<s>
Ingres	B-Application
Database	I-Application
(	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
proprietary	B-Application
SQL	B-Language
relational	B-Application
database	I-Application
management	I-Application
system	I-Application
intended	O
to	O
support	O
large	O
commercial	O
and	O
government	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Actian	O
Corporation	O
,	O
which	O
announced	O
April	O
2018	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
being	O
acquired	O
by	O
HCL	O
Technologies	O
,	O
controls	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
Ingres	B-Application
and	O
makes	O
certified	O
binaries	B-Application
available	O
for	O
download	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
providing	O
worldwide	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
was	O
an	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
release	O
of	O
Ingres	B-Application
but	O
it	O
is	O
no	O
longer	O
available	O
for	O
download	O
from	O
Actian	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
sourcecode	O
still	O
available	O
on	O
GitHub	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
its	O
early	O
years	O
,	O
Ingres	B-Application
was	O
an	O
important	O
milestone	O
in	O
the	O
history	O
of	O
database	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ingres	B-Application
began	O
as	O
a	O
research	O
project	O
at	O
UC	O
Berkeley	O
,	O
starting	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1970s	O
and	O
ending	O
in	O
1985	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UNIX	B-Application
and	O
VAX/VMS	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
in	O
providing	O
QUEL	B-Language
as	O
a	O
query	O
language	O
instead	O
of	O
SQL	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
QUEL	B-Language
was	O
considered	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
to	O
run	O
truer	O
to	O
Edgar	O
F	O
.	O
Codd	O
's	O
relational	B-Algorithm
algebra	I-Algorithm
(	O
especially	O
concerning	O
composability	O
)	O
,	O
but	O
SQL	B-Language
was	O
easier	O
to	O
parse	O
and	O
less	O
intimidating	O
for	O
those	O
without	O
a	O
formal	O
background	O
in	O
mathematics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
ANSI	O
preferred	O
SQL	B-Language
over	O
QUEL	B-Language
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
1986	O
SQL	B-Language
standard	O
(	O
SQL-86	O
)	O
,	O
Ingres	B-Application
became	O
less	O
competitive	O
against	O
rival	O
products	O
such	O
as	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
until	O
future	O
Ingres	B-Application
versions	O
also	O
provided	O
SQL	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
companies	O
spun	O
off	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
Ingres	B-Application
technology	O
,	O
including	O
Actian	O
itself	O
,	O
originally	O
known	O
as	O
Relational	O
Technology	O
Inc.	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
NonStop	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
database	O
originally	O
developed	O
by	O
Tandem	O
Computers	O
but	O
now	O
offered	O
by	O
Hewlett	O
Packard	O
Enterprise	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ingres	B-Application
began	O
as	O
a	O
research	O
project	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
California	O
,	O
Berkeley	O
,	O
starting	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1970s	O
and	O
ending	O
in	O
1985	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
code	O
,	O
like	O
that	O
from	O
other	O
projects	O
at	O
Berkeley	O
,	O
was	O
available	O
at	O
minimal	O
cost	O
under	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
license	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ingres	B-Application
spawned	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
commercial	O
database	O
applications	O
,	O
including	O
Sybase	B-Application
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
,	O
NonStop	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
and	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Postgres	B-Application
(	O
Post	O
Ingres	B-Application
)	O
,	O
a	O
project	O
which	O
started	O
in	O
the	O
mid-1980s	O
,	O
later	O
evolved	O
into	O
PostgreSQL	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
ACID	O
compatible	O
and	O
is	O
fully	O
transactional	O
(	O
including	O
all	O
DDL	B-Language
statements	O
)	O
and	O
is	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Lisog	O
open-source	B-License
stack	O
initiative	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1973	O
when	O
the	O
System	B-Application
R	I-Application
project	O
was	O
getting	O
started	O
at	O
IBM	O
,	O
the	O
research	O
team	O
released	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
papers	O
describing	O
the	O
system	O
they	O
were	O
building	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
had	O
already	O
raised	O
money	O
for	O
researching	O
a	O
geographic	O
database	O
system	O
for	O
Berkeley	O
's	O
economics	O
group	O
,	O
which	O
they	O
called	O
Ingres	B-Application
,	O
for	O
INteractive	O
Graphics	O
REtrieval	O
System	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
decided	O
to	O
re-use	O
the	O
original	O
project	O
name	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
new	O
project	O
became	O
University	B-Application
INGRES	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
funded	O
,	O
Ingres	B-Application
was	O
developed	O
during	O
the	O
mid-1970s	O
by	O
a	O
rotating	O
team	O
of	O
students	O
and	O
staff	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ingres	B-Application
went	O
through	O
an	O
evolution	O
similar	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
System	B-Application
R	I-Application
,	O
with	O
an	O
early	O
prototype	O
in	O
1974	O
followed	O
by	O
major	O
revisions	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
code	O
maintainable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ingres	B-Application
was	O
then	O
disseminated	O
to	O
a	O
small	O
user	O
community	O
,	O
and	O
project	O
members	O
rewrote	O
the	O
prototype	O
repeatedly	O
to	O
incorporate	O
accumulated	O
experience	O
,	O
feedback	O
from	O
users	O
,	O
and	O
new	O
ideas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
System	B-Application
R	I-Application
,	O
the	O
Ingres	B-Application
source	O
code	O
was	O
available	O
(	O
on	O
tape	O
)	O
for	O
a	O
nominal	O
fee	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
students	O
from	O
U.C.	O
</s>
<s>
Berkeley	O
and	O
other	O
universities	O
who	O
used	O
the	O
Ingres	B-Application
source	O
code	O
worked	O
on	O
various	O
commercial	O
database	O
software	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Berkeley	O
students	O
Jerry	O
Held	O
and	O
later	O
Karel	O
Youseffi	O
moved	O
to	O
Tandem	O
Computers	O
,	O
where	O
they	O
built	O
a	O
database	O
system	O
that	O
evolved	O
into	O
NonStop	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Tandem	O
database	O
system	O
was	O
a	O
re-implementation	O
of	O
the	O
Ingres	B-Application
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
evolved	O
into	O
a	O
system	O
that	O
ran	O
effectively	O
on	O
parallel	B-Operating_System
computers	I-Operating_System
;	O
that	O
is	O
,	O
it	O
included	O
functionality	O
for	O
distributed	O
data	O
,	O
distributed	O
execution	O
,	O
and	O
distributed	O
transactions	O
(	O
the	O
last	O
being	O
fairly	O
difficult	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1989	O
,	O
the	O
system	O
could	O
run	O
queries	O
in	O
parallel	O
and	O
the	O
product	O
became	O
fairly	O
famous	O
for	O
being	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
few	O
systems	O
that	O
scales	O
almost	O
linearly	O
with	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
processors	O
in	O
the	O
machine	O
:	O
adding	O
a	O
second	O
CPU	O
to	O
an	O
existing	O
NonStop	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
server	O
will	O
almost	O
exactly	O
double	O
its	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
early	O
1980s	O
,	O
Ingres	B-Application
competed	O
head-to-head	O
with	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
two	O
products	O
were	O
widely	O
regarded	O
as	O
the	O
leading	O
hardware-independent	O
relational	O
database	O
implementations	O
;	O
they	O
had	O
comparable	O
functionality	O
,	O
performance	O
,	O
market	O
share	O
,	O
and	O
pricing	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
commentators	O
considered	O
Ingres	B-Application
to	O
be	O
a	O
(	O
perhaps	O
marginally	O
)	O
superior	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
around	O
1985	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
Ingres	B-Application
steadily	O
lost	O
market	O
share	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
reason	O
was	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
's	O
aggressive	O
marketing	O
;	O
another	O
was	O
the	O
increasing	O
recognition	O
of	O
SQL	B-Language
as	O
the	O
preferred	O
relational	O
query	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ingres	B-Application
originally	O
had	O
provided	O
a	O
different	O
language	O
,	O
QUEL	B-Language
,	O
and	O
the	O
conversion	O
to	O
SQL	B-Language
(	O
delivered	O
in	O
Ingres	B-Application
version	O
6	O
)	O
took	O
about	O
three	O
years	O
,	O
losing	O
valuable	O
time	O
in	O
the	O
race	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Robert	O
Epstein	O
,	O
the	O
chief	O
programmer	O
on	O
the	O
project	O
while	O
he	O
was	O
at	O
Berkeley	O
,	O
formed	O
Britton	O
Lee	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
along	O
with	O
other	O
students	O
from	O
the	O
Ingres	B-Application
Project	O
,	O
Paula	O
Hawthorn	O
and	O
Michael	O
Ubell	O
;	O
they	O
were	O
joined	O
later	O
by	O
Eric	O
Allman	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
,	O
Epstein	O
founded	O
Sybase	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sybase	B-Application
had	O
been	O
the	O
#2	O
product	O
(	O
behind	O
Oracle	B-General_Concept
)	O
for	O
some	O
time	O
through	O
the	O
1980s	O
and	O
into	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
before	O
Informix	B-Application
came	O
"	O
out	O
of	O
nowhere	O
"	O
and	O
took	O
over	O
in	O
1997	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sybase	B-Application
's	O
product	O
line	O
had	O
also	O
been	O
licensed	O
to	O
Microsoft	O
in	O
1992	O
,	O
who	O
rebranded	O
it	O
as	O
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
relationship	O
soured	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
,	O
and	O
today	O
SQL	B-Language
Server	O
outsells	O
Sybase	B-Application
by	O
a	O
wide	O
margin	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
companies	O
used	O
the	O
Ingres	B-Application
source	O
code	O
to	O
produce	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RTI	O
was	O
renamed	O
Ingres	B-Application
Corporation	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
ported	O
the	O
code	O
to	O
DEC	O
VAX/VMS	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
the	O
commercial	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
for	O
DEC	B-Device
VAX	I-Device
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
time	O
,	O
much	O
of	O
the	O
source	O
was	O
rewritten	O
to	O
add	O
functionality	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
multiple-statement	O
transactions	O
,	O
SQL	B-Language
,	O
B-tree	O
access	O
method	O
,	O
date/time	O
datatypes	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1994	O
,	O
ASK/Ingres	O
was	O
purchased	O
by	O
Computer	O
Associates	O
,	O
who	O
continued	O
to	O
offer	O
Ingres	B-Application
under	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
brand	O
names	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
OpenIngres	B-Application
,	O
Ingres	B-Application
II	I-Application
,	O
or	O
Advantage	O
Ingres	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2004	O
,	O
Computer	O
Associates	O
released	O
Ingres	B-Application
r3	O
under	O
an	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
essence	O
,	O
the	O
code	O
has	O
everything	O
except	O
OpenROAD	B-Language
,	O
the	O
Windows	O
4GL	O
GUI-based	O
development	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2005	O
,	O
Garnett	O
&	O
Helfrich	O
Capital	O
,	O
in	O
partnership	O
with	O
Computer	O
Associates	O
,	O
created	O
a	O
new	O
company	O
called	O
Ingres	B-Application
Corporation	O
,	O
which	O
provided	O
support	O
and	O
services	O
for	O
Ingres	B-Application
,	O
OpenROAD	B-Language
,	O
and	O
the	O
connectivity	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2006	O
,	O
Ingres	B-Application
Corporation	O
released	O
Ingres	B-Application
2006	O
under	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
Licence	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ingres	B-Application
9.3	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
October	O
7	O
,	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
a	O
limited	O
release	O
targeted	O
at	O
new	O
application	O
development	O
on	O
Linux	B-Application
and	O
Windows	O
only	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ingres	B-Application
10	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
October	O
12	O
,	O
2010	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
full	O
release	O
,	O
supporting	O
upgrade	O
from	O
earlier	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
available	O
on	O
32-bit	O
and	O
64-bit	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
and	O
32-bit	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open-source	B-License
community	O
initiatives	O
with	O
Ingres	B-Application
included	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Community	O
Bundles	O
–	O
Alliances	O
with	O
other	O
open-source	B-License
providers	O
and	O
projects	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Alfresco	O
,	O
JasperSoft	O
,	O
Hibernate	O
,	O
Apache	O
Tomcat	O
,	O
and	O
Eclipse	O
,	O
enable	O
Ingres	B-Application
to	O
provide	O
its	O
platform	O
and	O
technology	O
with	O
other	O
open-source	B-License
technologies	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Established	O
by	O
Ingres	B-Application
and	O
Carleton	O
University	O
,	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
Open	B-License
Source	I-License
Boot	O
Camps	O
were	O
held	O
in	O
2008	O
to	O
work	O
with	O
other	O
open-source	B-License
communities	O
and	O
projects	O
to	O
introduce	O
university	O
and	O
college	O
students	O
and	O
staff	O
to	O
the	O
concepts	O
and	O
realities	O
of	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
involvement	O
includes	O
:	O
Global	O
Ingres	B-Application
University	O
Alliances	O
,	O
Ingres	B-Application
Engineering	O
Summit	O
,	O
Ingres	B-Application
Janitors	O
Project	O
and	O
several	O
memberships	O
in	O
open-source	B-License
initiatives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ingres	B-Application
Icebreaker	O
is	O
an	O
appliance	O
that	O
combines	O
the	O
Ingres	B-Application
Database	I-Application
with	O
the	O
Linux	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
,	O
enabling	O
people	O
to	O
simultaneously	O
deploy	O
and	O
manage	O
a	O
database	O
and	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ingres	B-Application
CAFÉ	O
(	O
Consolidated	O
Application	O
Foundation	O
for	O
Eclipse	O
)	O
,	O
created	O
by	O
a	O
team	O
of	O
developers	O
at	O
Carleton	O
University	O
,	O
is	O
an	O
integrated	O
environment	O
that	O
helps	O
software	O
architects	O
accelerate	O
and	O
simplify	O
Java	O
application	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ingres	B-Application
Geospatial	O
was	O
community-based	O
project	O
to	O
create	O
industry-standards-compliant	O
geospatial	O
storage	O
features	O
in	O
the	O
Ingres	B-Application
DBMS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2010	O
Garnett	O
&	O
Helfrich	O
Capital	O
acquired	O
the	O
last	O
20%	O
of	O
equity	O
in	O
Ingres	B-Application
Corp	O
that	O
it	O
did	O
not	O
already	O
own	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
22	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
Ingres	B-Application
Corporation	O
became	O
Actian	O
Corporation	O
,	O
focusing	O
on	O
data	O
management	O
and	O
integration	O
technologies	O
,	O
including	O
Vectorwise/Vector	O
,	O
Btrieve/Pervasive	O
PSQL/Zen	O
,	O
OpenROAD	B-Language
and	O
the	O
Ingres	B-Application
database	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Postgres	B-Application
project	O
was	O
started	O
in	O
the	O
mid	O
1980s	O
to	O
address	O
limitations	O
of	O
existing	O
database-management	O
implementations	O
of	O
the	O
relational	B-Architecture
model	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Primary	O
among	O
these	O
was	O
their	O
inability	O
to	O
let	O
the	O
user	O
define	O
new	O
domains	O
(	O
or	O
"	O
types	O
"	O
)	O
which	O
are	O
combinations	O
of	O
simpler	O
domains	O
(	O
see	O
relational	B-Architecture
model	I-Architecture
for	O
an	O
explanation	O
of	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
domain	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
resulting	O
project	O
,	O
named	O
"	O
Postgres	B-Application
"	O
,	O
aimed	O
at	O
introducing	O
the	O
minimum	O
number	O
of	O
features	O
needed	O
to	O
add	O
complete	O
types	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Postgres	B-Application
,	O
the	O
database	O
"	O
understood	O
"	O
relationships	O
,	O
and	O
could	O
retrieve	O
information	O
in	O
related	O
tables	O
in	O
a	O
natural	O
way	O
using	O
rules	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
Stonebraker	O
started	O
a	O
new	O
company	O
to	O
commercialize	O
Postgres	B-Application
,	O
under	O
the	O
name	O
Illustra	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
and	O
technology	O
were	O
later	O
purchased	O
by	O
Informix	B-Application
Corporation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Actian	O
X	O
combines	O
the	O
features	O
and	O
capabilities	O
of	O
Ingres	B-Application
and	O
Vector	O
,	O
including	O
column-based	O
storage	O
,	O
vector	O
processing	O
,	O
multi-core	O
parallelism	B-Operating_System
(	O
and	O
more	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
