<s>
Interaction	B-General_Concept
design	I-General_Concept
,	O
often	O
abbreviated	O
as	O
IxD	B-General_Concept
,	O
is	O
"	O
the	O
practice	O
of	O
designing	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
digital	O
products	O
,	O
environments	O
,	O
systems	O
,	O
and	O
services.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
interaction	B-General_Concept
design	I-General_Concept
has	O
an	O
interest	O
in	O
form	O
(	O
similar	O
to	O
other	O
design	O
fields	O
)	O
,	O
its	O
main	O
area	O
of	O
focus	O
rests	O
on	O
behavior	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rather	O
than	O
analyzing	O
how	O
things	O
are	O
,	O
interaction	B-General_Concept
design	I-General_Concept
synthesizes	O
and	O
imagines	O
things	O
as	O
they	O
could	O
be	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
element	O
of	O
interaction	B-General_Concept
design	I-General_Concept
is	O
what	O
characterizes	O
IxD	B-General_Concept
as	O
a	O
design	O
field	O
,	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
a	O
science	O
or	O
engineering	O
field	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interaction	B-General_Concept
design	I-General_Concept
borrows	O
from	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
fields	O
like	O
psychology	O
,	O
human-computer	O
interaction	O
,	O
information	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
user	O
research	O
to	O
create	O
designs	O
that	O
are	O
tailored	O
to	O
the	O
needs	O
and	O
preferences	O
of	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
disciplines	O
such	O
as	O
software	O
engineering	O
have	O
a	O
heavy	O
focus	O
on	O
designing	O
for	O
technical	O
stakeholders	O
,	O
interaction	B-General_Concept
design	I-General_Concept
is	O
focused	O
on	O
meeting	O
the	O
needs	O
and	O
optimizing	O
the	O
experience	O
of	O
users	O
,	O
within	O
relevant	O
technical	O
or	O
business	O
constraints	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
interaction	B-General_Concept
design	I-General_Concept
was	O
coined	O
by	O
Bill	O
Moggridge	O
and	O
Bill	O
Verplank	O
in	O
the	O
mid-1980s	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
took	O
10	O
years	O
before	O
the	O
concept	O
started	O
to	O
take	O
hold	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
Verplank	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
an	O
adaptation	O
of	O
the	O
computer	O
science	O
term	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
design	O
for	O
the	O
industrial	O
design	O
profession	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
programs	O
in	O
design	O
for	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
technologies	O
were	O
the	O
Visible	O
Language	O
Workshop	O
,	O
started	O
by	O
Muriel	O
Cooper	O
at	O
MIT	O
in	O
1975	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Interactive	B-General_Concept
Telecommunications	O
Program	O
founded	O
at	O
NYU	O
in	O
1979	O
by	O
Martin	O
Elton	O
and	O
later	O
headed	O
by	O
Red	O
Burns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
academic	O
program	O
officially	O
named	O
"	O
Interaction	B-General_Concept
Design	I-General_Concept
"	O
was	O
established	O
at	O
Carnegie	O
Mellon	O
University	O
in	O
1994	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
Master	O
of	O
Design	O
in	O
Interaction	B-General_Concept
Design	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2001	O
,	O
Crampton	O
Smith	O
helped	O
found	O
the	O
Interaction	B-General_Concept
Design	I-General_Concept
Institute	O
Ivrea	O
(	O
IDII	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
specialized	O
institute	O
in	O
Olivetti	O
's	O
hometown	O
in	O
Northern	O
Italy	O
,	O
dedicated	O
solely	O
to	O
interaction	B-General_Concept
design	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2007	O
,	O
after	O
IDII	O
closed	O
due	O
to	O
a	O
lack	O
of	O
funding	O
,	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
people	O
originally	O
involved	O
with	O
IDII	O
set	O
up	O
the	O
Copenhagen	O
Institute	O
of	O
Interaction	B-General_Concept
Design	I-General_Concept
(	O
CIID	O
)	O
,	O
in	O
Denmark	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
Ivrea	O
,	O
Crampton	O
Smith	O
and	O
Philip	O
Tabor	O
added	O
the	O
Interaction	B-General_Concept
Design	I-General_Concept
(	O
IxD	B-General_Concept
)	O
track	O
in	O
the	O
Visual	O
and	O
Multimedia	O
Communication	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Venice	O
,	O
Italy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1998	O
,	O
the	O
Swedish	O
Foundation	O
for	O
Strategic	O
Research	O
founded	O
The	O
Interactive	B-General_Concept
Institute	O
—	O
a	O
Swedish	O
research	O
institute	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
interaction	B-General_Concept
design	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Alan	O
Cooper	O
argues	O
in	O
The	O
Inmates	O
Are	O
Running	O
the	O
Asylum	O
that	O
we	O
need	O
a	O
new	O
approach	O
to	O
solving	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
software-based	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Usability	B-General_Concept
answers	O
the	O
question	O
"	O
can	O
someone	O
use	O
this	O
interface	O
?	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jakob	O
Nielsen	O
describes	O
usability	B-General_Concept
as	O
the	O
quality	O
attribute	O
that	O
describes	O
how	O
usable	B-General_Concept
the	O
interface	O
is	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shneiderman	O
proposes	O
principles	O
for	O
designing	O
more	O
usable	B-General_Concept
interfaces	O
called	O
"	O
Eight	O
Golden	O
Rules	O
of	O
Interface	O
Design	O
"	O
—	O
which	O
are	O
well-known	O
heuristics	O
for	O
creating	O
usable	B-General_Concept
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
provide	O
a	O
common	O
vocabulary	O
for	O
discussing	O
notation	O
,	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
or	O
programming	O
language	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
method	O
that	O
can	O
help	O
convey	O
such	O
aspects	O
is	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
dynamic	O
icons	O
,	O
animations	O
and	O
sound	O
to	O
help	O
communicate	O
,	O
creating	O
a	O
sense	O
of	O
interactivity	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Studies	O
showed	O
that	O
affective	O
aspects	O
can	O
affect	O
perceptions	O
of	O
usability	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
dimensions	O
of	O
interaction	B-General_Concept
design	I-General_Concept
were	O
introduced	O
in	O
Moggridge	O
's	O
book	O
Designing	O
Interactions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Crampton	O
Smith	O
wrote	O
that	O
interaction	B-General_Concept
design	I-General_Concept
draws	O
on	O
four	O
existing	O
design	O
languages	O
,	O
1D	O
,	O
2D	O
,	O
3D	O
,	O
4D	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Interaction	B-General_Concept
Design	I-General_Concept
Association	O
was	O
created	O
in	O
2003	O
to	O
serve	O
the	O
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IxDA	O
hosts	O
Interaction	O
the	O
annual	O
interaction	B-General_Concept
design	I-General_Concept
conference	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Interaction	O
Awards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
core	O
principles	O
of	O
industrial	O
design	O
overlap	O
with	O
those	O
of	O
interaction	B-General_Concept
design	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Industrial	O
designers	O
use	O
their	O
knowledge	O
of	O
physical	O
form	O
,	O
color	O
,	O
aesthetics	O
,	O
human	O
perception	O
and	O
desire	O
,	O
and	O
usability	B-General_Concept
to	O
create	O
a	O
fit	O
of	O
an	O
object	O
with	O
the	O
person	O
using	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Certain	O
basic	O
principles	O
of	O
ergonomics	O
provide	O
grounding	O
for	O
interaction	B-General_Concept
design	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Certain	O
basic	O
principles	O
of	O
cognitive	O
psychology	O
provide	O
grounding	O
for	O
interaction	B-General_Concept
design	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
include	O
mental	O
models	O
,	O
mapping	O
,	O
interface	B-Architecture
metaphors	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
affordances	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Academic	O
research	O
in	O
human	O
–	O
computer	O
interaction	O
(	O
HCI	O
)	O
includes	O
methods	O
for	O
describing	O
and	O
testing	O
the	O
usability	B-General_Concept
of	O
interacting	O
with	O
an	O
interface	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
cognitive	O
dimensions	O
and	O
the	O
cognitive	O
walkthrough	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interaction	B-General_Concept
designers	I-General_Concept
are	O
typically	O
informed	O
through	O
iterative	O
cycles	O
of	O
user	O
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
design	O
with	O
an	O
emphasis	O
on	O
user	O
goals	O
and	O
experience	O
,	O
and	O
evaluate	O
designs	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
usability	B-General_Concept
and	O
affective	O
influence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
interaction	B-General_Concept
designers	I-General_Concept
increasingly	O
deal	O
with	O
ubiquitous	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
urban	O
informatics	O
and	O
urban	B-Device
computing	I-Device
,	O
the	O
architects	O
 '	O
ability	O
to	O
make	O
,	O
place	O
,	O
and	O
create	O
context	O
becomes	O
a	O
point	O
of	O
contact	O
between	O
the	O
disciplines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
design	O
and	O
experience	B-Application
design	I-Application
,	O
interaction	B-General_Concept
design	I-General_Concept
is	O
often	O
associated	O
with	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
system	O
interfaces	O
in	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
media	O
but	O
concentrates	O
on	O
the	O
aspects	O
of	O
the	O
interface	O
that	O
define	O
and	O
present	O
its	O
behavior	O
over	O
time	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
focus	O
on	O
developing	O
the	O
system	O
to	O
respond	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
experience	O
and	O
not	O
the	O
other	O
way	O
around	O
.	O
</s>
