<s>
The	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
home	B-Device
video	I-Device
game	I-Device
console	I-Device
released	O
by	O
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
in	O
1979	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Development	O
began	O
in	O
1977	O
,	O
the	O
same	O
year	O
as	O
the	O
launch	O
of	O
its	O
main	O
competitor	O
,	O
the	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
2600	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1984	O
,	O
Mattel	O
sold	O
its	O
video	O
game	O
assets	O
to	O
a	O
former	O
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
executive	O
and	O
investors	O
,	O
eventually	O
becoming	O
INTV	B-Operating_System
Corporation	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Game	O
development	O
ran	O
from	O
1978	O
to	O
1990	O
when	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
was	O
discontinued	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2009	O
,	O
IGN	O
ranked	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
No	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
14	O
of	O
the	O
greatest	O
video	B-Application
game	I-Application
consoles	I-Application
of	O
all	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
remained	O
Mattel	O
's	O
only	O
video	B-Application
game	I-Application
console	I-Application
until	O
the	O
HyperScan	B-Device
in	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
was	O
developed	O
at	O
Mattel	O
in	O
Hawthorne	O
,	O
California	O
along	O
with	O
the	O
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
line	O
of	O
handheld	B-Application
electronic	I-Application
games	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
consultant	O
,	O
APh	B-Operating_System
Technological	I-Operating_System
Consulting	I-Operating_System
,	O
suggested	O
a	O
General	O
Instrument	O
chipset	O
,	O
listed	O
as	O
the	O
Gimini	O
programmable	O
set	O
in	O
the	O
GI	O
1977	O
catalog	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
was	O
introduced	O
at	O
the	O
1979	O
Las	O
Vegas	O
CES	O
in	O
January	O
as	O
a	O
modular	O
home	O
computer	O
with	O
the	O
Master	O
Component	O
priced	O
at	O
and	O
a	O
soon-to-follow	O
Keyboard	O
Component	O
also	O
at	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
shortage	O
of	O
key	O
chips	O
from	O
manufacturer	O
General	O
Instrument	O
resulted	O
in	O
a	O
limited	O
number	O
of	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
Master	O
Components	O
produced	O
that	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Fall	O
1979	O
,	O
Sylvania	O
marketed	O
its	O
own	O
branded	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
at	O
in	O
its	O
GTE	O
stores	O
at	O
Philadelphia	O
,	O
Baltimore	O
,	O
and	O
Washington	O
,	O
D.C.	O
On	O
December	O
3	O
,	O
Mattel	O
delivered	O
consoles	O
to	O
the	O
Gottschalks	O
department	O
store	O
chain	O
headquartered	O
in	O
Fresno	O
,	O
California	O
with	O
a	O
suggested	O
list	O
price	O
of	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
was	O
also	O
listed	O
in	O
the	O
nationally	O
distributed	O
JCPenney	O
Christmas	O
1979	O
catalog	O
along	O
with	O
seven	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
in	O
stores	O
nationwide	O
by	O
mid-1980	O
with	O
the	O
pack-in	O
game	O
Las	O
Vegas	O
Poker	O
&	O
Blackjack	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
library	O
of	O
ten	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
became	O
a	O
subsidiary	O
in	O
1981	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
is	O
not	O
the	O
first	O
system	O
to	O
have	O
challenged	O
Warner	O
Communications	O
's	O
Atari	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
have	O
posed	O
a	O
serious	O
threat	O
to	O
the	O
market	O
leader	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
series	O
of	O
advertisements	O
starring	O
George	O
Plimpton	O
use	O
side-by-side	O
game	O
comparisons	O
to	O
demonstrate	O
the	O
superior	O
graphics	O
and	O
sound	O
of	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
over	O
the	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
2600	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
slogan	O
calls	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
"	O
the	O
closest	O
thing	O
to	O
the	O
real	O
thing	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
example	O
compares	O
golf	B-Application
games	O
where	O
the	O
other	O
console	O
's	O
games	O
have	O
a	O
blip	O
sound	O
and	O
cruder	O
graphics	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
features	O
a	O
realistic	O
swing	O
sound	O
and	O
striking	O
of	O
the	O
ball	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
more	O
3D	O
look	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
an	O
advertisement	O
comparing	O
to	O
the	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
2600	I-General_Concept
,	O
with	O
the	O
slogan	O
"	O
I	O
did	O
n't	O
know	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
its	O
first	O
year	O
,	O
Mattel	O
sold	O
out	O
its	O
initial	O
175,000	O
production	O
run	O
of	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
Master	O
Components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1981	O
,	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
million	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
consoles	O
were	O
sold	O
,	O
five	O
times	O
as	O
many	O
as	O
in	O
1980	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
Master	O
Component	O
was	O
branded	O
and	O
distributed	O
by	O
various	O
companies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
Mattel	O
shifted	O
manufacturing	O
to	O
Hong	O
Kong	O
,	O
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Intellivision	I-Operating_System
consoles	O
were	O
manufactured	O
by	O
GTE	O
Sylvania	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GTE	O
Sylvania	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
consoles	O
were	O
produced	O
along	O
with	O
Mattel	O
's	O
,	O
differing	O
only	O
by	O
the	O
brand	O
name	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Sears	O
Super	B-Operating_System
Video	I-Operating_System
Arcade	I-Operating_System
,	O
manufactured	O
by	O
Mattel	O
in	O
Hong	O
Kong	O
,	O
has	O
a	O
restyled	O
beige	O
top	O
cover	O
and	O
detachable	O
controllers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
default	O
title	O
screen	O
lacks	O
the	O
"	O
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
"	O
captioning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1982	O
,	O
Radio	O
Shack	O
marketed	O
the	O
Tandyvision	B-Operating_System
One	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
original	O
console	O
but	O
with	O
the	O
gold	O
plates	O
replaced	O
with	O
more	O
wood	O
trim	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Japan	O
,	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
consoles	O
were	O
branded	O
by	O
Bandai	O
in	O
1982	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
Brazil	O
there	O
were	O
Digimed	O
and	O
Digiplay	O
consoles	O
manufactured	O
by	O
Sharp	O
in	O
1983	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inside	O
every	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
console	O
is	O
4K	O
of	O
ROM	B-Device
containing	O
the	O
Exec	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
provides	O
two	O
benefits	O
:	O
reusable	O
code	O
that	O
can	O
effectively	O
make	O
a	O
4K	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
an	O
8K	O
game	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
software	B-Architecture
framework	I-Architecture
for	O
new	O
programmers	O
to	O
develop	O
games	O
more	O
easily	O
and	O
quickly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Under	O
the	O
supervision	O
of	O
David	O
Rolfe	O
at	O
APh	O
,	O
and	O
with	O
graphics	O
from	O
Mattel	O
artist	O
Dave	O
James	O
,	O
APh	O
was	O
able	O
to	O
quickly	O
create	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
launch	O
game	O
library	O
using	O
mostly	O
summer	O
students	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
games	O
that	O
leverage	O
the	O
Exec	O
run	O
at	O
a	O
20Hz	O
frame	O
rate	O
instead	O
of	O
the	O
60Hz	O
frame	O
rate	O
for	O
which	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
was	O
designed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
the	O
Exec	O
framework	O
is	O
optional	O
,	O
but	O
almost	O
all	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
games	O
released	O
by	O
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
use	O
it	O
,	O
and	O
thus	O
run	O
at	O
20Hz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
limited	O
ROM	B-Device
space	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
years	O
of	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
game	O
releases	O
also	O
means	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
space	O
for	O
a	O
computer	O
player	O
,	O
so	O
many	O
early	O
multiplayer	O
games	O
require	O
two	O
human	O
players	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
,	O
all	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
games	O
were	O
programmed	O
by	O
an	O
outside	O
firm	O
,	O
APh	B-Operating_System
Technological	I-Operating_System
Consulting	I-Operating_System
,	O
with	O
19	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
produced	O
before	O
Christmas	O
1980	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
project	O
became	O
successful	O
,	O
software	O
development	O
was	O
brought	O
in-house	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
five	O
members	O
of	O
that	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
team	O
were	O
Mike	O
Minkoff	O
,	O
Rick	O
Levine	O
,	O
John	O
Sohl	O
,	O
Don	O
Daglow	O
,	O
and	O
manager	O
Gabriel	O
Baum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
in	O
1982	O
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
relocated	O
from	O
Mattel	O
headquarters	O
to	O
an	O
unused	O
industrial	O
building	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
was	O
not	O
marketed	O
as	O
a	O
toy	O
;	O
as	O
such	O
,	O
games	O
such	O
as	O
Sea	O
Battle	O
and	O
B-17	B-Application
Bomber	I-Application
are	O
not	O
made	O
in	O
the	O
pick-up-and-play	O
format	O
like	O
arcade	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Every	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
produced	O
by	O
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
includes	O
two	O
plastic	O
controller	B-Device
overlays	O
to	O
help	O
navigate	O
the	O
12-button	O
keypad	O
,	O
although	O
not	O
every	O
game	O
uses	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
network	O
concept	O
was	O
dropped	O
in	O
1983	O
,	O
as	O
was	O
the	O
convenient	O
gate-fold	O
style	O
box	O
for	O
storing	O
the	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
,	O
instructions	O
,	O
and	O
overlays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
in	O
1981	O
programmers	O
looking	O
for	O
credit	O
and	O
royalties	O
on	O
sales	O
began	O
leaving	O
both	O
APh	O
and	O
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
to	O
create	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
cartridges	B-Protocol
for	O
third-party	O
publishers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cheshire	O
Engineering	O
was	O
formed	O
by	O
a	O
few	O
senior	O
APh	O
programmers	O
including	O
David	O
Rolfe	O
,	O
author	O
of	O
the	O
Exec	O
,	O
and	O
Tom	O
Loughry	O
,	O
creator	O
of	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
games	O
Advanced	B-Application
Dungeons	I-Application
and	I-Application
Dragons	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cheshire	O
created	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
games	O
for	O
Activision	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Third-party	O
developers	O
Activision	O
,	O
Imagic	O
,	O
and	O
Coleco	O
started	O
producing	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
cartridges	B-Protocol
in	O
1982	O
,	O
and	O
Atari	O
,	O
Parker	O
Brothers	O
,	O
Sega	O
,	O
and	O
Interphase	O
followed	O
in	O
1983	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
third-party	O
developers	O
,	O
not	O
having	O
legal	O
access	O
to	O
Exec	O
knowledge	O
,	O
often	O
bypassed	O
the	O
Exec	O
framework	O
to	O
create	O
smooth	O
30Hz	O
and	O
60Hz	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
games	O
such	O
as	O
The	O
Dreadnaught	O
Factor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cheaper	O
ROM	B-Device
prices	O
also	O
allowed	O
for	O
progressively	O
larger	O
games	O
as	O
8K	O
,	O
12K	O
,	O
and	O
16K	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
became	O
common	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
game	O
to	O
run	O
at	O
60Hz	O
is	O
Masters	O
of	O
the	O
Universe	O
in	O
1983	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
had	O
a	O
competitive	O
advantage	O
in	O
its	O
team	O
of	O
experienced	O
and	O
talented	O
programmers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Don	O
Daglow	O
was	O
a	O
key	O
early	O
programmer	O
at	O
Mattel	O
and	O
became	O
director	O
of	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
game	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Daglow	O
created	O
Utopia	B-Application
,	O
a	O
precursor	O
to	O
the	O
sim	B-Application
genre	I-Application
and	O
,	O
with	O
Eddie	O
Dombrower	O
,	O
the	O
ground	O
breaking	O
sports	O
simulation	O
World	B-Application
Series	I-Application
Major	I-Application
League	I-Application
Baseball	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Daglow	O
was	O
also	O
involved	O
with	O
the	O
popular	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
games	O
Tron	O
Deadly	O
Discs	O
and	O
Shark	O
!	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
closed	O
in	O
1984	O
,	O
its	O
programmers	O
continued	O
to	O
make	O
significant	O
contributions	O
to	O
the	O
videogame	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Don	O
Daglow	O
and	O
Eddie	O
Dombrower	O
went	O
on	O
to	O
Electronic	O
Arts	O
to	O
create	O
Earl	B-Application
Weaver	I-Application
Baseball	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Don	O
Daglow	O
founded	O
Stormfront	O
Studios	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
was	O
designed	O
as	O
a	O
modular	O
home	O
computer	O
;	O
so	O
,	O
from	O
the	O
beginning	O
,	O
its	O
packaging	O
,	O
promotional	O
materials	O
,	O
and	O
television	O
commercials	O
promised	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
a	O
forthcoming	O
accessory	O
called	O
the	O
Keyboard	O
Component	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Not	O
meant	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
hobbyist	O
or	O
business	O
computer	O
,	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
home	O
computer	O
was	O
meant	O
to	O
run	O
pre-programmed	O
software	O
and	O
bring	O
"	O
data	O
flow	O
"	O
(	O
Videotex	B-Operating_System
)	O
into	O
the	O
home	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Keyboard	O
Component	O
adds	O
an	O
8-bit	O
6502	B-General_Concept
processor	I-General_Concept
,	O
making	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
a	O
dual-processor	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
16K	O
10-bit	O
shared	O
RAM	B-Architecture
that	O
can	O
load	O
and	O
execute	O
both	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
CP1610	O
and	O
6502	B-General_Concept
program	O
code	O
from	O
tape	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
large	O
amount	O
as	O
typical	O
contemporary	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
are	O
4K	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
high	O
resolution	O
40×24	O
monochrome	O
text	O
display	O
can	O
overlay	O
regular	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
graphics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
a	O
microphone	O
port	O
and	O
two	O
expansion	O
ports	O
for	O
peripherals	O
and	O
RAM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Microsoft	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
programming	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
uses	O
one	O
of	O
these	O
ports	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Expanded	O
memory	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
support	O
1000	O
pages	O
of	O
each	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
third	O
pass-through	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
port	O
is	O
for	O
regular	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
cartridges	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
uses	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
's	O
power	O
supply	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
40-column	O
thermal	O
printer	O
was	O
available	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
telephone	B-Application
modem	I-Application
was	O
planned	O
along	O
with	O
voice	B-Application
synthesis	I-Application
and	O
voice	O
recognition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Productivity	O
software	O
for	O
home	O
finances	O
,	O
personal	O
improvement	O
,	O
and	O
self	B-Application
education	I-Application
were	O
planned	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Programs	O
written	O
in	O
BASIC	B-Language
do	O
not	O
have	O
access	O
to	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
graphics	O
and	O
were	O
sold	O
at	O
a	O
lower	O
price	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Five	O
BASIC	B-Language
applications	O
were	O
released	O
on	O
tape	O
:	O
Family	O
Budgeting	O
,	O
Geography	O
Challenge	O
,	O
and	O
Crosswords	O
I	O
,	O
II	O
,	O
and	O
III	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
1980	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
test	O
marketed	O
in	O
Fresno	O
,	O
California	O
but	O
without	O
software	O
,	O
except	O
for	O
the	O
BASIC	B-Language
programming	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Complaints	O
from	O
consumers	O
who	O
had	O
chosen	O
to	O
buy	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
specifically	O
on	O
the	O
promise	O
of	O
a	O
"	O
coming	O
soon	O
"	O
personal-computer	O
upgrade	O
eventually	O
caught	O
the	O
attention	O
of	O
the	O
Federal	O
Trade	O
Commission	O
(	O
FTC	O
)	O
,	O
who	O
started	O
investigating	O
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
for	O
fraud	O
and	O
false	O
advertising	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mattel	O
provided	O
a	O
full	O
refund	O
,	O
but	O
customers	O
without	O
a	O
receipt	O
received	O
for	O
the	O
Keyboard	O
Component	O
,	O
for	O
the	O
BASIC	B-Language
cartridge	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
for	O
each	O
cassette	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
were	O
also	O
compensated	O
with	O
worth	O
of	O
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Others	O
were	O
used	O
by	O
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
programmers	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
their	O
development	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Keyboard	O
Component	O
could	O
be	O
interfaced	O
with	O
an	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
development	O
system	O
in	O
place	O
of	O
the	O
hand-built	O
Magus	O
board	O
RAM	B-Architecture
cartridge	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
transfer	O
to	O
the	O
Keyboard	O
Component	O
RAM	B-Architecture
is	O
done	O
serially	O
and	O
is	O
slower	O
than	O
the	O
Magus	O
board	O
parallel	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
set	O
up	O
a	O
competing	O
internal	O
engineering	O
team	O
whose	O
stated	O
mission	O
was	O
to	O
produce	O
an	O
inexpensive	O
add-on	O
called	O
the	O
"	O
Basic	B-Language
Development	O
System	O
"	O
,	O
or	O
BDS	O
,	O
to	O
be	O
sold	O
as	O
an	O
educational	O
device	O
to	O
introduce	O
kids	O
to	O
the	O
concepts	O
of	O
computer	O
programming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gone	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
was	O
the	O
16K	O
(	O
8MB	O
max	O
)	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
the	O
secondary	O
CPU	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
high	O
resolution	O
text	O
;	O
instead	O
,	O
the	O
ECS	O
offered	O
a	O
mere	O
2KB	O
RAM	B-Architecture
expansion	O
,	O
a	O
built-in	O
BASIC	B-Language
that	O
was	O
marginally	O
functional	O
,	O
plus	O
a	O
much-simplified	O
cassette	O
and	O
printer	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ultimately	O
,	O
this	O
fulfilled	O
the	O
original	O
promises	O
of	O
turning	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
into	O
a	O
computer	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
possible	O
to	O
write	O
programs	O
and	O
store	O
them	O
to	O
tape	O
,	O
and	O
interfacing	O
with	O
a	O
printer	O
well	O
enough	O
to	O
allow	O
Mattel	O
to	O
claim	O
that	O
they	O
had	O
delivered	O
the	O
promised	O
computer	O
upgrade	O
and	O
stop	O
the	O
FTC	O
's	O
mounting	O
fines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
even	O
offered	O
,	O
via	O
an	O
additional	O
sound	O
chip	O
(	O
AY-3-8917	B-Device
)	O
inside	O
the	O
ECS	O
module	O
and	O
an	O
optional	O
49-key	O
music	O
synthesizer	O
keyboard	O
,	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
turning	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
into	O
a	O
multi-voice	O
synthesizer	O
which	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
play	O
or	O
learn	O
music	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
time	O
the	O
ECS	O
made	O
its	O
retail	O
debut	O
as	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
Computer	O
Module	O
,	O
an	O
internal	O
shake-up	O
at	O
the	O
top	O
levels	O
of	O
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
 '	O
management	O
had	O
caused	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
focus	O
to	O
shift	O
away	O
from	O
hardware	O
add-ons	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
software	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
ECS	O
received	O
very	O
little	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
furthering	O
the	O
marketing	O
push	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Further	O
hardware	O
developments	O
,	O
including	O
a	O
planned	O
Program	O
Expander	O
that	O
would	O
have	O
added	O
another	O
16K	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
and	O
a	O
more	O
intricate	O
,	O
fully	O
featured	O
Extended-BASIC	O
to	O
the	O
system	O
,	O
were	O
halted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Four	O
player	O
games	O
were	O
in	O
development	O
when	O
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
closed	O
in	O
1984	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
World	O
Cup	O
Soccer	O
was	O
later	O
completed	O
and	O
released	O
in	O
1985	O
by	O
Dextel	O
in	O
Europe	O
and	O
then	O
INTV	B-Operating_System
Corporation	I-Operating_System
in	O
North	O
America	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1982	O
Mattel	O
introduced	O
the	O
Intellivoice	O
Voice	B-Application
Synthesis	I-Application
Module	O
,	O
a	O
speech	B-Application
synthesizer	I-Application
for	O
compatible	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
chipset	O
,	O
the	O
Intellivoice	O
chipset	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
General	O
Instrument	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
SP0256-012	B-Application
orator	O
chip	O
has	O
2KB	O
ROM	B-Device
inside	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
store	O
the	O
speech	O
for	O
numerical	O
digits	O
,	O
some	O
common	O
words	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
phrase	O
"	O
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
presents	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Speech	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
processed	O
from	O
the	O
Intellivoice	O
's	O
SP650	O
buffer	O
chip	O
,	O
stored	O
and	O
loaded	O
from	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
buffer	O
chip	O
has	O
its	O
own	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
Intellivoice	O
has	O
a	O
30-pin	O
expansion	O
port	O
under	O
a	O
removable	O
top	O
plate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
planned	O
to	O
use	O
that	O
connector	O
for	O
wireless	O
hand	O
controllers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
built	O
a	O
state	O
of	O
the	O
art	O
voice	O
processing	O
lab	O
to	O
produce	O
the	O
phrases	O
used	O
in	O
Intellivoice	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
speech	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
compressed	O
into	O
an	O
8K	O
or	O
12K	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
and	O
still	O
leave	O
room	O
for	O
a	O
game	O
was	O
limited	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intellivoice	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
Space	B-Application
Spartans	I-Application
and	O
B-17	B-Application
Bomber	I-Application
did	O
sell	O
about	O
300,000	O
copies	O
each	O
,	O
priced	O
a	O
few	O
dollars	O
more	O
than	O
regular	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
cartridges	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
children	O
's	O
title	O
called	O
Magic	O
Carousel	O
,	O
and	O
foreign	O
language	O
versions	O
of	O
Space	B-Application
Spartans	I-Application
were	O
completed	O
but	O
shelved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Four	O
Intellivoice	O
games	O
were	O
released	O
:	O
Space	B-Application
Spartans	I-Application
,	O
B-17	B-Application
Bomber	I-Application
,	O
Bomb	B-Application
Squad	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Tron	B-Application
:	I-Application
Solar	I-Application
Sailer	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
fifth	O
game	O
,	O
Intellivision	B-Application
World	I-Application
Series	I-Application
Major	I-Application
League	I-Application
Baseball	I-Application
,	O
developed	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Entertainment	O
Computer	O
System	O
series	O
,	O
also	O
supports	O
the	O
Intellivoice	O
if	O
both	O
the	O
ECS	O
and	O
Intellivoice	O
are	O
connected	O
concurrently	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
the	O
Intellivoice-specific	O
games	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
World	B-Application
Series	I-Application
Major	I-Application
League	I-Application
Baseball	I-Application
is	O
also	O
playable	O
without	O
the	O
Intellivoice	O
module	O
(	O
but	O
not	O
without	O
the	O
ECS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
spring	O
of	O
1983	O
,	O
Mattel	O
introduced	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
II	O
,	O
a	O
cheaper	O
,	O
more	O
compact	O
redesign	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
,	O
that	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
less	O
expensive	O
to	O
manufacture	O
and	O
service	O
,	O
with	O
updated	O
styling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
had	O
longer	O
controller	B-Device
cords	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
II	O
was	O
initially	O
released	O
without	O
a	O
pack-in	O
game	O
but	O
was	O
later	O
packaged	O
with	O
BurgerTime	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
and	O
Lock'N'Chase	O
in	O
Canada	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1984	O
the	O
Digiplay	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
II	O
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
Brazil	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Brazil	O
was	O
the	O
only	O
country	O
outside	O
North	O
America	O
to	O
have	O
the	O
redesigned	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
II	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
an	O
external	O
AC	O
Adapter	O
(	O
16.2VAC	O
)	O
,	O
consolidating	O
some	O
ICs	O
,	O
and	O
taking	O
advantage	O
of	O
relaxed	O
FCC	O
emission	O
standards	O
,	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
II	O
has	O
a	O
significantly	O
smaller	O
footprint	O
than	O
the	O
original	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
missed	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
find	O
keypad	O
buttons	O
by	O
the	O
tactile	O
feel	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
controller	B-Device
bubble	O
keypad	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
functional	O
difference	O
was	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
a	O
video	O
input	O
to	O
the	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
port	O
,	O
added	O
specifically	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
System	O
Changer	O
,	O
an	O
accessory	O
also	O
released	O
in	O
1983	O
by	O
Mattel	O
that	O
played	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
2600	I-General_Concept
cartridges	B-Protocol
through	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
hand	O
controllers	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
play	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
2600	I-General_Concept
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
System	O
Changer	O
also	O
had	O
two	O
controller	B-Device
ports	O
compatible	O
with	O
Atari	O
joysticks	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
required	O
a	O
hardware	O
modification	O
,	O
a	O
service	O
provided	O
by	O
Mattel	O
,	O
to	O
work	O
with	O
the	O
System	O
Changer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Otherwise	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
II	O
was	O
promoted	O
to	O
be	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
original	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
discovered	O
that	O
a	O
few	O
Coleco	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
games	O
did	O
not	O
work	O
on	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
II	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mattel	O
secretly	O
changed	O
the	O
Exec	O
internal	O
ROM	B-Device
program	O
in	O
an	O
attempt	O
to	O
lock	O
out	O
third	O
party	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mattel	O
's	O
own	O
Electric	O
Company	O
Word	O
Fun	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
will	O
not	O
run	O
on	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
II	O
due	O
to	O
this	O
change	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
were	O
also	O
some	O
minor	O
changes	O
to	O
the	O
sound	O
chip	O
(	O
AY-3-8914A/AY	B-Device
-3-8916	I-Device
)	O
affecting	O
sound	O
effects	O
in	O
some	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
early	O
as	O
1981	O
Dave	O
Chandler	O
's	O
group	O
began	O
designing	O
what	O
would	O
have	O
been	O
Mattel	O
's	O
next	O
generation	O
console	O
,	O
codenamed	O
Decade	O
and	O
now	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
IV	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
would	O
have	O
been	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
32-bit	O
MC68000	B-Device
processor	O
and	O
a	O
16-bit	B-Device
custom	O
designed	O
advanced	O
graphic	O
interface	O
chip	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
intended	O
as	O
a	O
machine	O
that	O
could	O
lead	O
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
into	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
however	O
on	O
August	O
4	O
,	O
1983	O
,	O
most	O
hardware	O
people	O
at	O
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
were	O
laid	O
off	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
III	O
was	O
to	O
be	O
an	O
upgraded	O
but	O
backward-compatible	O
system	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
similar	O
CP1610	O
processor	O
and	O
with	O
an	O
improved	O
graphics	O
STIC	O
chip	O
producing	O
double	O
the	O
resolution	O
with	O
more	O
sprites	O
and	O
colors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
III	O
never	O
proceeded	O
past	O
the	O
prototype	O
stage	O
;	O
a	O
new	O
EXEC	O
was	O
written	O
for	O
it	O
,	O
but	O
no	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Mattel	O
document	O
titled	O
Target	O
Specification	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
III	O
has	O
the	O
following	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
provided	O
25%	O
of	O
revenue	O
and	O
50%	O
of	O
operating	O
income	O
in	O
fiscal	O
1982	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
2600	I-General_Concept
had	O
more	O
third-party	O
development	O
,	O
Creative	B-General_Concept
Computing	I-General_Concept
Video	O
&	O
Arcade	O
Games	O
reported	O
after	O
visiting	O
the	O
summer	O
1982	O
Consumer	O
Electronics	O
Show	O
that	O
"	O
the	O
momentum	O
is	O
tremendous	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Activision	O
and	O
Imagic	O
began	O
releasing	O
games	O
for	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
,	O
as	O
did	O
hardware	O
rival	O
Coleco	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
office	O
in	O
Taiwan	O
was	O
opened	O
to	O
handle	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
programming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
five-person	O
Mattel	O
game	O
development	O
team	O
had	O
grown	O
to	O
110	O
people	O
under	O
new	O
vice	O
president	O
Baum	O
,	O
while	O
Daglow	O
led	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
development	O
and	O
top	O
engineer	O
Minkoff	O
directed	O
all	O
work	O
on	O
all	O
other	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
1983	O
,	O
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
opened	O
an	O
office	O
in	O
the	O
south	O
of	O
France	O
to	O
provide	O
European	O
input	O
to	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
games	O
and	O
develop	O
games	O
for	O
the	O
ColecoVision	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
its	O
peak	O
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
employed	O
1800	O
people	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Amid	O
the	O
flurry	O
of	O
new	O
hardware	O
and	O
software	O
development	O
,	O
there	O
was	O
trouble	O
for	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
game	O
systems	O
(	O
ColecoVision	B-Device
and	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
5200	I-General_Concept
)	O
introduced	O
in	O
1982	O
took	O
advantage	O
of	O
falling	O
RAM	B-Architecture
prices	O
to	O
offer	O
graphics	O
closer	O
to	O
arcade	O
quality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
spring	O
1983	O
,	O
hiring	O
at	O
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
came	O
to	O
a	O
halt	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
June	O
1983	O
Consumer	O
Electronics	O
Show	O
in	O
Chicago	O
,	O
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
had	O
the	O
opportunity	O
to	O
show	O
off	O
all	O
their	O
new	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
July	O
12	O
,	O
1983	O
,	O
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
President	O
Josh	O
Denham	O
was	O
replaced	O
with	O
outsider	O
Mack	O
Morris	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Morris	O
brought	O
in	O
former	O
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
president	O
and	O
marketing	O
director	O
Jeff	O
Rochlis	O
as	O
a	O
consultant	O
and	O
all	O
projects	O
were	O
under	O
review	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
III	O
was	O
cancelled	O
and	O
then	O
all	O
new	O
hardware	O
development	O
was	O
stopped	O
when	O
660	O
jobs	O
were	O
cut	O
on	O
August	O
4	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
price	O
of	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
II	O
(	O
which	O
launched	O
at	O
earlier	O
that	O
year	O
)	O
was	O
lowered	O
to	O
,	O
and	O
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
was	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
software	O
company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
4	O
,	O
1984	O
,	O
Mattel	O
sold	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
business	O
for	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1983	O
,	O
750,000	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
Master	O
Components	O
were	O
sold	O
,	O
more	O
than	O
three	O
million	O
units	O
from	O
1980	O
to	O
1983	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Former	O
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
Senior	O
Vice	O
President	O
of	O
Marketing	O
,	O
Terrence	O
Valeski	O
,	O
understood	O
that	O
although	O
losses	O
were	O
huge	O
,	O
the	O
demand	O
for	O
video	O
games	O
increased	O
in	O
1983	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Valeski	O
found	O
investors	O
and	O
purchased	O
the	O
rights	O
to	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
games	O
,	O
and	O
inventory	O
from	O
Mattel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
new	O
company	O
,	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
Inc	O
,	O
was	O
formed	O
and	O
by	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
1984	O
Valeski	O
bought	O
out	O
the	O
other	O
investors	O
and	O
changed	O
the	O
name	O
to	O
INTV	B-Operating_System
Corporation	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
first	O
they	O
sold	O
the	O
existing	O
inventory	O
of	O
games	O
and	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
II	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
France	O
,	O
the	O
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
office	O
found	O
investors	O
and	O
became	O
Nice	O
Ideas	O
in	O
April	O
1984	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
continued	O
to	O
work	O
on	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
,	O
Colecovision	B-Device
,	O
and	O
other	O
computer	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
produced	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
World	O
Cup	O
Soccer	O
and	O
Championship	O
Tennis	O
,	O
both	O
released	O
in	O
1985	O
by	O
European	O
publisher	O
Dextel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1985	O
,	O
INTV	B-Operating_System
Corporation	I-Operating_System
introduced	O
the	O
INTV	B-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
III	I-Operating_System
,	O
also	O
branded	O
as	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
Super	O
Pro	O
System	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
same	O
design	O
as	O
the	O
original	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
model	O
but	O
in	O
black	O
and	O
silver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
same	O
year	O
INTV	B-Operating_System
Corp	O
introduced	O
two	O
new	O
games	O
that	O
were	O
completed	O
at	O
Mattel	O
but	O
not	O
released	O
:	O
Thunder	O
Castle	O
and	O
World	O
Championship	O
Baseball	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
their	O
early	O
success	O
INTV	B-Operating_System
Corp	O
decided	O
to	O
produce	O
new	O
games	O
and	O
in	O
1986	O
introduced	O
Super	O
Pro	O
Football	O
,	O
an	O
update	O
of	O
Mattel	O
NFL	O
Football	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
INTV	B-Operating_System
Corp	O
continued	O
a	O
relationship	O
that	O
Mattel	O
had	O
with	O
Data	O
East	O
and	O
produced	O
all	O
new	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
such	O
as	O
Commando	B-Application
in	O
1987	O
and	O
Body	O
Slam	O
Wrestling	O
in	O
1988	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
in	O
1987	O
,	O
INTV	B-Operating_System
Corp	O
released	O
Dig	B-Application
Dug	I-Application
,	O
purchased	O
from	O
Atari	O
where	O
the	O
game	O
was	O
completed	O
but	O
not	O
released	O
in	O
1984	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
also	O
got	O
into	O
producing	O
next	O
generation	O
games	O
with	O
the	O
production	O
of	O
Monster	B-Application
Truck	I-Application
Rally	I-Application
for	O
Nintendo	O
Entertainment	O
System	O
(	O
NES	O
)	O
in	O
1991	O
,	O
also	O
released	O
as	O
Stadium	O
Mud	O
Buggies	O
for	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
in	O
1989	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Licensing	O
agreements	O
with	O
Nintendo	O
and	O
Sega	O
required	O
INTV	B-Operating_System
Corporation	I-Operating_System
to	O
discontinue	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
in	O
1990	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
INTV	B-Operating_System
Corporation	I-Operating_System
did	O
publish	O
21	O
new	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
cartridges	B-Protocol
bringing	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
library	O
to	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
124	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
plus	O
one	O
compilation	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1989	O
,	O
INTV	B-Operating_System
Corp	O
and	O
World	O
Book	O
Encyclopedia	O
entered	O
into	O
an	O
agreement	O
to	O
manufacture	O
an	O
educational	O
video	O
game	O
system	O
called	O
Tutorvision	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
modified	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
case	O
molded	O
in	O
light	O
beige	O
with	O
gold	O
and	O
blue	O
trim	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Exec	O
ROM	B-Device
expanded	O
,	O
system	O
RAM	B-Architecture
increased	O
to	O
1.75K	O
,	O
and	O
graphics	O
RAM	B-Architecture
increased	O
to	O
2KB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
is	O
enough	O
graphics	O
RAM	B-Architecture
to	O
define	O
unique	O
graphic	O
tiles	O
for	O
the	O
entire	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sixteen	B-Application
games	I-Application
were	O
in	O
production	O
,	O
plus	O
one	O
Canadian	O
variation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
and	O
the	O
Tutorvision	O
were	O
never	O
released	O
;	O
instead	O
World	O
Book	O
and	O
INTV	B-Operating_System
Corporation	I-Operating_System
sued	O
each	O
other	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1990	O
,	O
INTV	B-Operating_System
Corporation	I-Operating_System
filed	O
for	O
bankruptcy	O
protection	O
and	O
closed	O
in	O
1991	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
unknown	O
number	O
of	O
later	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
SuperPro	O
systems	O
have	O
Tutorvision	O
hardware	O
inside	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
games	O
became	O
readily	O
available	O
again	O
when	O
Keith	O
Robinson	O
and	O
Stephen	O
Roney	O
,	O
both	O
former	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
programmers	O
at	O
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
,	O
obtained	O
exclusive	O
rights	O
to	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
and	O
games	O
in	O
1997	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
year	O
they	O
formed	O
a	O
new	O
company	O
,	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
Productions	O
,	O
and	O
made	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
for	O
PC	O
Volume	O
1	O
available	O
as	O
a	O
free	O
download	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
games	O
could	O
be	O
played	O
on	O
a	O
modern	O
computer	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
download	O
includes	O
three	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
games	O
and	O
an	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
emulator	B-Application
that	O
plays	O
original	O
game	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2000	O
the	O
Intellipack	O
3	O
download	O
was	O
available	O
with	O
another	O
four	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
games	O
and	O
emulators	B-Application
for	O
Windows	B-Application
or	O
Macintosh	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
Productions	O
released	O
Intellivision	B-Application
Lives	I-Application
!	I-Application
</s>
<s>
and	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
Rocks	O
on	O
compact	O
disc	O
in	O
1998	O
and	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
compilation	O
CDs	O
play	O
the	O
original	O
game	O
code	O
through	O
emulators	B-Application
for	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Macintosh	B-Device
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Together	O
they	O
have	O
over	O
100	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
games	O
including	O
never	O
before	O
released	O
King	O
of	O
the	O
Mountain	O
,	O
Takeover	O
,	O
Robot	O
Rubble	O
,	O
League	O
of	O
Light	O
,	O
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
Rocks	O
includes	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
games	O
made	O
by	O
Activision	O
and	O
Imagic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
in	O
1997	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
Productions	O
announced	O
they	O
would	O
sell	O
development	O
tools	O
allowing	O
customers	O
to	O
program	O
their	O
own	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
were	O
to	O
provide	O
documentation	O
,	O
PC	O
compatible	O
cross-assemblers	B-Language
,	O
and	O
the	O
Magus	O
II	O
PC	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
cartridge	B-Protocol
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unfortunately	O
,	O
the	O
project	O
was	O
cancelled	O
but	O
they	O
did	O
provide	O
copies	O
of	O
"	O
Your	O
Friend	O
the	O
EXEC	O
"	O
,	O
the	O
programmers	O
guide	O
to	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
Executive	O
control	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2000	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
hobbyists	O
ultimately	O
created	O
their	O
own	O
development	O
tools	O
,	O
including	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
memory	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2005	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
Productions	O
announced	O
that	O
new	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
cartridges	B-Protocol
were	O
to	O
be	O
produced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Deep	O
Pockets	O
and	O
Illusions	O
will	O
be	O
the	O
first	O
two	O
releases	O
in	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
new	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
for	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
printed	O
circuit	O
boards	O
,	O
the	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
casings	O
,	O
the	O
boxes	O
are	O
all	O
being	O
custom	O
manufactured	O
for	O
this	O
special	O
series.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Illusions	O
was	O
completed	O
at	O
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
 '	O
French	O
office	O
in	O
1983	O
but	O
never	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deep	O
Pockets	O
Super	O
Pro	O
Pool	O
&	O
Billiards	O
was	O
programmed	O
for	O
INTV	B-Operating_System
Corporation	I-Operating_System
in	O
1990	O
and	O
only	O
released	O
as	O
a	O
ROM	B-General_Concept
file	I-General_Concept
in	O
1998	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
no	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
were	O
produced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Previously	O
,	O
in	O
2000	O
,	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
Productions	O
did	O
release	O
new	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
for	O
the	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
2600	I-General_Concept
and	O
Colecovision	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sea	O
Battle	O
and	O
Swordfight	O
were	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
2600	I-General_Concept
games	O
created	O
by	O
Mattel	B-Operating_System
Electronics	I-Operating_System
in	O
the	O
early	O
1980s	O
but	O
not	O
previously	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Steamroller	O
(	O
Colecovision	B-Device
)	O
was	O
developed	O
for	O
Activision	O
in	O
1984	O
and	O
not	O
previously	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
in	O
1999	O
,	O
Activision	O
released	O
A	O
Collection	O
of	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
Classic	O
Games	O
for	O
PlayStation	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
known	O
as	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
Classics	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
30	O
emulated	B-Application
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
games	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
video	O
interviews	O
of	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
programmers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
of	O
the	O
games	O
were	O
licensed	O
from	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
Productions	O
and	O
none	O
of	O
the	O
Activision	O
or	O
Imagic	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
games	O
were	O
included	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2003	O
,	O
Crave	O
Entertainment	O
released	O
a	O
PlayStation	B-Device
2	O
version	O
of	O
Intellivision	B-Application
Lives	I-Application
!	I-Application
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
Virtual	O
Play	O
Games	O
released	O
Intellivision	B-Application
Lives	I-Application
!	I-Application
</s>
<s>
In	O
2008	O
Microsoft	O
made	O
Intellivision	B-Application
Lives	I-Application
!	I-Application
</s>
<s>
an	O
available	O
download	O
on	O
the	O
Xbox	B-Application
Live	I-Application
Marketplace	O
as	O
an	O
Xbox	O
Original	O
and	O
playable	O
on	O
the	O
Xbox	O
360	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2003	O
,	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
25	O
and	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
15	O
direct-to-TV	O
systems	O
were	O
released	O
by	O
Techno	O
Source	O
Ltd	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
are	O
an	O
all-in-one	O
single	O
controller	B-Device
design	O
that	O
plugs	O
directly	O
into	O
a	O
television	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
games	O
were	O
not	O
emulated	B-Application
but	O
rewritten	O
for	O
the	O
native	O
processor	O
(	O
NES-based	O
hardware	O
)	O
and	O
adapted	O
to	O
a	O
contemporary	O
controller	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
such	O
they	O
look	O
and	O
play	O
differently	O
than	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2005	O
they	O
were	O
updated	O
for	O
two-player	O
play	O
as	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
X2	O
with	O
15	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
licensed	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
games	O
became	O
available	O
to	O
Windows	B-Application
computers	I-Application
through	O
the	O
GameTap	B-Operating_System
subscription	O
gaming	O
service	O
in	O
2005	O
including	O
Astrosmash	O
,	O
Buzz	O
Bombers	O
,	O
Hover	O
Force	O
,	O
Night	O
Stalker	O
,	O
Pinball	O
,	O
Shark	O
!	O
</s>
<s>
Shark	O
!,	O
Skiing	O
and	O
Snafu	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Installation	O
of	O
the	O
GameTap	B-Operating_System
Player	O
software	O
was	O
required	O
to	O
access	O
the	O
emulator	B-Application
and	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
VH1	O
Online	O
Arcade	O
made	O
nine	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
games	O
available	O
in	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
a	O
Shockwave	B-Operating_System
emulator	B-Application
these	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
games	O
could	O
be	O
played	O
directly	O
through	O
a	O
web	O
browser	O
with	O
Shockwave	B-Operating_System
Player	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
VH1	O
Classic	O
and	O
MTV	O
Networks	O
released	O
6	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
games	O
to	O
iOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
games	O
were	O
first	O
adapted	O
to	O
mobile	O
phones	O
and	O
published	O
by	O
THQ	O
Wireless	O
in	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
March	O
24	O
,	O
2010	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
launched	O
the	O
Game	B-Device
Room	I-Device
service	O
for	O
Xbox	B-Application
Live	I-Application
and	O
Games	B-Application
for	I-Application
Windows	I-Application
Live	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
service	O
includes	O
support	O
for	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
games	O
and	O
allows	O
players	O
to	O
compete	O
for	O
high	O
scores	O
via	O
online	O
leaderboards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
2011	O
Consumer	O
Electronics	O
Show	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
announced	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
Game	B-Device
Room	I-Device
for	O
Windows	B-Protocol
Phone	I-Protocol
,	O
promising	O
a	O
catalog	O
of	O
44	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AtGames	O
and	O
its	O
Direct2Drive	O
digital	O
store	O
has	O
Windows	B-Application
compatible	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
compilations	O
available	O
for	O
download	O
purchase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
number	O
of	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
games	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
played	O
effectively	O
with	O
contemporary	O
game	O
controllers	O
is	O
limited	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
October	O
1	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
AtGames	O
Digital	O
Media	O
,	O
Inc.	O
,	O
under	O
license	O
from	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
Productions	O
,	O
Inc.	O
,	O
released	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
Flashback	O
classic	O
game	O
console	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
miniature	O
sized	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
console	O
with	O
two	O
original	O
sized	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
controllers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
adapters	O
have	O
been	O
available	O
to	O
interface	O
original	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
controllers	O
to	O
personal	O
computers	O
,	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
Flashback	O
includes	O
two	O
new	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
controllers	O
identical	O
in	O
layout	O
and	O
function	O
to	O
the	O
originals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
comes	O
with	O
60	O
(	O
61	O
at	O
Dollar	O
General	O
)	O
emulated	B-Application
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
games	O
built	O
into	O
ROM	B-Device
and	O
a	O
sample	O
set	O
of	O
plastic	O
overlays	O
for	O
10	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
with	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
other	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
compilations	O
,	O
no	O
games	O
requiring	O
third	O
party	O
licensing	O
were	O
included	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2018	O
,	O
Tommy	O
Tallarico	O
announced	O
that	O
he	O
acquired	O
the	O
rights	O
to	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
brand	O
and	O
games	O
with	O
plans	O
to	O
launch	O
a	O
new	O
home	B-Device
video	I-Device
game	I-Device
console	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
new	O
company	O
,	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
Entertainment	O
,	O
was	O
formed	O
with	O
Tallarico	O
serving	O
as	O
president	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
Productions	O
has	O
been	O
renamed	O
Blue	O
Sky	O
Rangers	O
Inc	O
.	O
and	O
their	O
video	O
game	O
intellectual	O
property	O
has	O
been	O
transferred	O
to	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
Entertainment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
Portland	O
Retro	O
Gaming	O
Expo	O
,	O
in	O
October	O
2018	O
,	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Application
Amico	I-Application
was	O
officially	O
revealed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ken	O
Uston	O
published	O
Ken	O
Uston	O
's	O
Guide	O
to	O
Buying	O
and	O
Beating	O
the	O
Home	O
Video	O
Games	O
in	O
1982	O
as	O
a	O
guide	O
to	O
potential	O
buyers	O
of	O
console	O
systems/cartridges	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
a	O
brief	O
strategy	O
guide	O
to	O
numerous	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
games	O
then	O
in	O
existence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
described	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
as	O
"	O
the	O
most	O
mechanically	O
reliable	O
of	O
the	O
systems	O
…	O
The	O
controller	B-Device
(	O
used	O
during	O
"	O
many	O
hours	O
of	O
experimentation	O
"	O
)	O
worked	O
with	O
perfect	O
consistency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
Uston	O
rated	O
the	O
controls	O
and	O
control	O
system	O
as	O
"	O
below	O
average	O
"	O
and	O
the	O
worst	O
of	O
the	O
consoles	O
he	O
tested	O
(	O
including	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
2600	I-General_Concept
,	O
Magnavox	B-Application
Odyssey²	I-Application
,	O
Astrovision	B-Device
,	O
and	O
Fairchild	B-Operating_System
Channel	I-Operating_System
F	I-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jeff	O
Rovin	O
lists	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
as	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
seven	O
major	O
suppliers	O
of	O
videogames	O
in	O
1982	O
,	O
and	O
mentions	O
it	O
as	O
"	O
the	O
unchallenged	O
king	O
of	O
graphics	O
"	O
,	O
however	O
stating	O
that	O
the	O
controllers	O
can	O
be	O
"	O
difficult	O
to	O
operate	O
"	O
,	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
if	O
a	O
controller	B-Device
breaks	O
the	O
entire	O
unit	O
must	O
be	O
shipped	O
off	O
for	O
repairs	O
(	O
since	O
they	O
did	O
not	O
detach	O
at	O
first	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
the	O
overlays	O
"	O
are	O
sometimes	O
so	O
stubborn	O
as	O
to	O
tempt	O
one	O
's	O
patience	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
1996	O
article	O
in	O
Next	O
Generation	O
said	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
"	O
had	O
greater	O
graphics	O
power	O
than	O
the	O
dominant	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
2600	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
year	O
later	O
,	O
Electronic	O
Gaming	O
Monthly	O
assessed	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
in	O
an	O
overview	O
of	O
older	O
gaming	O
consoles	O
,	O
remarking	O
that	O
the	O
controllers	O
"	O
were	O
as	O
comfortable	O
as	O
they	O
were	O
practical	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
unique	O
disk-shaped	O
directional	B-Device
pad	I-Device
provided	O
unprecedented	O
control	O
for	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
numeric	B-Device
keypad	I-Device
opened	O
up	O
new	O
options	O
previously	O
unavailable	O
in	O
console	O
gaming.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
can	O
be	O
considered	O
the	O
first	O
16-bit	B-Device
game	O
console	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
has	O
a	O
16-bit	B-Device
microprocessor	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
home	B-Device
console	I-Device
and	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
video	O
games	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
tile-based	B-Application
playfield	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
allowed	O
for	O
the	O
display	O
of	O
detailed	O
graphics	O
and	O
colour	O
with	O
very	O
little	O
RAM	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
was	O
also	O
the	O
first	O
system	O
to	O
feature	O
downloadable	O
games	O
with	O
PlayCable	B-Device
in	O
1981	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
was	O
the	O
first	O
game	O
console	O
to	O
provide	O
real-time	O
human	O
voices	O
in	O
the	O
middle	O
of	O
gameplay	O
,	O
courtesy	O
of	O
the	O
Intellivoice	O
module	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
game	O
controller	B-Device
with	O
a	O
directional	B-Device
thumb	I-Device
pad	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
was	O
also	O
the	O
first	O
game	O
console	O
or	O
home	O
computer	O
to	O
offer	O
a	O
musical	O
synthesizer	O
keyboard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
was	O
also	O
the	O
first	O
console	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
complete	O
built-in	O
character	O
font	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
Odyssey²	B-Application
had	O
a	O
limited	O
character	O
font	O
(	O
uppercase	O
alphabet	O
,	O
numerals	O
,	O
and	O
some	O
other	O
characters	O
)	O
,	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
's	O
system	O
font	O
had	O
complete	O
upper	O
-	O
and	O
lowercase	O
alphabets	O
,	O
numerals	O
,	O
and	O
almost	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
punctuation	O
and	O
symbols	O
found	O
on	O
standard	O
computer	O
keyboards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Utopia	B-Application
(	O
1982	O
)	O
is	O
credited	O
as	O
the	O
game	O
that	O
spawned	O
the	O
construction	B-Application
and	I-Application
management	I-Application
simulation	I-Application
genre	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
World	B-Application
Series	I-Application
Major	I-Application
League	I-Application
Baseball	I-Application
(	O
1983	O
)	O
is	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
first	O
sports	O
simulation	O
video	O
game	O
with	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
innovations	O
:	O
multiple	O
views	O
of	O
a	O
3D	O
calculated	O
virtual	O
play-field	O
,	O
statistical	O
based	O
game-play	O
using	O
real	O
historical	O
baseball	B-Application
player	O
statistics	O
,	O
manager	O
player	O
substitutions	O
,	O
play-by-play	O
speech	O
,	O
and	O
save	O
games	O
or	O
lineups	O
to	O
tape	O
storage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1456bytes	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
(	O
SRAM	O
)	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
7168	O
bytes	B-Application
of	O
ROM	B-Device
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
controller	B-Device
features	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
directional	B-Device
pad	I-Device
was	O
called	O
a	O
"	O
control	O
disc	O
"	O
and	O
marketed	O
as	O
having	O
the	O
"	O
functionality	O
of	O
both	O
a	O
joystick	B-Device
and	O
a	O
paddle	B-Device
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
controller	B-Device
was	O
ranked	O
the	O
fourth	O
worst	O
video	O
game	O
controller	B-Device
by	O
IGN	O
editor	O
Craig	O
Harris	O
.	O
</s>
