<s>
Intelligent	B-Operating_System
street	I-Operating_System
is	O
the	O
name	O
given	O
to	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
intelligent	B-Device
environment	I-Device
which	O
can	O
be	O
found	O
on	O
a	O
public	O
transit	O
street	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
arisen	O
from	O
the	O
convergence	O
of	O
communications	O
and	O
Ubiquitous	B-Architecture
Computing	I-Architecture
,	O
intelligent	O
and	O
adaptable	O
user	O
interfaces	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
common	O
infrastructure	O
of	O
the	O
intelligent	O
or	O
mixed	O
pavement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
Intelligent	I-Operating_System
Street	I-Operating_System
is	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
the	O
intelligent	B-Device
city	I-Device
and	O
is	O
normally	O
formed	O
of	O
four	O
layers	O
(	O
physical	O
infrastructure	O
,	O
sensors	O
,	O
networks	O
and	O
services	O
)	O
,	O
thus	O
improving	O
on	O
the	O
traditional	O
street	O
(	O
which	O
originated	O
in	O
Roman	O
roads	O
or	O
Roman	O
streets	O
)	O
which	O
served	O
solely	O
as	O
transit	O
streets	O
(	O
but	O
did	O
not	O
have	O
any	O
type	O
of	O
“	O
intelligence	O
”	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
Intelligent	I-Operating_System
Street	I-Operating_System
is	O
associated	O
with	O
that	O
of	O
the	O
Intelligent	B-Device
Environment	I-Device
,	O
since	O
it	O
is	O
built	O
of/	O
absorbs	O
all	O
information	O
and	O
communication	O
technologies	O
and	O
sensor	O
systems	O
on	O
any	O
public	O
transit	O
street	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
dual	O
objectives	O
of	O
comfort	O
and	O
simplicity	O
are	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
Intelligent	I-Operating_System
Street	I-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
defined	O
as	O
an	O
environment	O
in	O
which	O
users	O
interact	O
in	O
a	O
transparent	O
manner	O
with	O
a	O
multitude	O
of	O
interconnected	O
devices	O
using	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
wireless	O
communication	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
thus	O
possible	O
to	O
construct	O
“	O
intelligent	B-Device
cities	I-Device
”	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
sense	O
indicated	O
by	O
Professor	O
William	O
John	O
Mitchell	O
of	O
the	O
MIT	O
,	O
,	O
by	O
taking	O
advantage	O
of	O
the	O
‘	O
third	O
wave	O
of	O
technological	O
innovation’	O
provided	O
by	O
sensors	O
and	O
digital	O
labels	O
,	O
and	O
which	O
will	O
substitute	O
previous	O
waves	O
,	O
relative	O
to	O
the	O
incorporation	O
of	O
computers	O
and	O
the	O
era	O
of	O
connection	O
implied	O
by	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
this	O
expert	O
points	O
out	O
,	O
inhabiting	O
intelligent	B-Device
cities	I-Device
implies	O
being	O
continuously	O
connected	O
to	O
different	O
networks	O
,	O
thus	O
allowing	O
these	O
cities	O
to	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
‘	O
extend’	O
people	O
's	O
capacities	O
in	O
a	O
more	O
complete	O
and	O
global	O
manner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
Intelligent	I-Operating_System
Street	I-Operating_System
thus	O
becomes	O
the	O
basis	O
for	O
the	O
Intelligent	B-Device
City	I-Device
,	O
since	O
it	O
permits	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
interactive	O
spaces	O
which	O
take	O
computing	O
to	O
the	O
physical	O
world	O
,	O
thus	O
supporting	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
interconnected	O
people	O
who	O
,	O
together	O
with	O
their	O
mobile	O
phones	O
,	O
computers	O
and	O
other	O
apparatus	O
,	O
will	O
buy	O
,	O
sell	O
,	O
and	O
exchange	O
information	O
and	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
Intelligent	I-Operating_System
Street	I-Operating_System
allows	O
the	O
vision	O
of	O
an	O
Information	O
Society	O
in	O
public	O
zones	O
to	O
become	O
a	O
reality	O
,	O
and	O
ensures	O
its	O
ease	O
of	O
use	O
,	O
efficient	O
service	O
support	O
and	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
maintaining	O
natural	O
interactions	O
with	O
citizens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apart	O
from	O
consisting	O
of	O
streets	O
and	O
squares	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
its	O
principal	O
utility	O
resides	O
,	O
the	B-Operating_System
Intelligent	I-Operating_System
Street	I-Operating_System
will	O
also	O
be	O
of	O
great	O
use	O
in	O
schools	O
,	O
transport	O
networks	O
,	O
airports	O
,	O
promenades	O
,	O
theme	O
parks	O
...	O
and	O
in	O
all	O
those	O
places	O
in	O
which	O
it	O
can	O
assist	O
the	O
pedestrian	O
to	O
find	O
information	O
,	O
relate	O
to	O
others	O
,	O
carry	O
out	O
activities	O
,	O
receive	O
help	O
...	O
and	O
feel	O
secure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
concept	O
therefore	O
takes	O
ubiquitous	O
and	O
pervasive	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
to	O
public	O
transit	O
streets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ubiquitous	B-Architecture
Computing	I-Architecture
signifies	O
computing	O
that	O
is	O
available	O
everywhere	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
pervasive	O
in	O
the	O
respect	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
integrated	O
,	O
in	O
this	O
case	O
invisibly	O
,	O
into	O
normal	O
pavements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Intelligent	O
Pavement	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
has	O
the	O
peculiarity	O
that	O
its	O
interior	O
contains	O
elements	O
which	O
are	O
not	O
normally	O
associated	O
with	O
pavements	O
(	O
electrical	O
and	O
electronic	O
components	O
,	O
radio	O
frequency	O
components	O
,	O
communication	O
components	O
and	O
components	O
for	O
telephones	O
and	O
the	O
storage	O
of	O
any	O
type	O
of	O
energy	O
)	O
,	O
signifying	O
that	O
,	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
fulfilling	O
its	O
conventional	O
function	O
(	O
a	O
decorative	O
element	O
with	O
which	O
to	O
make	O
transit	O
streets	O
or	O
open	O
or	O
enclosed	O
spaces	O
passable	O
)	O
,	O
it	O
also	O
fulfils	O
a	O
secondary	O
function	O
by	O
supporting	O
the	O
infrastructure	O
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
Intelligent	I-Operating_System
Street	I-Operating_System
's	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
occurs	O
with	O
any	O
intelligent	B-Device
environment	I-Device
,	O
the	B-Operating_System
Intelligent	I-Operating_System
Street	I-Operating_System
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
following	O
technologies	O
and	O
characteristics	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
Intelligent	I-Operating_System
Street	I-Operating_System
's	O
mechanisms	O
consist	O
of	O
people	O
,	O
other	O
servers	O
and	O
micro-servers	O
which	O
support	O
software	O
applications	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
others	O
,	O
thus	O
creating	O
a	O
distributed	O
and	O
in-built	O
intelligence	O
that	O
is	O
totally	O
invisible	O
to	O
its	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
Intelligent	I-Operating_System
Street	I-Operating_System
supports	O
sensorisation	O
and	O
therefore	O
offers	O
services	O
related	O
to	O
,	O
amongst	O
others	O
,	O
the	O
following	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
machine	O
codes	O
in	O
our	O
mobile	O
phones	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
simple	O
Zigbee	B-Protocol
bracelet	O
can	O
serve	O
as	O
both	O
pagers	O
and	O
master	O
keys	O
with	O
which	O
to	O
obtain	O
services	O
from	O
the	B-Operating_System
Intelligent	I-Operating_System
Street	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
services	O
offered	O
by	O
an	O
Intelligent	B-Operating_System
Street	I-Operating_System
of	O
the	O
future	O
will	O
be	O
personalizable	O
,	O
signifying	O
that	O
they	O
will	O
be	O
available	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
appearance	O
desired	O
by	O
each	O
individual	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
it	O
will	O
be	O
possible	O
to	O
add	O
elements	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
context	O
and	O
circumstances	O
(	O
place	O
,	O
environmental	O
conditions	O
,	O
capacity	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
the	O
provision	O
of	O
accessible	O
communication	O
networks	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
Intelligent	I-Operating_System
Street	I-Operating_System
will	O
be	O
adaptable	O
to	O
space	O
,	O
and	O
will	O
thus	O
be	O
reconfigurable	O
to	O
serve	O
the	O
spatial	O
function	O
that	O
its	O
users	O
may	O
require	O
at	O
any	O
given	O
moment	O
in	O
the	O
best	O
possible	O
manner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
Intelligent	I-Operating_System
Street	I-Operating_System
can	O
also	O
learn	O
from	O
the	O
people	O
that	O
use	O
it	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
offer	O
them	O
services	O
which	O
are	O
better	O
adapted	O
to	O
their	O
needs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
Intelligent	I-Operating_System
Street	I-Operating_System
provides	O
access	O
to	O
images	O
,	O
sound	O
,	O
voice	O
,	O
text	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
Intelligent	I-Operating_System
Street	I-Operating_System
's	O
specific	O
services	O
can	O
assist	O
in	O
numerous	O
situations	O
:	O
from	O
making	O
a	O
call	O
to	O
the	O
emergency	O
services	O
to	O
requesting	O
information	O
about	O
cultural	O
activities	O
,	O
scholastic	O
control	O
,	O
the	O
generation	O
of	O
statistical	O
data	O
,	O
the	O
selection	O
of	O
restaurants	O
,	O
services	O
for	O
the	O
disabled	O
and	O
even	O
to	O
promote	O
citizens’	O
security	O
in	O
situations	O
such	O
as	O
those	O
of	O
heavy	O
snowfalls	O
or	O
icy	O
roads	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IEP	O
–	O
Intelligent	B-Device
Environments	I-Device
Pavement	O
™	O
is	O
the	O
Intelligent	O
Pavement	O
's	O
first	O
specific	O
standard	O
currently	O
in	O
force	O
in	O
the	O
EU	O
,	O
and	O
therefore	O
supports	O
the	O
installation	O
and	O
maintenance	O
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
Intelligent	I-Operating_System
Street	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
