<s>
In	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
,	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
refers	O
to	O
software	O
which	O
accepts	O
input	B-General_Concept
from	O
the	O
user	O
as	O
it	O
runs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interactive	B-General_Concept
software	O
includes	O
commonly	O
used	O
programs	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
word	B-General_Concept
processors	I-General_Concept
or	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
applications	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
comparison	O
,	O
non-interactive	B-General_Concept
programs	O
operate	O
without	O
user	O
intervention	O
;	O
examples	O
of	O
these	O
include	O
compilers	B-Language
and	O
batch	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
applications	B-Application
that	O
are	O
pre-programmed	O
to	O
run	O
independently	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interactive	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
focuses	O
on	O
real-time	O
interaction	O
(	O
"	O
dialog	O
"	O
)	O
between	O
the	O
computer	O
and	O
the	O
operator	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
technologies	O
that	O
enable	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
response	O
of	O
the	O
computer	O
system	O
is	O
complex	O
enough	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
said	O
that	O
the	O
system	O
is	O
conducting	O
social	O
interaction	O
;	O
some	O
systems	O
try	O
to	O
achieve	O
this	O
through	O
the	O
implementation	O
of	O
social	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
nature	O
of	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
as	O
well	O
as	O
its	O
impact	O
on	O
users	O
,	O
are	O
studied	O
extensively	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
computer	O
interaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ivan	O
Sutherland	O
is	O
considered	O
the	O
father	O
of	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
for	O
his	O
work	O
on	O
Sketchpad	B-Application
,	O
the	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
display	O
graphics	O
program	O
he	O
developed	O
in	O
1963	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
he	O
facilitated	O
ARPA	O
's	O
research	O
grant	O
to	O
Douglas	O
Engelbart	O
for	O
developing	O
the	O
NLS	O
system	O
at	O
SRI	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
his	O
visionary	O
manifesto	O
published	O
in	O
a	O
1962	O
report	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
Engelbart	O
envisioned	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
as	O
a	O
vehicle	O
for	O
user	O
interaction	O
with	O
computers	O
,	O
with	O
each	O
other	O
,	O
and	O
with	O
their	O
knowledge	O
,	O
all	O
in	O
a	O
vast	O
virtual	O
information	O
space	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
1965	O
report	O
,	O
Engelbart	O
published	O
his	O
early	O
experiments	O
with	O
pointing	O
devices	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
computer	B-Device
mouse	I-Device
,	O
for	O
composing	O
and	O
editing	O
on	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
display	O
workstations	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Engelbart	O
's	O
work	O
on	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
at	O
SRI	O
migrated	O
directly	O
to	O
Xerox	O
PARC	O
,	O
from	O
there	O
to	O
Apple	O
,	O
and	O
out	O
into	O
the	O
mainstream	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
the	O
tree	O
of	O
evolution	O
for	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
generally	O
traces	O
back	O
to	O
Engelbart	O
's	O
lab	O
at	O
SRI	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
need	O
for	O
constant	O
user	O
interaction	O
in	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
systems	O
makes	O
it	O
different	O
in	O
many	O
ways	O
from	O
batch	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Areas	O
of	O
current	O
research	O
include	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
novel	O
programming	O
models	O
and	O
achieving	O
information	O
security	O
and	O
reliability	O
in	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
IPython	B-Application
is	O
a	O
software	O
system	O
for	O
scientific	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
,	O
supporting	O
data	O
visualization	O
,	O
event-driven	B-Application
programming	I-Application
and	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
related	O
GUI	O
toolkits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Georgia	O
Institute	O
of	O
Technology	O
's	O
School	O
of	O
Interactive	B-General_Concept
Computing	I-General_Concept
formed	O
in	O
2007	O
,	O
offering	O
masters	O
and	O
doctoral	O
degrees	O
via	O
collaboration	O
with	O
more	O
than	O
40	O
faculties	O
.	O
</s>
