<s>
An	O
interactive	B-Application
film	I-Application
is	O
a	O
video	O
game	O
or	O
other	O
interactive	O
media	O
that	O
has	O
characteristics	O
of	O
a	O
cinematic	O
film	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
video	O
game	O
industry	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
refers	O
to	O
a	O
movie	O
game	O
,	O
a	O
video	O
game	O
that	O
presents	O
its	O
gameplay	O
in	O
a	O
cinematic	O
,	O
scripted	O
manner	O
,	O
often	O
through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
full-motion	B-Application
video	I-Application
of	O
either	O
animated	O
or	O
live-action	O
footage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
film	O
industry	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
interactive	B-Application
film	I-Application
"	O
refers	O
to	O
interactive	O
cinema	O
,	O
a	O
film	O
where	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
viewers	O
can	O
interact	O
with	O
the	O
film	O
and	O
influence	O
the	O
events	O
that	O
unfold	O
in	O
the	O
film	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
genre	O
came	O
about	O
with	O
the	O
invention	O
of	O
laserdiscs	O
and	O
laserdisc	O
players	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
nonlinear	O
or	O
random	B-General_Concept
access	I-General_Concept
video	O
play	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
interactive	B-Application
movies	I-Application
were	O
animated	O
or	O
filmed	O
with	O
real	O
actors	O
like	O
movies	O
(	O
or	O
in	O
some	O
later	O
cases	O
,	O
rendered	O
with	O
3D	O
models	O
)	O
and	O
followed	O
a	O
main	O
storyline	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alternative	O
scenes	O
were	O
filmed	O
to	O
be	O
triggered	O
after	O
wrong	O
(	O
or	O
alternate	O
allowable	O
)	O
actions	O
of	O
the	O
player	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
'	O
Game	B-Application
Over	I-Application
 '	O
scenes	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
popular	O
example	O
of	O
a	O
commercial	O
interactive	B-Application
movie	I-Application
was	O
the	O
1983	O
arcade	O
game	O
Dragon	B-Application
's	I-Application
Lair	I-Application
,	O
featuring	O
an	O
animated	O
full	B-Application
motion	I-Application
video	I-Application
(	O
FMV	O
)	O
by	O
ex-Disney	O
animator	O
Don	O
Bluth	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
player	O
controlled	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
moves	O
of	O
the	O
main	O
character	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
in	O
danger	O
,	O
the	O
player	O
was	O
to	O
decide	O
which	O
move	O
,	O
action	B-Application
,	O
or	O
combination	O
to	O
choose	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
was	O
only	O
one	O
possible	O
successful	O
storyline	O
in	O
Dragon	B-Application
's	I-Application
Lair	I-Application
;	O
the	O
only	O
activity	O
the	O
user	O
had	O
was	O
to	O
choose	O
or	O
guess	O
the	O
move	O
the	O
designers	O
intended	O
them	O
to	O
make	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
choice	O
,	O
Dragon	B-Application
's	I-Application
Lair	I-Application
was	O
very	O
popular	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
hardware	O
for	O
these	O
games	O
consisted	O
of	O
a	O
laserdisc	O
player	O
linked	O
to	O
a	O
processor	B-General_Concept
configured	O
with	O
interface	O
software	O
that	O
assigned	O
a	O
jump-to-chapter	O
function	O
to	O
each	O
of	O
the	O
controller	O
buttons	O
at	O
each	O
decision	O
point	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
you	O
turn	O
right	O
,	O
go	O
to	O
page	O
8	O
"	O
,	O
the	O
controller	O
for	O
Dragon	B-Application
's	I-Application
Lair	I-Application
or	O
Cliff	B-Application
Hanger	I-Application
was	O
programmed	O
to	O
go	O
to	O
the	O
next	O
chapter	O
in	O
the	O
successful	O
story	O
if	O
a	O
player	O
activated	O
the	O
correct	O
control	O
,	O
or	O
to	O
go	O
to	O
the	O
death	O
chapter	O
if	O
they	O
activated	O
the	O
wrong	O
one	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
advances	O
in	O
technology	O
allowed	O
interactive	B-Application
movies	I-Application
to	O
overlay	O
multiple	O
fields	O
of	O
FMV	O
,	O
called	O
"	O
vites	O
"	O
,	O
in	O
much	O
the	O
same	O
way	O
as	O
polygonal	O
models	O
and	O
sprites	O
are	O
overlaid	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
backgrounds	O
in	O
traditional	O
video	O
game	O
graphics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
were	O
similar	O
to	O
shooting	O
gallery	O
carnival	B-Application
games	I-Application
,	O
except	O
that	O
players	O
shot	O
at	O
a	O
cinema	O
screen	O
displaying	O
film	O
footage	O
of	O
targets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cinematic	O
shooting	O
gallery	O
games	O
enjoyed	O
short-lived	O
popularity	O
in	O
several	O
parts	O
of	O
Britain	O
during	O
the	O
1910s	O
,	O
and	O
often	O
had	O
safari	B-Application
animals	O
as	O
targets	O
,	O
with	O
footage	O
recorded	O
from	O
British	O
imperial	O
colonies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Capitol	O
Projector	O
's	O
1954	O
arcade	O
electro-mechanical	O
game	O
machine	O
Auto	O
Test	O
was	O
a	O
driving	O
test	O
simulation	O
that	O
used	O
a	O
film	O
reel	O
video	B-Device
projector	I-Device
to	O
display	O
pre-recorded	O
driving	O
video	O
footage	O
,	O
awarding	O
the	O
player	O
points	O
for	O
making	O
correct	O
decisions	O
as	O
the	O
footage	O
is	O
played	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
early	O
example	O
of	O
an	O
interactive	B-Application
movie	I-Application
game	O
was	O
Nintendo	O
's	O
Wild	B-Application
Gunman	I-Application
,	O
a	O
1974	O
electro-mechanical	O
arcade	O
game	O
that	O
used	O
film	O
reel	O
projection	O
to	O
display	O
live-action	O
full-motion	B-Application
video	I-Application
(	O
FMV	O
)	O
footage	O
of	O
Wild	O
West	O
gunslingers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1970s	O
,	O
Kasco	O
(	O
Kansei	O
Seiki	O
Seisakusho	O
)	O
released	O
The	O
Driver	O
,	O
a	O
hit	O
electro-mechanical	O
arcade	O
game	O
with	O
live-action	O
FMV	O
,	O
projecting	O
car	O
footage	O
filmed	O
by	O
Toei	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
EVR	O
Race	O
was	O
Japan	O
's	O
highest-grossing	O
medal	O
game	O
for	O
three	O
years	O
in	O
a	O
row	O
,	O
from	B-Application
1976	I-Application
to	O
1978	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
early	O
attempt	O
to	O
combine	O
random	B-General_Concept
access	I-General_Concept
video	O
with	O
computer	O
games	O
was	O
Rollercoaster	O
,	O
written	O
in	O
BASIC	O
for	O
the	O
Apple	O
II	O
by	O
David	O
Lubar	O
for	O
David	O
H	O
.	O
Ahl	O
,	O
editor	O
of	O
Creative	B-General_Concept
Computing	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
program	O
was	O
conceived	O
and	O
written	O
in	O
1981	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
was	O
published	O
in	O
the	O
January	O
1982	O
issue	O
of	O
Creative	B-General_Concept
Computing	I-General_Concept
along	O
with	O
an	O
article	O
by	O
Lubar	O
detailing	O
its	O
creation	O
,	O
an	O
article	O
by	O
Ahl	O
claiming	O
that	O
Rollercoaster	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
video/computer	O
game	O
hybrid	O
and	O
proposing	O
a	O
theory	O
of	O
video/computer	O
interactivity	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
articles	O
reviewing	O
hardware	O
necessary	O
to	O
run	O
the	O
game	O
and	O
do	O
further	O
experiments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
LaserDisc	O
video	O
game	O
is	O
a	O
video	O
game	O
that	O
uses	O
pre-recorded	O
video	O
(	O
either	O
live-action	O
or	O
animation	O
)	O
played	O
from	O
a	O
LaserDisc	O
,	O
either	O
as	O
the	O
entirety	O
of	O
the	O
graphics	O
or	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
graphics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
major	O
arcade	O
laserdisc	O
video	O
game	O
was	O
Sega	O
's	O
Astron	B-Application
Belt	I-Application
,	O
a	O
third-person	O
space	O
combat	O
rail	O
shooter	O
featuring	O
live-action	O
full-motion	B-Application
video	I-Application
footage	O
(	O
largely	O
borrowed	O
from	O
a	O
Japanese	O
science	O
fiction	O
film	O
)	O
over	O
which	O
the	O
player/enemy	O
ships	O
and	O
laser	O
fire	O
are	O
superimposed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
introduced	O
a	O
new	O
approach	O
to	O
video	O
game	O
storytelling	O
:	O
using	O
brief	O
full-motion	B-Application
video	I-Application
cutscenes	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
story	O
between	O
the	O
game	O
's	O
shooting	O
stages	O
;	O
years	O
later	O
,	O
this	O
would	O
become	O
the	O
standard	O
approach	O
to	O
video	O
game	O
storytelling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
the	O
game	O
that	O
popularized	O
the	O
genre	O
was	O
Dragon	B-Application
's	I-Application
Lair	I-Application
,	O
animated	O
by	O
Don	O
Bluth	O
and	O
released	O
by	O
Cinematronics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
scenes	O
would	O
be	O
played	O
back	O
and	O
at	O
certain	O
points	O
during	O
playback	O
the	O
player	O
would	O
have	O
to	O
press	O
a	O
specific	O
direction	O
on	O
the	O
joystick	B-Device
or	O
the	O
button	O
to	O
advance	O
the	O
game	O
to	O
the	O
next	O
scene	O
,	O
like	O
a	O
quick	O
time	O
event	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
player	O
fails	O
to	O
press	O
the	O
sword	O
button	O
at	O
the	O
right	O
time	O
,	O
or	O
instead	O
presses	O
a	O
direction	O
on	O
the	O
joystick	B-Device
,	O
Dirk	O
is	O
attacked	O
by	O
the	O
tentacles	O
and	O
crushed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Those	O
that	O
followed	O
the	O
lead	O
of	O
Astron	B-Application
Belt	I-Application
integrated	O
pre-recorded	O
laserdisc	O
video	O
with	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
computer	I-General_Concept
graphics	I-General_Concept
and	O
gameplay	O
,	O
making	O
them	O
more	O
like	O
traditional	O
interactive	O
video	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Those	O
that	O
followed	O
the	O
lead	O
of	O
Dragon	B-Application
's	I-Application
Lair	I-Application
integrated	O
animated	O
cartoon	O
laserdisc	O
video	O
with	O
quick	O
time	O
events	O
,	O
making	O
them	O
more	O
like	O
interactive	O
cartoons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
those	O
that	O
followed	O
the	O
lead	O
of	O
Astron	B-Application
Belt	I-Application
,	O
combining	O
pre-recorded	O
video	O
with	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
computer	I-General_Concept
graphics	I-General_Concept
and	O
gameplay	O
,	O
several	O
were	O
introduced	O
at	O
Tokyo	O
's	O
AM	O
Show	O
in	O
September	O
1983	O
,	O
with	O
its	O
successor	O
Star	O
Blazer	O
unanimously	O
hailed	O
as	O
the	O
"	O
strongest	O
"	O
laserdisc	O
game	O
of	O
the	O
show	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cube	B-Application
Quest	I-Application
,	O
introduced	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
AM	O
Show	O
in	O
Tokyo	O
,	O
was	O
a	O
vertical	O
scrolling	O
shooter	O
that	O
used	O
pre-rendered	O
computer	O
animation	O
for	O
the	O
laserdisc	O
video	O
backgrounds	O
and	O
real-time	O
3D	O
computer	O
graphics	O
for	O
the	O
ships	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
3	O
was	O
a	O
vertical	O
scrolling	O
shooter	O
game	O
that	O
combined	O
live-action	O
laserdisc	O
video	O
backgrounds	O
with	O
2D	O
computer	O
graphics	O
for	O
the	O
ships	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Firefox	B-Application
(	O
1984	O
)	O
arcade	O
game	O
included	O
a	O
Philips	O
LaserDisc	O
player	O
to	O
combine	O
live	O
action	B-Application
video	O
and	O
sound	O
from	O
the	O
Firefox	B-Application
film	O
with	O
computer	O
generated	O
graphics	O
and	O
sound	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
game	O
used	O
a	O
special	O
CAV	B-Device
LaserDisc	O
containing	O
multiple	O
storylines	O
stored	O
in	O
very	O
short	O
,	O
interleaved	O
segments	O
on	O
the	O
disc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
American	O
Laser	O
Games	O
produced	O
a	O
wide	O
variety	O
of	O
live-action	O
light	B-Device
gun	I-Device
LaserDisc	O
video	O
games	O
,	O
which	O
played	O
much	O
like	O
the	O
early	O
LaserDisc	O
games	O
,	O
but	O
used	O
a	O
light	B-Device
gun	I-Device
instead	O
of	O
a	O
joystick	B-Device
to	O
affect	O
the	O
action	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
those	O
that	O
followed	O
the	O
lead	O
of	O
Dragon	B-Application
's	I-Application
Lair	I-Application
,	O
progressing	O
pre-recorded	O
video	O
with	O
quick	O
time	O
events	O
,	O
was	O
its	O
successor	O
Space	B-Device
Ace	I-Device
,	O
another	O
Don	O
Bluth	O
animated	O
game	O
released	O
by	O
Cinematronics	O
later	O
the	O
same	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
success	O
of	O
Dragon	B-Application
's	I-Application
Lair	I-Application
spawned	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
sequels	O
and	O
similar	O
laserdisc	O
cartoon	O
games	O
incorporating	O
quick	O
time	O
events	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
such	O
example	O
was	O
Stern	O
's	O
Cliff	B-Application
Hanger	I-Application
(	O
1983	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
used	O
footage	O
from	O
the	O
Lupin	O
III	O
movies	O
Castle	O
of	O
Cagliostro	O
(	O
directed	O
by	O
Hayao	O
Miyazaki	O
)	O
and	O
Mystery	O
of	O
Mamo	O
,	O
both	O
originally	O
animated	O
by	O
TMS	O
Entertainment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Anime-based	O
laserdisc	O
games	O
helped	O
expose	O
many	O
Americans	O
in	O
the	O
1980s	O
to	O
Japanese	O
anime	O
,	O
particularly	O
Cliff	B-Application
Hanger	I-Application
which	O
exposed	O
many	O
Americans	O
to	O
Lupin	O
III	O
and	O
Hayao	O
Miyazaki	O
before	O
any	O
Lupin	O
or	O
Miyazaki	O
anime	O
productions	O
had	O
officially	O
been	O
released	O
theatrically	O
or	O
on	O
home	O
video	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1984	O
,	O
Super	B-Application
Don	I-Application
Quix-ote	I-Application
,	O
Esh	O
's	O
Aurunmilla	O
and	O
Ninja	B-Application
Hayate	I-Application
overlaid	O
crude	O
computer	O
graphics	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
animation	O
to	O
indicate	O
the	O
correct	O
input	O
to	O
the	O
player	O
for	O
quick	O
time	O
event	O
scenes	O
,	O
which	O
the	O
1985	O
games	O
Time	B-Application
Gal	I-Application
and	O
Road	B-Application
Blaster	I-Application
also	O
featured	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Time	B-Application
Gal	I-Application
also	O
added	O
a	O
time-stopping	O
feature	O
,	O
where	O
specific	O
moments	O
in	O
the	O
game	O
involve	O
Reika	O
stopping	O
time	O
;	O
during	O
these	O
moments	O
,	O
players	O
are	O
presented	O
with	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
three	O
options	O
and	O
have	O
seven	O
seconds	O
to	O
choose	O
the	O
one	O
which	O
will	O
save	O
the	O
character	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
example	O
of	O
an	O
arcade	O
LaserDisc	O
game	O
using	O
a	O
similar	O
style	O
would	O
be	O
Badlands	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
there	O
were	O
some	O
laserdisc	O
arcade	O
hits	O
that	O
year	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Space	B-Device
Ace	I-Device
and	O
Cobra	B-Application
Command	I-Application
,	O
they	O
were	O
not	O
able	O
to	O
achieve	O
the	O
same	O
level	O
of	O
mainstream	O
success	O
as	O
earlier	O
laserdisc	O
games	O
the	O
previous	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
,	O
the	O
arcade	O
market	O
was	O
being	O
reinvigorated	O
by	O
sports	O
video	O
games	O
such	O
as	O
Karate	B-Device
Champ	I-Device
,	O
Track	B-Application
&	I-Application
Field	I-Application
,	O
Punch-Out	B-Application
and	O
several	O
Nintendo	B-Application
VS.	I-Application
System	I-Application
titles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1987	O
,	O
the	O
game	O
Night	B-Application
Trap	I-Application
,	O
featuring	O
full-motion	B-Application
video	I-Application
,	O
was	O
created	O
for	O
Hasbro	O
's	O
Control-Vision	B-Device
video	O
game	O
system	O
(	O
originally	O
codenamed	O
"	O
NEMO	B-Device
"	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
used	O
VHS	O
tapes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
Hasbro	O
discontinued	O
production	O
of	O
Control-Vision	B-Device
,	O
the	O
footage	O
was	O
placed	O
into	O
archive	O
until	O
it	O
was	O
purchased	O
in	O
1991	O
by	O
the	O
founders	O
of	O
Digital	B-Algorithm
Pictures	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	B-Algorithm
Pictures	I-Algorithm
ported	O
Night	B-Application
Trap	I-Application
to	O
the	O
Sega	B-Device
CD	I-Device
platform	O
,	O
releasing	O
it	O
in	O
1992	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1988	O
,	O
Epyx	O
announced	O
three	O
VCR	B-Application
games	I-Application
including	O
one	O
based	O
on	O
its	O
video	O
game	O
California	B-Device
Games	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
,	O
American	O
Laser	O
Games	O
started	O
to	O
produce	O
a	O
wide	O
variety	O
of	O
live-action	O
light	B-Device
gun	I-Device
laserdisc	O
games	O
,	O
which	O
played	O
much	O
like	O
the	O
early	O
cartoon	O
games	O
,	O
but	O
used	O
a	O
light	B-Device
gun	I-Device
instead	O
of	O
a	O
joystick	B-Device
to	O
affect	O
the	O
action	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Meanwhile	O
,	O
Digital	B-Algorithm
Pictures	I-Algorithm
started	O
to	O
produce	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
interactive	B-Application
movies	I-Application
for	O
home	B-Device
consoles	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
CD-ROMs	B-Device
were	O
embedded	O
in	O
home	B-Device
consoles	I-Device
such	O
as	O
the	O
Sega	B-Device
CD	I-Device
as	O
well	O
as	O
home	O
computers	O
,	O
games	O
with	O
live	O
action	B-Application
and	O
full	B-Application
motion	I-Application
video	I-Application
featuring	O
actors	O
were	O
considered	O
cutting-edge	O
,	O
and	O
some	O
interactive	B-Application
movies	I-Application
were	O
made	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
notable	O
adventure	O
games	O
from	O
this	O
era	O
are	O
Under	B-Application
a	I-Application
Killing	I-Application
Moon	I-Application
,	O
The	B-Application
Pandora	I-Application
Directive	I-Application
(	O
both	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Tex	B-Application
Murphy	I-Application
series	O
)	O
,	O
The	B-Application
Beast	I-Application
Within	I-Application
:	I-Application
A	I-Application
Gabriel	I-Application
Knight	I-Application
Mystery	I-Application
,	O
Voyeur	B-Application
,	O
Star	B-Application
Trek	I-Application
:	I-Application
Klingon	I-Application
,	O
Star	B-Application
Trek	I-Application
:	I-Application
Borg	I-Application
,	O
Ripper	B-Device
,	O
Snatcher	B-Application
,	O
Black	B-Application
Dahlia	I-Application
,	O
The	B-Application
X-Files	I-Application
Game	I-Application
,	O
Phantasmagoria	B-Application
,	O
Bad	B-Application
Day	I-Application
on	I-Application
the	I-Application
Midway	I-Application
and	O
The	B-Application
Dark	I-Application
Eye	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Others	O
in	O
the	O
action	B-Application
genre	O
are	O
Brain	B-Application
Dead	I-Application
13	I-Application
and	O
Star	B-Application
Wars	I-Application
:	I-Application
Rebel	I-Application
Assault	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
interactive	B-Application
movie	I-Application
games	O
were	O
not	O
usually	O
very	O
replayable	O
after	O
being	O
completed	O
once	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
DVD	B-Application
game	I-Application
(	O
sometimes	O
called	O
DVDi	B-Application
,	O
"	O
DVD	O
interactive	O
"	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
standalone	O
game	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
played	O
on	O
a	O
set-top	O
DVD	B-Device
player	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
game	O
takes	O
advantage	O
of	O
technology	O
built	O
into	O
the	O
DVD	O
format	O
to	O
create	O
an	O
interactive	O
gaming	O
environment	O
compatible	O
with	O
most	O
DVD	B-Device
players	I-Device
without	O
requiring	O
additional	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVD	B-Application
TV	I-Application
games	I-Application
were	O
first	O
developed	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
DVD-based	O
game	O
consoles	B-Device
like	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Device
2	I-Device
popularized	O
DVD-based	O
gaming	O
and	O
also	O
functioned	O
as	O
a	O
DVD	O
video	O
player	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
the	O
format	O
has	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
import	O
some	O
video	O
games	O
to	O
the	O
DVD	O
format	O
,	O
allowing	O
them	O
to	O
be	O
played	O
with	O
a	O
standard	O
DVD	B-Device
player	I-Device
rather	O
than	O
requiring	O
a	O
PC	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
include	O
Dragon	B-Application
's	I-Application
Lair	I-Application
and	O
Who	B-Application
Shot	I-Application
Johnny	I-Application
Rock	I-Application
?	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
PC/console	O
game	O
Tomb	B-Application
Raider	I-Application
:	I-Application
The	I-Application
Angel	I-Application
of	I-Application
Darkness	I-Application
was	O
released	O
in	O
2006	O
as	O
a	O
DVD	B-Application
game	I-Application
entitled	O
Lara	O
Croft	O
Tomb	O
Raider	O
:	O
The	O
Action	B-Application
Adventure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Japanese	O
games	O
such	O
as	O
visual	O
novels	O
and	O
eroge	B-Application
that	O
were	O
originally	O
made	O
for	O
PC	B-Device
are	O
commonly	O
ported	O
to	O
DVDPG	B-Application
(	O
a	O
term	O
that	O
stands	O
for	O
DVD	B-Device
Players	I-Device
Game	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
of	O
standard	O
save	O
methods	O
,	O
DVDPGs	B-Application
use	O
password	O
save	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
the	O
time	O
of	O
its	O
original	O
introduction	O
,	O
the	O
DVD	O
format	O
specification	O
has	O
included	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
use	O
an	O
ordinary	O
DVD	B-Device
player	I-Device
to	O
play	O
interactive	O
games	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Dragon	B-Application
's	I-Application
Lair	I-Application
(	O
which	O
was	O
reissued	O
on	O
DVD	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
Scene	B-Application
It	I-Application
?	I-Application
</s>
<s>
and	O
other	O
series	O
of	O
DVD	B-Application
games	I-Application
,	O
or	O
games	O
that	O
are	O
included	O
as	O
bonus	O
material	O
on	O
movie	O
DVDs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aftermath	O
Media	O
(	O
founded	O
by	O
Rob	O
Landeros	O
of	O
Trilobyte	O
)	O
released	O
the	O
interactive	B-Application
movies	I-Application
Tender	B-Application
Loving	I-Application
Care	I-Application
and	O
Point	O
of	O
View	O
(	O
P.O.V	O
)	O
for	O
the	O
DVD	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
live	O
interactive	B-Application
movie	I-Application
was	O
My	O
One	O
Demand	O
filmed	O
and	O
premiered	O
on	O
25	O
June	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
video	O
games	O
used	O
this	O
approach	O
using	O
fully	O
animated	O
computer-generated	O
scenes	O
,	O
including	O
various	O
adventure	O
games	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Sound	O
Novel	O
series	O
by	O
Chunsoft	O
,	O
Shenmue	B-Application
series	O
by	O
Sega	O
,	O
Shadow	B-Application
of	I-Application
Memories	I-Application
by	O
Konami	O
,	O
Time	B-Application
Travelers	I-Application
by	O
Level	O
5	O
,	O
and	O
Fahrenheit	B-Application
by	O
Quantic	O
Dream	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
scenes	O
are	O
quick	O
time	O
event	O
action	B-Application
sequences	O
,	O
requiring	O
the	O
player	O
to	O
hit	B-Application
appropriate	I-Application
buttons	I-Application
at	O
the	O
right	O
time	O
to	O
succeed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
these	O
games	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Sound	O
Novel	O
series	O
,	O
Shadow	B-Application
of	I-Application
Memories	I-Application
,	O
Time	B-Application
Travelers	I-Application
,	O
Until	B-Application
Dawn	I-Application
,	O
Heavy	B-Application
Rain	I-Application
,	O
Beyond	B-Application
:	I-Application
Two	I-Application
Souls	I-Application
and	O
Detroit	B-General_Concept
:	I-General_Concept
Become	I-General_Concept
Human	I-General_Concept
,	O
have	O
numerous	O
branching	O
storylines	O
that	O
result	O
from	O
what	O
actions	O
the	O
player	O
takes	O
or	O
fails	O
to	O
complete	O
properly	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
include	O
the	O
death	O
of	O
major	O
characters	O
or	O
failure	O
to	O
solve	O
the	O
mystery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cast	O
members	O
 '	O
work	O
during	O
the	O
1990s	O
on	O
interactive	B-Application
movies	I-Application
 '	O
chroma	O
key	O
sets	O
was	O
different	O
from	O
traditional	O
filmmaking	O
:	O
They	O
performed	O
multiple	O
possible	O
actions	O
players	O
choose	O
in	O
a	O
game	O
,	O
usually	O
looked	O
into	O
the	O
camera	O
to	O
react	O
to	O
the	O
player	O
,	O
and	O
usually	O
did	O
not	O
react	O
to	O
others	O
on	O
the	O
set	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
products	O
were	O
popular	O
during	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
as	O
CD-ROMs	B-Device
and	O
Laserdiscs	O
made	O
their	O
way	O
into	O
the	O
living	O
rooms	O
,	O
providing	O
an	O
alternative	O
to	O
the	O
low-capacity	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
of	O
most	O
consoles	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
first	O
CD-based	O
consoles	B-Device
capable	O
of	O
displaying	O
smooth	O
and	O
textured	O
3D	O
graphics	O
appeared	O
,	O
the	O
full-FMV	O
game	O
had	O
vanished	O
from	O
the	O
mainstream	O
circles	O
around	O
1995	O
,	O
although	O
it	O
remained	O
an	O
option	O
for	O
PC	B-Device
adventure	O
games	O
for	O
a	O
couple	O
more	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
last	O
titles	O
released	O
was	O
the	O
1998	O
PC	B-Device
and	O
PlayStation	O
adventure	O
The	B-Application
X-Files	I-Application
:	I-Application
The	I-Application
Game	I-Application
,	O
packed	O
in	O
7	O
CDs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
same	O
year	O
,	O
Tex	B-Application
Murphy	I-Application
:	I-Application
Overseer	I-Application
became	O
the	O
first	O
game	O
developed	O
specifically	O
for	O
DVD-ROM	O
and	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
last	O
"	O
interactive	B-Application
movies	I-Application
"	O
to	O
make	O
heavy	O
use	O
of	O
live-action	O
FMV	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
the	O
Tex	B-Application
Murphy	I-Application
series	O
continued	O
with	O
a	O
new	O
FMV	B-Application
game	I-Application
,	O
Tesla	B-Application
Effect	I-Application
:	I-Application
A	I-Application
Tex	I-Application
Murphy	I-Application
Adventure	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
advances	O
in	O
computer	O
technology	O
,	O
interactive	B-Application
films	I-Application
waned	O
as	O
more	O
developers	O
used	O
fully	O
digitized	O
characters	O
and	O
scenes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
format	O
was	O
popularized	O
by	O
Telltale	O
Games	O
,	O
achieving	O
success	O
in	O
The	B-Application
Walking	I-Application
Dead	I-Application
series	O
of	O
adventure	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
have	O
sometimes	O
been	O
called	O
interactive	B-Application
movies	I-Application
,	O
as	O
while	O
the	O
player	O
can	O
make	O
choices	O
that	O
affect	O
the	O
game	O
's	O
overall	O
narrative	O
,	O
they	O
do	O
not	O
have	O
direct	O
control	O
over	O
characters	O
,	O
making	O
the	O
experience	O
comparable	O
to	O
watching	O
a	O
sequence	O
of	O
cut	O
scenes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
idea	O
was	O
even	O
further	O
realized	O
in	O
Telltale	O
's	O
The	B-Application
Walking	I-Application
Dead	I-Application
series	O
,	O
where	O
player	O
actions	O
can	O
drastically	O
change	O
future	O
games	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
different	O
characters	O
may	O
be	O
alive	O
in	O
the	O
end	O
depending	O
on	O
choices	O
made	O
by	O
the	O
player	O
in	O
The	B-Application
Walking	I-Application
Dead	I-Application
season	O
1	O
,	O
but	O
those	O
same	O
characters	O
affect	O
The	B-Application
Walking	I-Application
Dead	I-Application
:	I-Application
Season	I-Application
Two	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
examples	O
of	O
episodic	O
adventure	O
games	O
include	O
Telltale	O
's	O
The	B-Application
Wolf	I-Application
Among	I-Application
Us	I-Application
series	O
and	O
the	O
Life	B-Application
Is	I-Application
Strange	I-Application
series	O
,	O
created	O
by	O
Dontnod	O
Entertainment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
its	O
release	O
,	O
Heavy	B-Application
Rain	I-Application
(	O
a	O
2010	O
video	O
game	O
by	O
Quantic	O
Dream	O
)	O
received	O
very	O
positive	O
reviews	O
and	O
won	O
several	O
gaming	O
and	O
film	O
and	O
television	O
awards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cage	O
himself	O
will	O
define	O
his	O
Heavy	B-Application
Rain	I-Application
as	O
an	O
interactive	B-Application
film	I-Application
and	O
,	O
in	O
fact	O
,	O
the	O
goal	O
of	O
the	O
video	O
game	O
coincides	O
with	O
the	O
type	O
of	O
film	O
just	O
mentioned	O
;	O
to	O
combine	O
the	O
interactive	O
potential	O
of	O
the	O
video	O
game	O
with	O
the	O
expressive	O
richness	O
of	O
cinema	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
unlike	O
its	O
predecessors	O
,	O
Cage	O
chooses	O
not	O
to	O
work	O
with	O
live-action	O
,	O
but	O
to	O
use	O
only	O
synthetic	O
images	O
,	O
avoiding	O
,	O
at	O
least	O
in	O
part	O
,	O
the	O
effect	O
of	O
estrangement	O
typical	O
of	O
interactive	B-Application
films	I-Application
in	O
the	O
passage	O
from	O
moments	O
of	O
exploration	O
to	O
sequences	O
of	O
narrative	O
exposure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
the	O
interactive	B-Application
films	I-Application
on	O
DVD	O
Cage	O
assimilates	O
two	O
different	O
aspects	O
in	O
his	O
videogames	O
,	O
respectively	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
Quick	O
time	O
events	O
(	O
QTE	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
freedom	O
of	O
choice	O
left	O
to	O
the	O
player	O
to	O
determine	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
plot	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
gameplay	O
of	O
Heavy	B-Application
Rain	I-Application
,	O
however	O
,	O
QTEs	O
are	O
not	O
used	O
solely	O
for	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
succeeding	O
in	O
certain	O
actions	O
but	O
also	O
as	O
a	O
vehicle	O
to	O
perform	O
the	O
countless	O
narrative	O
choices	O
placed	O
on	O
the	O
player	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Regarding	O
identification	O
with	O
the	O
main	O
characters	O
;	O
Heavy	B-Application
Rain	I-Application
removes	O
each	O
element	O
of	O
the	O
challenge	O
typical	O
of	O
graphic	O
adventures	O
is	O
removed	O
to	O
ensure	O
that	O
the	O
player	O
can	O
be	O
fully	O
focused	O
on	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
as	O
already	O
stated	O
,	O
in	O
Heavy	B-Application
Rain	I-Application
there	O
is	O
no	O
game	B-Application
over	I-Application
:	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
player	O
's	O
actions	O
and	O
choices	O
,	O
the	O
video	O
game	O
shifts	O
to	O
different	O
storylines	O
,	O
culminating	O
in	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
many	O
endings	O
planned	O
for	O
the	O
story	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
example	O
comes	O
from	O
Quantum	B-Application
Break	I-Application
,	O
published	O
by	O
Remedy	O
in	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Between	O
the	O
game	O
's	O
acts	O
,	O
episodes	O
from	O
a	O
TV	O
show	O
filmed	O
in	O
live	O
action	B-Application
are	O
displayed	O
to	O
the	O
player	O
:	O
the	O
scenes	O
in	O
these	O
episodes	O
change	O
conforming	O
to	O
the	O
decisions	O
the	O
player	O
has	O
taken	O
and	O
the	O
objects	O
he	O
has	O
interacted	O
with	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
looks	O
of	O
the	O
characters	O
are	O
maintained	O
between	O
the	O
live	O
action	B-Application
sequences	O
and	O
the	O
3D	O
computer	O
generated	O
ones	O
,	O
thanks	O
to	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
motion	O
capture	O
technique	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
advent	O
of	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
annotations	O
in	O
2008	O
,	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
five	O
Interactive	O
Adventures	O
were	O
created	O
by	O
Chad	O
,	O
Matt	O
&	O
Rob	O
that	O
utilized	O
the	O
annotations	O
to	O
tell	O
interactive	O
stories	O
that	O
allowed	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
guide	O
the	O
narrative	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Annotations	O
were	O
removed	O
from	O
YouTube	B-General_Concept
in	O
2019	O
,	O
which	O
makes	O
many	O
of	O
these	O
videos	O
unable	O
to	O
be	O
interacted	O
with	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2016	O
,	O
Netflix	O
had	O
started	O
experimenting	O
with	O
interactive	O
works	O
aimed	O
at	O
children	O
,	O
including	O
an	O
animated	O
version	O
of	O
Puss	O
in	O
Boots	O
and	O
an	O
adaption	O
of	O
Telltale	O
's	O
Minecraft	B-Application
:	I-Application
Story	I-Application
Mode	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Netflix	O
's	O
first	O
major	O
interactive	B-Application
film	I-Application
with	O
live-action	O
scenes	O
was	O
Black	B-Application
Mirror	I-Application
:	O
Bandersnatch	O
,	O
a	O
film	O
in	O
the	O
Black	B-Application
Mirror	I-Application
anthology	O
series	O
and	O
released	O
in	O
December	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Netflix	O
worked	O
with	O
Black	B-Application
Mirrors	I-Application
creator	O
Charlie	O
Brooker	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
narrative	O
that	O
took	O
advantage	O
of	O
the	O
interactive	O
format	O
,	O
while	O
developing	O
their	O
own	O
tools	O
to	O
improve	O
caching	O
of	O
scenes	O
and	O
management	O
of	O
the	O
film	O
's	O
progression	O
to	O
use	O
on	O
future	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
interactive	B-Application
movies	I-Application
had	O
a	O
filmic	O
quality	O
that	O
sprite-based	O
games	O
could	O
not	O
duplicate	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
they	O
were	O
a	O
niche	O
market	O
—	O
the	O
limited	O
amount	O
of	O
direct	O
interactivity	O
put	O
off	O
many	O
gamers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
popularity	O
of	O
FMV	B-Application
games	I-Application
declined	O
during	O
1995	O
,	O
as	O
real-time	B-General_Concept
3D	I-General_Concept
graphics	I-General_Concept
gained	O
increasing	O
attention	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
negative	O
response	O
to	O
FMV-based	B-Application
games	I-Application
was	O
so	O
common	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
even	O
acknowledged	O
in	O
game	O
marketing	O
;	O
a	O
print	O
advertisement	O
for	O
the	O
interactive	B-Application
movie	I-Application
Psychic	B-Application
Detective	I-Application
stated	O
,	O
"	O
Yeah	O
,	O
we	O
know	O
full-motion	B-Application
video	I-Application
games	O
in	O
the	O
past	O
sucked.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Cost	O
was	O
also	O
an	O
issue	O
,	O
as	O
live	O
action	B-Application
video	O
with	O
decent	O
production	O
values	O
is	O
expensive	O
to	O
film	O
,	O
while	O
video	O
shot	O
on	O
a	O
low	O
budget	O
damages	O
the	O
overall	O
image	O
of	O
the	O
game	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ground	B-Application
Zero	I-Application
:	I-Application
Texas	I-Application
cost	O
Sega	O
around	O
US$3	O
million	O
,	O
about	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
a	O
low-budget	O
movie	O
would	O
cost	O
in	O
1994	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
this	O
,	O
the	O
hardware	O
it	O
was	O
displayed	O
on	O
,	O
particularly	O
in	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
the	O
Sega	B-Device
CD	I-Device
,	O
had	O
a	O
limited	O
color	O
palette	O
(	O
of	O
which	O
a	O
maximum	O
of	O
64	O
colors	O
were	O
displayable	O
simultaneously	O
)	O
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
notably	O
inferior	O
image	O
quality	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
requirement	O
of	O
dithering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Game	O
designer	O
Chris	O
Crawford	O
disparages	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
interactive	B-Application
movies	I-Application
,	O
except	O
those	O
aimed	O
at	O
elementary-school-age	O
children	O
,	O
in	O
his	O
book	O
Chris	O
Crawford	O
on	O
Game	O
Design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Defenders	O
of	O
the	O
genre	O
have	O
argued	O
that	O
,	O
by	O
allowing	O
the	O
player	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
real	O
people	O
rather	O
than	O
animated	O
characters	O
,	O
interactive	O
full-motion	B-Application
video	I-Application
can	O
produce	O
emotional	O
and	O
visceral	O
reactions	O
that	O
are	O
not	O
possible	O
with	O
either	O
movies	O
or	O
traditional	O
video	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
studios	O
hybridized	O
ordinary	O
computer	O
game	O
play	O
with	O
interactive	B-Application
movie	I-Application
play	O
;	O
the	O
earliest	O
examples	O
of	O
this	O
were	O
the	O
entries	O
in	O
the	O
Origin	O
Systems	O
Wing	O
Commander	O
series	O
starting	O
with	O
Wing	B-Application
Commander	I-Application
III	I-Application
:	I-Application
Heart	I-Application
of	I-Application
the	I-Application
Tiger	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Between	O
combat	O
missions	O
,	O
Wing	B-Application
Commander	I-Application
III	I-Application
featured	O
cutscenes	O
with	O
live	O
actors	O
;	O
the	O
game	O
offered	O
limited	O
storyline	O
branching	O
based	O
on	O
whether	O
missions	O
were	O
won	O
or	O
lost	O
and	O
on	O
choices	O
made	O
at	O
decision	O
points	O
during	O
the	O
cutscenes	O
(	O
Wing	B-Application
Commander	I-Application
IV	I-Application
:	I-Application
The	I-Application
Price	I-Application
of	I-Application
Freedom	I-Application
,	O
with	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
actors	O
,	O
was	O
similar	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
games	O
like	O
BioForge	B-Application
would	O
,	O
perhaps	O
erroneously	O
,	O
use	O
the	O
term	O
for	O
a	O
game	O
that	O
has	O
rich	O
action	B-Application
and	O
plot	O
of	O
cinematic	O
proportions	O
—	O
but	O
,	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
gameplay	O
,	O
has	O
no	O
relation	O
to	O
FMV	O
movies	O
.	O
</s>
