<s>
An	O
information	B-Application
card	I-Application
(	O
or	O
i-card	B-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
personal	O
digital	B-Application
identity	I-Application
that	O
people	O
can	O
use	O
online	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
key	O
component	O
of	O
an	O
identity	B-Application
metasystem	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Visually	O
,	O
each	O
i-card	B-Application
has	O
a	O
card-shaped	O
picture	O
and	O
a	O
card	O
name	O
associated	O
with	O
it	O
that	O
enable	O
people	O
to	O
organize	O
their	O
digital	B-Application
identities	I-Application
and	O
to	O
easily	O
select	O
one	O
they	O
want	O
to	O
use	O
for	O
any	O
given	O
interaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
information	B-Application
card	I-Application
metaphor	O
has	O
been	O
implemented	O
by	O
identity	B-Application
selectors	I-Application
like	O
Windows	B-Application
CardSpace	I-Application
,	O
DigitalMe	O
or	O
Higgins	B-Language
Identity	I-Language
Selector	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
identity	B-Application
metasystem	I-Application
is	O
an	O
interoperable	O
architecture	O
for	O
digital	B-Application
identity	I-Application
that	O
enables	O
people	O
to	O
have	O
and	O
employ	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
digital	B-Application
identities	I-Application
based	O
on	O
multiple	O
underlying	O
technologies	O
,	O
implementations	O
,	O
and	O
providers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
identity	B-Application
metasystem	I-Application
is	O
based	O
upon	O
the	O
principles	O
in	O
"	O
The	O
Laws	O
of	O
Identity	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
three	O
participants	O
in	O
digital	B-Application
identity	I-Application
interactions	O
using	O
information	B-Application
cards	I-Application
:	O
</s>
<s>
Identity	O
providers	O
issue	O
digital	B-Application
identities	I-Application
for	O
you	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Online	O
services	O
that	O
you	O
use	O
can	O
accept	O
digital	B-Application
identities	I-Application
that	O
you	O
choose	O
and	O
use	O
the	O
information	O
provided	O
by	O
them	O
on	O
your	O
behalf	O
,	O
with	O
your	O
consent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
subject	O
can	O
choose	O
which	O
of	O
its	O
applicable	O
digital	B-Application
identities	I-Application
to	O
use	O
with	O
the	O
relying	O
party	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
identity	B-Application
selector	I-Application
is	O
used	O
to	O
store	O
,	O
manage	O
,	O
and	O
use	O
their	O
digital	B-Application
identities	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
identity	B-Application
selectors	I-Application
are	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
Windows	B-Application
CardSpace	I-Application
,	O
the	O
Bandit	O
Project	O
's	O
DigitalMe	O
,	O
and	O
several	O
kinds	O
of	O
Identity	B-Application
Selectors	I-Application
from	O
the	B-Application
Eclipse	I-Application
Foundation	I-Application
's	O
Higgins	B-Language
project	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
identity	B-Application
selector	I-Application
performs	O
the	O
following	O
user-centric	O
identity	O
management	O
tasks	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Provides	O
a	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
that	O
displays	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
information	B-Application
card	I-Application
icons	O
from	O
which	O
the	O
user	O
selects	O
their	O
preferred	O
i-card	B-Application
when	O
authentication	O
is	O
required	O
by	O
a	O
local	O
application	O
or	O
relying	O
party	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Provides	O
a	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
to	O
create	O
and	O
manage	O
personal	O
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
self-issued	O
)	O
information	B-Application
cards	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Provides	O
a	O
local	O
security	O
token	O
service	O
that	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
issue	O
the	O
security	O
tokens	O
for	O
personal	O
i-cards	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Provides	O
a	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
to	O
import	O
and	O
export	O
information	B-Application
cards	I-Application
in	O
standard	O
file	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
identity	B-Application
selector	I-Application
may	O
also	O
allow	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
manage	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
create	O
,	O
review	O
,	O
update	O
,	O
and	O
delete	O
cards	O
within	O
)	O
their	O
portfolio	O
of	O
i-cards	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
five	O
key	O
components	O
to	O
an	O
identity	B-Application
metasystem	I-Application
:	O
</s>
<s>
Dynamically	O
negotiating	O
the	O
claims	O
to	O
be	O
delivered	O
and	O
the	O
security	O
token	O
format	O
used	O
enables	O
the	O
identity	B-Application
metasystem	I-Application
to	O
carry	O
any	O
format	O
of	O
token	O
and	O
any	O
kinds	O
of	O
claims	O
needed	O
for	O
a	O
digital	B-Application
identity	I-Application
interaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
WS-Trust	O
and	O
WS-Federation	B-General_Concept
protocols	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
carry	O
requests	O
for	O
security	O
tokens	O
and	O
responses	O
containing	O
those	O
tokens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
achieved	O
via	O
identity	B-Application
selector	I-Application
client	O
software	O
such	O
as	O
Windows	B-Application
CardSpace	I-Application
representing	O
digital	B-Application
identities	I-Application
owned	O
by	O
users	O
as	O
visual	O
i-cards	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
I-cards	B-Application
are	O
created	O
by	O
an	O
entity	O
known	O
as	O
a	O
issuer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
I-cards	B-Application
display	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
the	O
issuer	O
(	O
issuerName	O
)	O
in	O
a	O
text	O
string	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
I-cards	B-Application
have	O
a	O
text	O
string	O
to	O
identify	O
the	O
card	O
(	O
cardName	O
)	O
that	O
is	O
initially	O
set	O
by	O
the	O
card	O
issuer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
I-cards	B-Application
may	O
have	O
a	O
(	O
GIF	O
or	O
JPEG	O
)	O
background	O
image	O
(	O
cardImage	O
)	O
set	O
by	O
the	O
card	O
issuer	O
(	O
user-editable	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
most	O
i-cards	B-Application
the	O
user	O
is	O
able	O
to	O
see	O
the	O
value	O
of	O
the	O
claims	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
i-cards	B-Application
,	O
users	O
can	O
authenticate	O
without	O
needing	O
a	O
username	O
and	O
password	O
for	O
every	O
website	O
;	O
instead	O
,	O
at	O
sites	O
accepting	O
them	O
,	O
they	O
can	O
log	O
in	O
with	O
an	O
i-card	B-Application
,	O
which	O
may	O
be	O
used	O
at	O
multiple	O
sites	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
information	B-Application
card	I-Application
utilizes	O
a	O
distinct	O
pair-wise	O
digital	O
key	O
for	O
every	O
realm	O
where	O
a	O
key	O
is	O
requested	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
realm	O
may	O
be	O
a	O
single	O
site	O
or	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
related	O
sites	O
all	O
sharing	O
the	O
same	O
target	O
scope	O
information	O
when	O
requesting	O
an	O
information	B-Application
card	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
distinct	O
pair-wise	O
keys	O
per	O
realm	O
means	O
that	O
even	O
if	O
a	O
person	O
is	O
tricked	O
into	O
logging	O
into	O
an	O
imposter	O
site	O
with	O
an	O
i-card	B-Application
,	O
a	O
different	O
key	O
would	O
be	O
used	O
at	O
that	O
site	O
than	O
the	O
site	O
that	O
the	O
imposter	O
was	O
trying	O
to	O
impersonate	O
;	O
no	O
shared	O
secret	O
is	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
many	O
identity	B-Application
selectors	I-Application
provide	O
a	O
means	O
of	O
phishing	O
detection	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
HTTPS	B-Protocol
certificate	O
of	O
the	O
relying	O
party	O
site	O
is	O
checked	O
and	O
compared	O
against	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
the	O
sites	O
at	O
which	O
the	O
user	O
has	O
previously	O
used	O
an	O
information	B-Application
card	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Identity	B-Application
Selector	I-Application
Interoperability	O
Profile	O
v	O
1.5	O
(	O
or	O
OASIS	O
IMI	O
v1.0	O
Committee	O
Draft	O
)	O
specifies	O
two	O
types	O
of	O
information	B-Application
cards	I-Application
that	O
an	O
identity	B-Application
selector	I-Application
must	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Personal	O
Information	B-Application
Cards	I-Application
:	O
(	O
Also	O
called	O
self-issued	O
)	O
these	O
cards	O
allow	O
you	O
to	O
issue	O
claims	O
about	O
yourself	O
to	O
sites	O
willing	O
to	O
accept	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Managed	O
Information	B-Application
Cards	I-Application
:	O
These	O
cards	O
allow	O
identity	O
providers	O
other	O
than	O
yourself	O
to	O
make	O
claims	O
about	O
you	O
to	O
sites	O
willing	O
to	O
accept	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Higgins	B-Language
project	I-Language
is	O
defining	O
two	O
new	O
kinds	O
of	O
i-cards	B-Application
as	O
well	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
the	O
Information	B-Application
Card	I-Application
format	O
allows	O
for	O
custom	O
types	O
;	O
The	O
Bandit	O
project	O
demonstrated	O
prototype	O
managed	O
cards	O
backed	O
by	O
OpenIDs	O
at	O
the	O
Novell	O
BrainShare	O
conference	O
in	O
March	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
kind	O
of	O
personal	O
Information	B-Application
cards	I-Application
were	O
also	O
introduced	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
’s	O
Windows	B-Application
CardSpace	I-Application
software	O
in	O
November	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
format	O
an	O
XML	O
file	O
containing	O
:	O
set	O
of	O
claim	O
type	O
URIs	B-Protocol
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
(	O
user-defined	O
)	O
values	O
of	O
these	O
claims	O
,	O
cardImage	O
,	O
a	O
unique	O
cardID	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Issuer	O
:	O
The	O
user	O
's	O
own	O
Identity	B-Application
Selector	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Genesis	O
:	O
Created	O
by	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
Identity	B-Application
Selector	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
are	O
defined	O
in	O
the	O
Identity	B-Application
Selector	I-Application
Interoperability	O
Profile	O
v	O
1.5	O
(	O
or	O
OASIS	O
IMI	O
v1.0	O
Committee	O
Draft	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Authority	O
:	O
The	O
user	O
's	O
Identity	B-Application
Selector	I-Application
is	O
the	O
authority	O
for	O
the	O
issued	O
token	O
's	O
set	O
of	O
claim	O
values	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
as	O
needed	O
by	O
a	O
relying	O
site	O
)	O
,	O
an	O
STS	O
local	O
to	O
the	O
Identity	B-Application
Selector	I-Application
creates	O
a	O
security	O
token	O
with	O
the	O
current	O
values	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
imported	O
into	O
an	O
Identity	B-Application
Selector	I-Application
these	O
data	O
values	O
are	O
then	O
managed	O
internally	O
by	O
the	O
selector	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
kind	O
of	O
managed	O
card	O
was	O
introduced	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
’s	O
Windows	B-Application
CardSpace	I-Application
software	O
in	O
November	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
behavior	O
,	O
file	O
format	O
and	O
interoperability	O
characteristics	O
of	O
these	O
kinds	O
of	O
managed	O
cards	O
are	O
defined	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
documents	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Identity	B-Application
Selector	I-Application
Interoperability	O
Profile	O
v	O
1.5	O
(	O
or	O
OASIS	O
IMI	O
v1.0	O
Committee	O
Draft	O
;	O
see	O
self-issued.info	O
for	O
a	O
more	O
complete	O
list	O
)	O
,	O
in	O
combination	O
with	O
open	O
standards	O
including	O
WS-Trust	O
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
format	O
:	O
an	O
XML	O
file	O
containing	O
:	O
network	O
endpoint	O
of	O
the	O
STS	O
,	O
set	O
of	O
claim	O
type	O
URIs	B-Protocol
,	O
name	O
of	O
the	O
card	O
,	O
cardImage	O
,	O
issuerName	O
,	O
a	O
unique	O
cardID	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Genesis	O
:	O
A	O
managed	O
card	O
is	O
generated	O
by	O
a	O
Security	O
Token	O
Service	O
running	O
at	O
an	O
Identity	O
Provider	O
site	O
and	O
imported	O
into	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
Identity	B-Application
Selector	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Claims	O
:	O
The	O
list	O
of	O
supported	O
claim	O
types	O
(	O
claim	O
type	O
URIs	B-Protocol
)	O
is	O
defined	O
by	O
the	O
issuer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
flow	O
:	O
Managed	O
cards	O
contain	O
a	O
network	O
endpoint	O
reference	O
to	O
an	O
STS	O
that	O
,	O
when	O
requested	O
by	O
the	O
Identity	B-Application
Selector	I-Application
(	O
using	O
WS-Trust	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
I-cards	B-Application
issued	O
by	O
third	O
parties	O
can	O
employ	O
any	O
of	O
four	O
methods	O
for	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
authenticate	O
himself	O
as	O
the	O
card	O
owner	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
a	O
Personal	O
Information	B-Application
Card	I-Application
(	O
self-issued	O
)	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
Additional	O
methods	O
could	O
also	O
be	O
implemented	O
by	O
future	O
identity	B-Application
selectors	I-Application
and	O
identity	O
providers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Managed	O
i-cards	B-Application
can	O
be	O
auditing	O
,	O
non-auditing	O
,	O
or	O
auditing-optional	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Relationship	O
cards	O
are	O
under	O
development	O
by	O
the	O
Higgins	B-Language
project	I-Language
(	O
see	O
the	O
report	O
by	O
Paul	O
Trevithick	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Supported	O
Claims	O
:	O
Like	O
all	O
managed	O
(	O
or	O
personal	O
)	O
cards	O
,	O
r-cards	O
include	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
supported	O
claim	O
types	O
(	O
expressed	O
as	O
URIs	B-Protocol
)	O
as	O
defined	O
by	O
the	O
issuer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Supported	O
Attributes	O
:	O
The	O
value	O
of	O
an	O
r-card	O
'	O
s	O
resource-udi	O
claim	O
is	O
an	O
Entity	O
UDI	O
(	O
URI	B-Protocol
)	O
that	O
"	O
points	O
to	O
"	O
a	O
data	O
entity	O
(	O
representing	O
a	O
person	O
,	O
organization	O
,	O
or	O
other	O
object	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Entity	O
UDIs	O
may	O
be	O
dereferenced	O
and	O
the	O
underlying	O
Entity	O
's	O
attributes	O
accessed	O
by	O
using	O
the	O
Higgins	B-Language
project	I-Language
's	O
Identity	O
Attribute	O
Service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
resolved	O
,	O
consumers	O
of	O
this	O
service	O
can	O
inspect	O
,	O
and	O
potentially	O
modify	O
the	O
attributes	O
of	O
the	O
entity	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
get	O
its	O
schema	O
as	O
described	O
in	O
Web	B-Language
Ontology	I-Language
Language	I-Language
(	O
OWL	B-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Beyond	O
being	O
used	O
to	O
log	O
into	O
sites	O
,	O
Information	B-Application
Cards	I-Application
can	O
also	O
facilitate	O
other	O
kinds	O
of	O
interactions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Information	B-Application
Card	I-Application
model	O
provides	O
great	O
flexibility	O
because	O
cards	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
convey	O
any	O
information	O
from	O
an	O
Identity	O
Provider	O
to	O
a	O
Relying	O
Party	O
that	O
makes	O
sense	O
to	O
both	O
of	O
them	O
and	O
that	O
the	O
person	O
is	O
willing	O
to	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
data	O
elements	O
carried	O
in	O
i-cards	B-Application
are	O
called	O
Claims	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
protocols	O
needed	O
to	O
build	O
Identity	B-Application
Metasystem	I-Application
components	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
anyone	O
for	O
any	O
purpose	O
with	O
no	O
licensing	O
cost	O
and	O
interoperable	O
implementations	O
can	O
be	O
built	O
using	O
only	O
publicly	O
available	O
documentation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Patent	O
promises	O
have	O
been	O
issued	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
IBM	O
,	O
and	O
others	O
ensuring	O
that	O
the	O
protocols	O
underlying	O
the	O
Identity	B-Application
Metasystem	I-Application
can	O
be	O
freely	O
used	O
by	O
all	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Information	B-Application
Cards	I-Application
defined	O
by	O
the	O
Identity	B-Application
Selector	I-Application
Interoperability	O
Profile	O
v	O
1.5	O
(	O
or	O
OASIS	O
IMI	O
v1.0	O
Committee	O
Draft	O
)	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
open	O
,	O
interoperable	O
communication	O
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interoperable	O
i-card	B-Application
components	O
have	O
been	O
built	O
by	O
dozens	O
of	O
companies	O
and	O
projects	O
for	O
platforms	O
including	O
Windows	O
,	O
Mac	O
OS	O
,	O
and	O
Linux	O
,	O
plus	O
a	O
prototype	O
implementation	O
for	O
phones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Together	O
,	O
these	O
components	O
implement	O
an	O
interoperable	O
Identity	B-Application
Metasystem	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Information	B-Application
Cards	I-Application
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
provide	O
identities	O
both	O
for	O
Web	O
sites	O
and	O
Web	O
Services	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
interoperability	O
testing	O
events	O
for	O
i-cards	B-Application
have	O
been	O
sponsored	O
by	O
OSIS	O
and	O
the	O
Burton	O
Group	O
,	O
one	O
was	O
at	O
the	O
Interop	O
at	O
the	O
October	O
2007	O
European	O
Catalyst	O
Conference	O
in	O
Barcelona	O
and	O
the	O
most	O
recent	O
was	O
at	O
RSA	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
events	O
are	O
helping	O
to	O
ensure	O
that	O
the	O
different	O
Information	B-Application
Card	I-Application
software	O
components	O
being	O
built	O
by	O
the	O
numerous	O
participants	O
in	O
the	O
Identity	B-Application
Metasystem	I-Application
work	O
well	O
together	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
protocols	O
needed	O
to	O
build	O
Information	B-Application
Card	I-Application
implementations	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Identity	B-Application
Selector	I-Application
Interoperability	O
Profile	O
v	O
1.5	O
(	O
or	O
OASIS	O
IMI	O
v1.0	O
Committee	O
Draft	O
)	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
anyone	O
for	O
any	O
purpose	O
at	O
no	O
cost	O
and	O
interoperable	O
implementations	O
can	O
be	O
built	O
using	O
only	O
publicly	O
available	O
documentation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Patent	O
promises	O
have	O
been	O
issued	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
IBM	O
,	O
and	O
others	O
,	O
ensuring	O
that	O
this	O
Information	B-Application
Card	I-Application
technology	O
is	O
freely	O
available	O
to	O
all	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2008	O
,	O
industry	O
leaders	O
including	O
Equifax	O
,	O
Google	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
Novell	O
,	O
Oracle	O
,	O
PayPal	O
and	O
others	O
created	O
the	O
Information	B-General_Concept
Card	I-General_Concept
Foundation	I-General_Concept
in	O
order	O
to	O
advance	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
Information	B-Application
Card	I-Application
metaphor	O
as	O
a	O
key	O
component	O
of	O
an	O
open	O
,	O
interoperable	O
,	O
royalty-free	O
,	O
user-centric	O
identity	O
layer	O
spanning	O
both	O
the	O
enterprise	O
and	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
event	O
,	O
it	O
can	O
accurately	O
be	O
said	O
that	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
running	O
Identity	B-Application
Metasystem	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
information	B-Application
card	I-Application
"	O
was	O
introduced	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
in	O
May	O
2005	O
as	O
a	O
name	O
for	O
the	O
visual	O
information	B-Application
card	I-Application
metaphor	O
to	O
be	O
introduced	O
in	O
its	O
forthcoming	O
Windows	B-Application
CardSpace	I-Application
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Until	O
early	O
2006	O
,	O
information	B-Application
cards	I-Application
were	O
also	O
sometimes	O
referred	O
to	O
by	O
the	O
code-name	O
“	O
InfoCard	B-Application
”	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
not	O
a	O
name	O
that	O
was	O
freely	O
available	O
for	O
all	O
to	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
name	O
information	B-Application
card	I-Application
was	O
specifically	O
chosen	O
as	O
one	O
that	O
would	O
be	O
freely	O
available	O
for	O
all	O
to	O
use	O
,	O
independent	O
of	O
any	O
product	O
or	O
implementation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
name	O
“	O
information	B-Application
card	I-Application
”	O
is	O
not	O
trademarked	O
and	O
is	O
so	O
generic	O
as	O
to	O
not	O
be	O
trademarkable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
i-card	B-Application
was	O
introduced	O
at	O
the	O
June	O
21	O
,	O
2006	O
,	O
Berkman/MIT	O
Identity	O
Mashup	O
conference	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
had	O
not	O
yet	O
finished	O
applying	O
the	O
Open	O
Specification	O
Promise	O
to	O
the	O
protocols	O
underlying	O
Windows	B-Application
CardSpace	I-Application
and	O
there	O
was	O
also	O
a	O
misunderstanding	O
that	O
the	O
term	O
information	B-Application
card	I-Application
was	O
not	O
freely	O
available	O
for	O
use	O
by	O
all	O
,	O
so	O
to	O
be	O
conservative	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
i-card	B-Application
was	O
introduced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mike	O
Jones	O
,	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
explained	O
to	O
participants	O
of	O
a	O
session	O
at	O
IIW	O
2007b	O
that	O
Microsoft	O
always	O
intended	O
the	O
term	O
information	B-Application
card	I-Application
to	O
be	O
used	O
generically	O
to	O
describe	O
all	O
kinds	O
of	O
information	B-Application
cards	I-Application
and	O
to	O
be	O
freely	O
usable	O
by	O
all	O
,	O
and	O
tried	O
to	O
correct	O
the	O
earlier	O
misunderstanding	O
that	O
the	O
term	O
might	O
apply	O
only	O
to	O
the	O
kinds	O
of	O
information	B-Application
cards	I-Application
originally	O
defined	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
made	O
the	O
case	O
that	O
the	O
industry	O
would	O
be	O
better	O
served	O
by	O
having	O
everyone	O
use	O
the	O
common	O
term	O
information	B-Application
card	I-Application
,	O
than	O
having	O
two	O
terms	O
in	O
use	O
with	O
the	O
same	O
meaning	O
,	O
since	O
there	O
remains	O
no	O
legal	O
or	O
technical	O
reason	O
for	O
different	O
terms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
case	O
the	O
term	O
i-card	B-Application
would	O
become	O
just	O
the	O
short	O
form	O
of	O
information	B-Application
card	I-Application
,	O
just	O
like	O
e-mail	O
has	O
become	O
the	O
short	O
form	O
of	O
electronic	O
mail	O
.	O
</s>
