<s>
The	O
InterPlanetary	B-Protocol
File	I-Protocol
System	I-Protocol
(	O
IPFS	B-Protocol
)	O
is	O
a	O
protocol	O
,	O
hypermedia	O
and	O
file	O
sharing	O
peer-to-peer	O
network	O
for	O
storing	O
and	O
sharing	O
data	O
in	O
a	O
distributed	B-Protocol
file	I-Protocol
system	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
IPFS	B-Protocol
uses	O
content-addressing	B-Data_Structure
to	O
uniquely	O
identify	O
each	O
file	O
in	O
a	O
global	B-General_Concept
namespace	I-General_Concept
connecting	O
IPFS	B-Protocol
hosts	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
IPFS	B-Protocol
can	O
among	O
others	O
replace	O
the	O
location	O
based	O
hypermedia	O
server	O
protocols	O
http	B-Protocol
and	O
https	B-Protocol
to	O
distribute	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IPFS	B-Protocol
allows	O
users	O
to	O
host	O
and	O
receive	O
content	O
in	O
a	O
manner	O
similar	O
to	O
BitTorrent	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
opposed	O
to	O
a	O
centrally	O
located	O
server	O
,	O
IPFS	B-Protocol
is	O
built	O
around	O
a	O
decentralized	O
system	O
of	O
user-operators	O
who	O
hold	O
a	O
portion	O
of	O
the	O
overall	O
data	O
,	O
creating	O
a	O
resilient	O
system	O
of	O
file	O
storage	O
and	O
sharing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Any	O
user	O
in	O
the	O
network	O
can	O
serve	O
a	O
file	O
by	O
its	O
content	O
address	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
peers	O
in	O
the	O
network	O
can	O
find	O
and	O
request	O
that	O
content	O
from	O
any	O
node	O
who	O
has	O
it	O
using	O
a	O
distributed	B-Operating_System
hash	I-Operating_System
table	I-Operating_System
(	O
DHT	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
to	O
BitTorrent	B-Protocol
,	O
IPFS	B-Protocol
aims	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
single	O
global	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
means	O
that	O
if	O
two	O
users	O
publish	O
a	O
block	O
of	O
data	O
with	O
the	O
same	O
hash	B-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
peers	O
downloading	O
the	O
content	O
from	O
"	O
user	O
1	O
"	O
will	O
also	O
exchange	O
data	O
with	O
the	O
ones	O
downloading	O
it	O
from	O
"	O
user	O
2	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IPFS	B-Protocol
aims	O
to	O
replace	O
protocols	O
used	O
for	O
static	O
webpage	O
delivery	O
by	O
using	O
gateways	O
which	O
are	O
accessible	O
with	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
.	I-Protocol
</s>
<s>
Users	O
may	O
choose	O
not	O
to	O
install	O
an	O
IPFS	B-Protocol
client	O
on	O
their	O
device	O
and	O
instead	O
use	O
a	O
public	O
gateway	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
list	O
of	O
these	O
gateways	O
is	O
maintained	O
on	O
the	O
IPFS	B-Protocol
GitHub	B-Application
page	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IPFS	B-Protocol
was	O
created	O
by	O
Juan	O
Benet	O
,	O
who	O
later	O
founded	O
Protocol	B-Protocol
Labs	I-Protocol
in	O
May	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IPFS	B-Protocol
was	O
launched	O
in	O
an	O
alpha	O
version	O
in	O
February	O
2015	O
,	O
and	O
by	O
October	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
year	O
was	O
described	O
by	O
TechCrunch	O
as	O
"	O
quickly	O
spreading	O
by	O
word	O
of	O
mouth.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Filecoin	B-Protocol
is	O
an	O
IPFS-based	O
cooperative	O
storage	O
cloud	O
,	O
also	O
authored	O
by	O
Protocol	B-Protocol
Labs	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloudflare	B-Application
runs	O
a	O
distributed	O
web	O
gateway	O
to	O
simplify	O
,	O
speed	O
up	O
,	O
and	O
secure	O
access	O
to	O
IPFS	B-Protocol
without	O
needing	O
a	O
local	O
node	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
's	O
self-sovereign	B-General_Concept
identity	I-General_Concept
system	O
,	O
Microsoft	B-General_Concept
ION	I-General_Concept
,	O
builds	O
on	O
the	O
Bitcoin	O
blockchain	O
and	O
IPFS	B-Protocol
through	O
a	O
Sidetree-based	O
DID	B-Protocol
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
shadow	O
libraries	O
Anna	O
's	O
Archive	O
and	O
Library	B-Library
Genesis	I-Library
also	O
deliver	O
books	O
via	O
IPFS	B-Protocol
,	O
enabling	O
the	O
largest	O
human	O
library	O
of	O
books	O
to	O
be	O
more	O
resilient	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Brave	B-Application
uses	O
Origin	O
Protocol	O
and	O
IPFS	B-Protocol
to	O
host	O
its	O
decentralized	O
merchandise	O
store	O
and	O
,	O
in	O
2021	O
,	O
added	O
support	O
into	O
their	O
browser	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Opera	B-Application
for	O
Android	O
has	O
default	O
support	O
for	O
IPFS	B-Protocol
,	O
allowing	O
mobile	O
users	O
to	O
browse	O
links	O
to	O
access	O
data	O
on	O
the	O
IPFS	B-Protocol
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Filebase	O
is	O
a	O
geo-redundant	O
IPFS	B-Protocol
Pinning	O
Service	O
that	O
pins	O
each	O
file	O
to	O
the	O
IPFS	B-Protocol
network	O
with	O
3	O
redundant	O
copies	O
stored	O
across	O
diverse	O
geographic	O
locations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Subsequently	O
,	O
the	O
Catalan	O
Pirate	O
Party	O
mirrored	O
the	O
website	O
on	O
IPFS	B-Protocol
to	O
bypass	O
the	O
High	O
Court	O
of	O
Justice	O
of	O
Catalonia	O
order	O
of	O
blocking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
block	O
of	O
Wikipedia	O
in	O
Turkey	O
,	O
IPFS	B-Protocol
was	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
mirror	O
of	O
Wikipedia	O
,	O
which	O
allowed	O
access	O
to	O
archived	O
static	O
Wikipedia	O
content	O
despite	O
the	O
ban	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
collection	O
of	O
the	O
mirrors	O
can	O
be	O
viewed	O
by	O
using	O
its	O
CID	O
at	O
an	O
IPFS	B-Protocol
Gateway	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Phishing	O
attacks	O
have	O
also	O
been	O
distributed	O
through	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
's	O
IPFS	B-Protocol
gateway	O
since	O
July	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
phishing	O
scam	O
HTML	O
is	O
stored	O
on	O
IPFS	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
displayed	O
via	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
's	O
gateway	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
connection	O
shows	O
as	O
secure	O
via	O
a	O
Cloudflare	B-Application
SSL	B-Protocol
certificate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IPStorm	O
botnet	B-Architecture
,	O
first	O
detected	O
in	O
June	O
2019	O
,	O
uses	O
IPFS	B-Protocol
so	O
it	O
can	O
hide	O
its	O
command-and-control	O
amongst	O
the	O
flow	O
of	O
legitimate	O
data	O
on	O
the	O
IPFS	B-Protocol
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Security	O
researchers	O
had	O
worked	O
out	O
previously	O
the	O
theoretical	O
possibility	O
of	O
using	O
IPFS	B-Protocol
as	O
a	O
botnet	B-Architecture
command-and-control	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
