	O
is	O
said	O
that	O
the	O
system	O
is	O
conducting	O
social	O
interaction	O
and	O
some	O
systems	O
try	O
to	O
achieve	O
this	O
through	O
the	O
implementation	O
of	O
social	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Web	O
interactivity	B-General_Concept
refers	O
to	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
features	I-General_Concept
that	O
are	O
embedded	O
on	O
websites	O
that	O
offer	O
an	O
exchange	O
of	O
information	O
either	O
between	O
communication	O
technology	O
and	O
users	O
or	O
between	O
users	O
using	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
type	O
of	O
interactivity	B-General_Concept
evolves	O
with	O
new	O
developments	O
of	O
website	O
interfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
features	I-General_Concept
include	O
hyperlinks	O
,	O
feedback	O
,	O
and	O
multimedia	O
displays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wikipedia	O
is	O
also	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
web	O
interactivity	B-General_Concept
because	O
it	O
is	O
written	O
in	O
a	O
collaborative	O
way	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interactivity	B-General_Concept
in	O
new	O
media	O
distinguishes	O
itself	O
from	O
old	O
media	O
by	O
implementing	O
participation	O
from	O
users	O
rather	O
than	O
passive	O
consumption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Web	O
page	O
authors	O
can	O
integrate	O
JavaScript	B-Language
coding	O
to	O
create	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
web	O
pages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
authoring	O
tools	O
are	O
available	O
for	O
creating	O
various	O
kinds	O
of	O
interactivities	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
common	O
platforms	O
for	O
creating	O
interactivities	B-General_Concept
include	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Flash	I-Operating_System
and	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Silverlight	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Notable	O
authoring	O
tools	O
for	O
creating	O
interactivities	B-General_Concept
include	O
Harbinger	O
's	O
Elicitus	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
an	O
interaction	O
model	O
,	O
any	O
person	O
can	O
create	O
interactivities	B-General_Concept
in	O
a	O
very	O
short	O
period	O
of	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
