<s>
In	O
computer	B-General_Concept
programming	I-General_Concept
,	O
Intentional	B-Application
Programming	I-Application
is	O
a	O
programming	O
paradigm	O
developed	O
by	O
Charles	O
Simonyi	O
that	O
encodes	O
in	O
software	O
source	O
code	O
the	O
precise	O
intention	O
which	O
programmers	O
(	O
or	O
users	O
)	O
have	O
in	O
mind	O
when	O
conceiving	O
their	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
using	O
the	O
appropriate	O
level	O
of	O
abstraction	B-Application
at	O
which	O
the	O
programmer	O
is	O
thinking	O
,	O
creating	O
and	O
maintaining	O
computer	B-Application
programs	I-Application
become	O
easier	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
separating	O
the	O
concerns	O
for	O
intentions	O
and	O
how	O
they	O
are	O
being	O
operated	O
upon	O
,	O
the	O
software	O
becomes	O
more	O
modular	O
and	O
allows	O
for	O
more	O
reusable	O
software	B-Application
code	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intentional	B-Application
Programming	I-Application
was	O
developed	O
by	O
former	O
Microsoft	O
chief	O
architect	O
Charles	O
Simonyi	O
,	O
who	O
led	O
a	O
team	O
in	O
Microsoft	O
Research	O
,	O
which	O
developed	O
the	O
paradigm	O
and	O
built	O
an	O
integrated	B-Application
development	I-Application
environment	I-Application
(	O
IDE	O
)	O
called	O
IP	O
(	O
for	O
Intentional	B-Application
Programming	I-Application
)	O
that	O
demonstrated	O
the	O
paradigm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
decided	O
not	O
to	O
productize	O
the	O
Intentional	B-Application
Programming	I-Application
paradigm	O
,	O
as	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
2000s	O
Microsoft	O
was	O
rolling	O
out	O
C#	O
and	O
.NET	O
to	O
counter	O
Java	B-Language
adoption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
licensed	O
the	O
Intentional	B-Application
Programming	I-Application
patents	O
Simonyi	O
had	O
acquired	O
while	O
at	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
but	O
no	O
source	O
code	O
,	O
to	O
Intentional	O
Software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
overview	O
of	O
Intentional	B-Application
Programming	I-Application
as	O
it	O
was	O
developed	O
at	O
Microsoft	O
Research	O
is	O
given	O
in	O
Chapter	O
11	O
of	O
the	O
book	O
Generative	O
Programming	O
:	O
Methods	O
,	O
Tools	O
,	O
and	O
Applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
envisioned	O
by	O
Simonyi	O
,	O
developing	O
a	O
new	O
application	O
via	O
the	O
Intentional	B-Application
Programming	I-Application
paradigm	O
proceeds	O
as	O
follows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
programmer	O
builds	O
a	O
WYSIWYG-like	O
environment	O
supporting	O
the	O
schema	O
and	O
notation	O
of	O
business	O
knowledge	O
for	O
a	O
given	O
problem	O
domain	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
productivity	O
applications	O
or	O
life	O
insurance	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
then	O
use	O
this	O
environment	O
to	O
capture	O
their	O
intentions	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
recorded	O
at	O
high	O
level	O
of	O
abstraction	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
environment	O
can	O
operate	O
on	O
these	O
intentions	O
and	O
assist	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
create	O
semantically	O
richer	O
documents	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
processed	O
and	O
executed	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
a	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
recorded	O
knowledge	O
is	O
executed	O
by	O
an	O
evaluator	O
or	O
is	O
compiled	B-Language
to	O
generate	O
the	O
final	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Successive	O
changes	O
are	O
done	O
at	O
the	O
WYSIWYG	B-Application
level	O
only	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
opposed	O
to	O
word	O
processors	O
,	O
spreadsheets	B-Application
or	O
presentation	O
software	O
,	O
an	O
Intentional	O
environment	O
has	O
more	O
support	O
for	O
structure	O
and	O
semantics	O
of	O
the	O
intentions	O
to	O
be	O
expressed	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
create	O
interactive	O
documents	O
that	O
capture	O
more	O
richly	O
what	O
the	O
user	O
is	O
trying	O
to	O
accomplish	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
special	O
case	O
is	O
when	O
the	O
content	O
is	O
program	B-Language
code	I-Language
,	O
and	O
the	O
environment	O
becomes	O
an	O
intelligent	O
IDE	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Key	O
to	O
the	O
benefits	O
of	O
Intentional	B-Application
Programming	I-Application
is	O
that	O
domain	O
code	O
which	O
capture	O
the	O
intentions	O
are	O
not	O
stored	O
in	O
source	O
code	O
text	B-General_Concept
files	I-General_Concept
,	O
but	O
in	O
a	O
tree-based	O
storage	O
(	O
could	O
be	O
binary	O
or	O
XML	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tight	O
integration	O
of	O
the	O
environment	O
with	O
the	O
storage	O
format	O
brings	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
nicer	O
features	O
of	O
database	B-Application
normalization	I-Application
to	O
source	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
radical	O
visualizations	O
include	O
showing	O
statement	O
lists	O
as	O
nested	O
boxes	O
,	O
editing	O
conditional	B-Language
expressions	I-Language
as	O
logic	O
gates	O
,	O
or	O
re-rendering	O
names	O
in	O
Chinese	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
uses	O
a	O
normalized	O
language	O
for	O
popular	O
languages	O
like	O
C++	B-Language
and	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
while	O
letting	O
users	O
of	O
the	O
environment	O
mix	O
and	O
match	O
these	O
with	O
ideas	O
from	O
Eiffel	B-Language
and	O
other	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Often	O
mentioned	O
in	O
the	O
same	O
context	O
as	O
language-oriented	B-Application
programming	I-Application
via	O
domain-specific	B-Language
languages	I-Language
,	O
and	O
aspect-oriented	B-Architecture
programming	I-Architecture
,	O
IP	O
purports	O
to	O
provide	O
some	O
breakthroughs	O
in	O
generative	O
programming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
techniques	O
allow	O
developers	O
to	O
extend	O
the	O
language	O
environment	O
to	O
capture	O
domain-specific	O
constructs	O
without	O
investing	O
in	O
writing	O
a	O
full	O
compiler	B-Language
and	O
editor	O
for	O
any	O
new	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Java	B-Language
program	O
that	O
writes	O
out	O
the	O
numbers	O
from	O
1	O
to	O
10	O
,	O
using	O
a	O
curly	O
bracket	O
syntax	O
,	O
might	O
look	O
like	O
this	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
code	O
,	O
when	O
compiled	B-Language
,	O
linked	O
and	O
run	O
,	O
will	O
loop	O
10	O
times	O
,	O
incrementing	O
the	O
value	O
of	O
i	O
each	O
time	O
after	O
printing	O
it	O
out	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
intentional	B-Application
programming	I-Application
systems	O
the	O
above	O
loop	O
could	O
be	O
represented	O
,	O
at	O
some	O
level	O
,	O
as	O
something	O
as	O
obvious	O
as	O
"	O
print	O
the	O
numbers	O
1	O
to	O
10	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
key	O
difference	O
is	O
that	O
the	O
intentional	B-Application
programming	I-Application
systems	O
maintain	O
the	O
semantic	O
level	O
,	O
which	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
lacks	O
,	O
and	O
which	O
can	O
dramatically	O
ease	O
readability	O
in	O
larger	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
most	O
languages	O
contain	O
mechanisms	O
for	O
capturing	O
certain	O
kinds	O
of	O
abstraction	B-Application
,	O
IP	O
,	O
like	O
the	O
Lisp	B-Language
family	I-Language
of	O
languages	O
,	O
allows	O
for	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
entirely	O
new	O
mechanisms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
if	O
a	O
developer	O
started	O
with	O
a	O
language	O
like	O
C	B-Language
,	O
they	O
would	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
extend	O
the	O
language	O
with	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
those	O
in	O
C++	B-Language
without	O
waiting	O
for	O
the	O
compiler	B-Language
developers	O
to	O
add	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
most	O
programming	O
languages	O
represent	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
as	O
plain	O
text	O
,	O
objects	O
are	O
defined	O
by	O
names	O
,	O
and	O
their	O
uniqueness	O
has	O
to	O
be	O
inferred	O
by	O
the	O
compiler	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
major	O
advantage	O
of	O
this	O
is	O
that	O
if	O
an	O
entity	O
is	O
renamed	O
,	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
references	O
to	O
it	O
in	O
the	O
program	O
remain	O
valid	O
(	O
known	O
as	O
referential	B-General_Concept
integrity	I-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Having	O
a	O
unique	O
identity	O
for	O
every	O
defined	O
object	O
in	O
the	O
program	O
also	O
makes	O
it	O
easy	O
to	O
perform	O
automated	O
refactoring	O
tasks	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
simplifying	O
code	O
check-ins	O
in	O
versioning	B-Architecture
systems	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Git	B-Application
)	O
,	O
when	O
two	O
programmers	O
commit	O
changes	O
that	O
conflict	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
if	O
one	O
programmer	O
renames	O
a	O
function	O
while	O
another	O
changes	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
lines	O
in	O
that	O
function	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
versioning	B-Architecture
system	I-Architecture
will	O
think	O
that	O
one	O
programmer	O
created	O
a	O
new	O
function	O
while	O
another	O
modified	O
an	O
old	O
function	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
IP	O
versioning	B-Architecture
system	I-Architecture
,	O
it	O
will	O
know	O
that	O
one	O
programmer	O
merely	O
changed	O
a	O
name	O
while	O
another	O
changed	O
the	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
projects	O
that	O
exploit	O
similar	O
ideas	O
to	O
create	O
code	O
with	O
higher	O
level	O
of	O
abstraction	B-Application
.	O
</s>
