<s>
Inpainting	B-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
conservation	O
process	O
where	O
damaged	O
,	O
deteriorated	O
,	O
or	O
missing	O
parts	O
of	O
an	O
artwork	O
are	O
filled	O
in	O
to	O
present	O
a	O
complete	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
process	O
is	O
commonly	O
used	O
in	O
image	B-Algorithm
restoration	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
be	O
applied	O
to	O
both	O
physical	O
and	O
digital	O
art	O
mediums	O
such	O
as	O
oil	O
or	O
acrylic	O
paintings	O
,	O
chemical	O
photographic	O
prints	O
,	O
sculptures	O
,	O
or	O
digital	O
images	B-Algorithm
and	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
its	O
roots	O
in	O
physical	O
artwork	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
painting	O
and	O
sculpture	O
,	O
traditional	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
is	O
performed	O
by	O
a	O
trained	O
art	O
conservator	O
who	O
has	O
carefully	O
studied	O
the	O
artwork	O
to	O
determine	O
the	O
mediums	O
and	O
techniques	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
piece	O
,	O
potential	O
risks	O
of	O
treatments	O
,	O
and	O
ethical	O
appropriateness	O
of	O
treatment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
modern	O
use	O
of	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
traced	O
back	O
to	O
Pietro	O
Edwards	O
(	O
1744	O
–	O
1821	O
)	O
,	O
Director	O
of	O
the	O
Restoration	O
of	O
the	O
Public	O
Pictures	O
in	O
Venice	B-Application
,	O
Italy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
during	O
the	O
1930	O
International	O
Conference	O
for	O
the	O
Study	O
of	O
Scientific	O
Methods	O
for	O
the	O
Examination	O
and	O
Preservation	O
of	O
Works	O
of	O
Art	O
,	O
that	O
the	O
modern	O
approach	O
to	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
was	O
established	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Helmut	O
Ruhemann	O
(	O
1891	O
–	O
1973	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
German	O
restorer	O
and	O
conservator	O
,	O
led	O
the	O
discussions	O
on	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
in	O
conservation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
describing	O
his	O
method	O
,	O
Ruhemann	O
states	O
that	O
"	O
The	O
surface	O
[	O
of	O
the	O
fill ]	O
should	O
be	O
slightly	O
lower	O
than	O
that	O
of	O
the	O
surrounding	O
paint	O
to	O
allow	O
for	O
the	O
thickness	O
of	O
the	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
...	O
Inpainting	B-Algorithm
medium	O
should	O
look	O
and	O
behave	O
like	O
the	O
original	O
medium	O
,	O
but	O
must	O
not	O
darken	O
with	O
age.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Cesare	O
Brandi	O
(	O
1906	O
–	O
1988	O
)	O
developed	O
the	O
teoria	O
del	O
restauro	O
,	O
the	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
approach	O
combining	O
aesthetics	O
and	O
psychology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Technological	O
advancements	O
led	O
to	O
new	O
applications	O
of	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Widespread	O
use	O
of	O
digital	O
techniques	O
range	O
from	O
entirely	O
automatic	O
computerized	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
to	O
tools	O
used	O
to	O
simulate	O
the	O
process	O
manually	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
mid-1990s	O
,	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
has	O
evolved	O
to	O
include	O
digital	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
commonly	O
known	O
as	O
image	O
or	O
video	O
interpolation	O
,	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
estimation	O
,	O
digital	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
includes	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
computer	O
software	O
that	O
relies	O
on	O
sophisticated	O
algorithms	O
to	O
replace	O
lost	O
or	O
corrupted	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
image	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
preserve	O
the	O
integrity	O
of	O
an	O
original	O
artwork	O
,	O
any	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
technique	O
or	O
treatment	O
applied	O
to	O
physical	O
or	O
digital	O
work	O
should	O
be	O
reversible	O
or	O
distinguishable	O
from	O
the	O
original	O
content	O
of	O
the	O
artwork	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
several	O
ethic	O
considerations	O
before	O
Inpainting	B-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
justified	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
deliberation	O
decisions	O
over	O
the	O
ethical	O
appropriateness	O
of	O
the	O
amount	O
and	O
type	O
of	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
done	O
,	O
resides	O
on	O
many	O
factors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
most	O
conservation	O
treatments	O
,	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
's	O
ethical	O
questions	O
rest	O
mainly	O
with	O
authenticity	O
,	O
reversibility	O
and	O
documentation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
age	O
of	O
museum	O
tourism	O
,	O
new	O
technologies	O
and	O
aesthetic	O
demand	O
for	O
perfect	O
images	B-Algorithm
without	O
imperfections	O
,	O
continue	O
to	O
challenge	O
conservators	O
 '	O
ethical	O
practices	O
to	O
protect	O
the	O
integrity	O
of	O
originals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inpainting	B-Algorithm
method	O
techniques	O
depend	O
on	O
the	O
desired	O
goal	O
and	O
type	O
of	O
image	O
being	O
treated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
all	O
applications	O
of	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
,	O
it	O
is	O
important	O
to	O
keep	O
detailed	O
records	O
of	O
the	O
initial	O
state	O
of	O
the	O
images	B-Algorithm
,	O
treatments	O
done	O
and	O
justification	O
for	O
treatment	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
original	O
copies	O
when	O
applicable	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
original	O
digital	O
images	B-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inpainting	B-Algorithm
is	O
rooted	O
in	O
the	O
restoration	O
of	O
painted	O
images	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
conservation	O
and	O
restoration	O
of	O
paintings	O
,	O
"	O
the	O
term	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
refers	O
to	O
the	O
compensation	O
of	O
paint	O
losses	O
—	O
aiming	O
at	O
the	O
recomposition	O
of	O
the	O
missing	O
parts	O
of	O
an	O
image	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
improve	O
its	O
perception	O
by	O
making	O
damages	O
less	O
visible	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
other	O
words	O
,	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
aims	O
to	O
make	O
a	O
visual	O
improvement	O
to	O
the	O
artwork	O
as	O
a	O
whole	O
by	O
repairing	O
missing	O
or	O
damaged	O
parts	O
using	O
methods	O
and	O
materials	O
equivalent	O
to	O
the	O
original	O
artist	O
's	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
tips	O
of	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
picture	O
as	O
a	O
whole	O
determines	O
how	O
to	O
fill	O
in	O
the	O
gap	O
;	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
is	O
to	O
restore	O
the	O
unity	O
of	O
the	O
work	O
so	O
it	O
is	O
crucial	O
to	O
know	O
how	O
the	O
repaired	O
piece	O
will	O
function	O
within	O
the	O
rest	O
of	O
the	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Helmut	O
Ruhemann	O
's	O
Inpainting	B-Algorithm
Techniques	O
by	O
Jessell	O
is	O
filled	O
with	O
technique	O
choices	O
and	O
procedures	O
to	O
"	O
preserve	O
"	O
the	O
quality	O
of	O
Oil	O
and	O
early	O
Tempera	O
paintings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
widely	O
known	O
for	O
use	O
with	O
digital	O
images	B-Algorithm
is	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Photoshop	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Given	O
the	O
various	O
abilities	O
of	O
the	O
digital	O
camera	O
and	O
the	O
digitization	O
of	O
old	O
photos	O
,	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
has	O
become	O
an	O
automatic	O
process	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
performed	O
on	O
digital	O
images	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
than	O
mere	O
scratch	O
removal	O
,	O
the	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
techniques	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
applied	O
to	O
object	O
removal	O
,	O
text	O
removal	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
automatic	O
modifications	O
of	O
images	B-Algorithm
and	O
videos	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
video	O
special	O
effects	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
is	O
usually	O
performed	O
after	O
video	O
matting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
they	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
observed	O
in	O
applications	O
like	O
image	B-General_Concept
compression	I-General_Concept
and	O
super	B-Algorithm
resolution	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
technique	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
replace	O
any	O
lost	O
blocks	O
in	O
the	O
coding	O
and	O
transmission	O
of	O
images	B-Algorithm
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
streaming	B-Application
video	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deep	B-Algorithm
learning	I-Algorithm
neural	B-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
based	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
decensoring	O
images	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Three	O
main	O
groups	O
of	O
2D	O
image	B-Algorithm
inpainting	I-Algorithm
algorithms	O
can	O
be	O
found	O
in	O
literature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
one	O
to	O
be	O
noted	O
is	O
structural	O
(	O
or	O
geometric	O
)	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
second	O
one	O
is	O
texture	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
the	O
last	O
one	O
is	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
these	O
two	O
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
these	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
methods	O
have	O
one	O
thing	O
in	O
common	O
:	O
they	O
use	O
the	O
information	O
of	O
the	O
known	O
or	O
non-destroyed	O
image	O
areas	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
fill	O
the	O
gap	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
how	O
physical	O
images	B-Algorithm
are	O
restored	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Structural	O
or	O
geometric	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
is	O
used	O
for	O
smooth	O
images	B-Algorithm
that	O
have	O
strong	O
,	O
defined	O
borders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
many	O
different	O
approaches	O
to	O
geometric	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
,	O
but	O
they	O
all	O
stem	O
from	O
the	O
same	O
idea	O
that	O
geometry	O
can	O
be	O
recovered	O
from	O
similar	O
areas	O
or	O
domains	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bertalmio	O
proposed	O
a	O
method	O
of	O
structural	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
that	O
mimics	O
how	O
conservators	O
address	O
painting	O
restoration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bertalmio	O
proposed	O
that	O
by	O
progressively	O
transferring	O
similar	O
information	O
from	O
the	O
borders	O
of	O
an	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
domain	O
inwards	O
,	O
the	O
gap	O
can	O
be	O
filled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
structural/geometric	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
works	O
to	O
repair	O
smooth	O
images	B-Algorithm
,	O
textural	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
works	O
best	O
with	O
images	B-Algorithm
that	O
are	O
heavily	O
textured	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Combined	O
structural	O
and	O
textural	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
approaches	O
simultaneously	O
try	O
to	O
perform	O
texture	O
-	O
and	O
structure-filling	O
in	O
regions	O
of	O
missing	O
image	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
is	O
why	O
state-of-the-art	O
methods	O
attempt	O
to	O
combine	O
structural	O
and	O
textural	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
methods	O
follow	O
isophote	O
directions	O
(	O
in	O
an	O
image	O
,	O
a	O
contour	O
of	O
equal	O
luminance	O
)	O
,	O
to	O
do	O
the	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recent	O
investigations	O
included	O
the	O
exploration	O
of	O
the	O
wavelet	O
transform	O
properties	O
to	O
perform	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
in	O
the	O
space-frequency	O
domain	O
,	O
obtaining	O
a	O
better	O
performance	O
when	O
compared	O
to	O
the	O
frequency-based	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
techniques	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Model	O
based	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
follows	O
the	O
Bayesian	O
approach	O
for	O
which	O
missing	O
information	O
is	O
best	O
fitted	O
or	O
estimated	O
from	O
the	O
combination	O
of	O
the	O
models	O
of	O
the	O
underlying	O
images	B-Algorithm
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
image	O
data	O
actually	O
being	O
observed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
deterministic	O
language	O
,	O
this	O
has	O
led	O
to	O
various	O
variational	O
inpainting	B-Algorithm
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Manual	O
computer	O
methods	O
include	O
using	O
a	O
clone	B-Algorithm
tool	I-Algorithm
to	O
copy	O
existing	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
image	O
to	O
restore	O
a	O
damaged	O
texture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Exemplar-based	O
image	B-Algorithm
inpainting	I-Algorithm
attempts	O
to	O
automate	O
the	O
clone	B-Algorithm
tool	I-Algorithm
process	O
.	O
</s>
