<s>
Following	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
Personal	I-Device
Computer	I-Device
,	O
or	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
,	O
many	O
other	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
architectures	O
became	O
extinct	O
within	O
just	O
a	O
few	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
led	O
to	O
a	O
wave	O
of	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
compatible	O
systems	O
being	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
was	O
introduced	O
,	O
the	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
market	O
was	O
dominated	O
by	O
systems	O
using	O
the	O
6502	B-General_Concept
and	O
Z80	B-General_Concept
8-bit	O
microprocessors	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
TRS	B-Device
80	I-Device
,	O
Commodore	B-Device
PET	I-Device
,	O
and	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
series	I-Device
,	O
which	O
used	O
proprietary	O
operating	O
systems	O
,	O
and	O
by	O
computers	O
running	O
CP/M	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
IBM	O
introduced	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
,	O
it	O
was	O
not	O
until	O
1984	O
that	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
and	O
clones	B-General_Concept
became	O
the	O
dominant	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1983	O
,	O
Byte	B-Application
forecast	O
that	O
by	O
1990	O
,	O
IBM	O
would	O
command	O
only	O
11%	O
of	O
business	O
computer	O
sales	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Around	O
1978	O
,	O
several	O
16-bit	B-Device
CPUs	O
became	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
included	O
the	O
Data	O
General	O
mN601	O
,	O
the	O
Fairchild	B-General_Concept
9440	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
Ferranti	O
F100-L	O
,	O
the	O
General	O
Instrument	O
CP1600	O
and	O
CP1610	O
,	O
the	O
National	O
Semiconductor	O
INS8900	B-General_Concept
,	O
Panafacom	B-General_Concept
's	O
MN1610	O
,	O
Texas	O
Instruments	O
 '	O
TMS9900	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
,	O
most	O
notably	O
,	O
the	O
Intel	B-General_Concept
8086	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
new	O
processors	O
were	O
expensive	O
to	O
incorporate	O
in	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
as	O
they	O
used	O
a	O
16-bit	B-Device
data	B-General_Concept
bus	I-General_Concept
and	O
needed	O
rare	O
(	O
and	O
thus	O
expensive	O
)	O
16-bit	B-Device
peripheral	O
and	O
support	O
chips	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
than	O
50	O
new	O
business-oriented	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
systems	O
came	O
on	O
the	O
market	O
in	O
the	O
year	O
before	O
IBM	O
released	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Very	O
few	O
of	O
them	O
used	O
a	O
16	O
-	O
or	O
32-bit	O
microprocessor	O
,	O
as	O
8-bit	O
systems	O
were	O
generally	O
believed	O
by	O
the	O
vendors	O
to	O
be	O
perfectly	O
adequate	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Intel	B-General_Concept
8086	I-General_Concept
was	O
too	O
expensive	O
to	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Durango	B-Device
Systems	I-Device
Inc	I-Device
.	I-Device
</s>
<s>
On	O
August	O
12	O
,	O
1981	O
,	O
IBM	O
released	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
Personal	I-Device
Computer	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
far-reaching	O
decisions	O
made	O
for	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
was	O
to	O
use	O
an	O
open	B-Architecture
architecture	I-Architecture
,	O
leading	O
to	O
a	O
large	O
market	O
for	O
third	O
party	O
add-in	O
boards	O
and	O
applications	O
;	O
but	O
finally	O
also	O
to	O
many	O
competitors	O
all	O
creating	O
"	O
IBM-compatible	O
"	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
used	O
the	O
then-new	O
Intel	B-Device
8088	I-Device
processor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
other	O
16-bit	B-Device
CPUs	O
,	O
it	O
could	O
access	O
up	O
to	O
1	O
megabyte	O
of	O
RAM	B-Architecture
,	O
but	O
it	O
used	O
an	O
8-bit-wide	O
data	B-General_Concept
bus	I-General_Concept
to	O
memory	O
and	O
peripherals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
decided	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
Intel	B-Device
8088	I-Device
after	O
first	O
considering	O
the	O
Motorola	B-Device
68000	I-Device
and	O
the	O
Intel	B-General_Concept
8086	I-General_Concept
,	O
because	O
the	O
other	O
two	O
were	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
too	O
powerful	O
for	O
their	O
needs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
already	O
established	O
rivals	O
like	O
Apple	O
and	O
Radio	O
Shack	O
had	O
many	O
advantages	O
over	O
the	O
company	O
new	O
to	O
microcomputers	O
,	O
IBM	O
's	O
reputation	O
in	O
business	O
computing	O
allowed	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
architecture	O
to	O
take	O
a	O
substantial	O
market	O
share	O
of	O
business	O
applications	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
small	O
companies	O
that	O
sold	O
IBM-compatible	O
software	O
or	O
hardware	O
rapidly	O
grew	O
in	O
size	O
and	O
importance	O
,	O
including	O
Tecmar	O
,	O
Quadram	O
,	O
AST	O
Research	O
,	O
and	O
Microsoft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
mid-1982	O
,	O
three	O
other	O
mainframe	O
and	O
minicomputer	O
companies	O
sold	O
microcomputers	O
,	O
but	O
unlike	O
IBM	O
,	O
Hewlett-Packard	O
,	O
Xerox	O
,	O
and	O
Control	O
Data	O
Corporation	O
chose	O
the	O
CP/M	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
other	O
companies	O
made	O
"	O
business	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
"	O
using	O
their	O
own	O
proprietary	O
designs	O
,	O
some	O
still	O
using	O
8-bit	O
microprocessors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ones	O
that	O
used	O
Intel	B-Operating_System
x86	I-Operating_System
processors	O
often	O
used	O
the	O
generic	O
,	O
non-IBM-compatible	O
specific	O
version	O
of	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
or	O
CP/M	B-Operating_System
-86	I-Operating_System
,	O
just	O
as	O
8-bit	O
systems	O
with	O
an	O
Intel	B-General_Concept
8080	I-General_Concept
compatible	O
CPU	O
normally	O
used	O
CP/M	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
a	O
year	O
of	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
's	O
introduction	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
licensed	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
to	O
over	O
70	O
other	O
companies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
computers	O
to	O
achieve	O
100%	O
PC	O
compatibility	O
was	O
the	O
Compaq	B-Device
Portable	I-Device
,	O
released	O
in	O
November	O
1982	O
;	O
it	O
remained	O
the	O
most	O
compatible	O
clone	B-General_Concept
into	O
1984	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
the	O
PC	O
dominated	O
the	O
market	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
most	O
systems	O
were	O
not	O
clones	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
design	O
,	O
but	O
had	O
different	O
internal	B-General_Concept
designs	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
ran	O
Digital	O
Research	O
's	O
CP/M	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
was	O
difficult	O
to	O
obtain	O
for	O
several	O
years	O
after	O
its	O
introduction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
makers	O
of	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
computers	O
intentionally	O
avoided	O
full	O
IBM	O
compatibility	O
because	O
they	O
expected	O
that	O
the	O
market	O
for	O
what	O
InfoWorld	O
described	O
as	O
"	O
ordinary	O
PC	O
clones	B-General_Concept
"	O
would	O
decline	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
feared	O
the	O
fate	O
of	O
companies	O
that	O
sold	O
computers	O
plug-compatible	B-Device
with	O
IBM	O
mainframes	O
in	O
the	O
1960s	O
and	O
1970s	O
—	O
many	O
of	O
which	O
went	O
bankrupt	O
after	O
IBM	O
changed	O
specifications	O
—	O
and	O
believed	O
that	O
a	O
market	O
existed	O
for	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
with	O
a	O
similar	O
selection	O
of	O
software	O
to	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
,	O
but	O
with	O
better	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
Microsoft	O
used	O
a	O
sophisticated	O
installer	B-Operating_System
with	O
its	O
DOS	O
programs	O
like	O
Multiplan	B-Device
that	O
provided	O
device	B-Application
drivers	I-Application
for	O
many	O
non	O
IBM	O
PC-compatible	O
computers	O
,	O
most	O
other	O
software	O
vendors	O
did	O
not	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Columbia	O
University	O
discussed	O
the	O
difficulty	O
of	O
having	O
Kermit	B-Protocol
support	O
many	O
different	O
clones	B-General_Concept
and	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Peter	O
Norton	O
,	O
who	O
earlier	O
had	O
encouraged	O
vendors	O
to	O
write	O
software	O
that	O
ran	O
on	O
many	O
different	O
computers	O
,	O
by	O
early	O
1985	O
admitted	O
—	O
after	O
experiencing	O
the	O
difficulty	O
of	O
doing	O
so	O
while	O
rewriting	O
Norton	B-Application
Utilities	I-Application
—	O
that	O
"	O
there	O
's	O
no	O
practical	O
way	O
for	O
most	O
software	O
creators	O
to	O
write	O
generic	O
software	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dealers	O
found	O
carrying	O
multiple	O
versions	O
of	O
software	O
for	O
clones	B-General_Concept
of	O
varying	O
levels	O
of	O
compatibility	O
to	O
be	O
difficult	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
get	O
the	O
best	O
results	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
8088	B-Device
's	O
modest	O
performance	O
,	O
many	O
popular	O
software	O
applications	O
were	O
written	O
specifically	O
for	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
developers	O
of	O
these	O
programs	O
opted	O
to	O
write	O
directly	O
to	O
the	O
computer	O
's	O
(	O
video	O
)	O
memory	O
and	O
peripheral	O
chips	O
,	O
bypassing	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
and	O
the	O
BIOS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
program	O
might	O
directly	O
update	O
the	O
video	O
refresh	O
memory	O
,	O
instead	O
of	O
using	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
calls	O
and	O
device	B-Application
drivers	I-Application
to	O
alter	O
the	O
appearance	O
of	O
the	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
notable	O
software	O
packages	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
spreadsheet	O
program	O
Lotus	B-Application
1-2-3	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
Microsoft	O
Flight	O
Simulator	O
1.0	O
,	O
directly	O
accessed	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
's	O
hardware	O
,	O
bypassing	O
the	O
BIOS	O
,	O
and	O
therefore	O
did	O
not	O
work	O
on	O
computers	O
that	O
were	O
even	O
trivially	O
different	O
from	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rendered	O
obsolete	O
with	O
them	O
was	O
the	O
CP/M	B-Application
-inherited	O
concept	O
of	O
OEM	O
versions	O
of	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
meant	O
to	O
run	O
(	O
through	O
BIOS	O
calls	O
)	O
on	O
non	O
IBM-PC	B-Device
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1984	O
,	O
Phoenix	O
Technologies	O
began	O
licensing	O
its	O
clone	B-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
BIOS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
i8086	B-General_Concept
and	O
enabling	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
relatively	O
low-cost	O
x86-based	B-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
Intel	B-Device
80186	I-Device
quickly	O
lost	O
appeal	O
for	O
x86-based	O
PC	O
builders	O
because	O
the	O
supporting	O
circuitry	O
inside	O
the	O
Intel	B-Device
80186	I-Device
chip	O
was	O
incompatible	O
with	O
those	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
standard	O
PC	O
chipset	O
as	O
implemented	O
by	O
IBM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
very	O
rarely	O
used	O
in	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
after	O
1982	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
1984	O
BYTE	B-Application
described	O
how	O
"	O
the	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
market	O
seems	O
to	O
be	O
shadowed	O
under	O
a	O
cloud	O
of	O
compatibility	O
:	O
the	O
drive	O
to	O
be	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
Personal	I-Device
Computer	I-Device
family	O
has	O
assumed	O
near-fetish	O
proportions	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
it	O
stated	O
was	O
"	O
inevitable	O
in	O
the	O
light	O
of	O
the	O
phenomenal	O
market	O
acceptance	O
of	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Founded	O
in	O
1976	O
,	O
North	O
Star	O
had	O
long	O
been	O
successful	O
with	O
8-bit	O
S-100	B-Architecture
bus	I-Architecture
products	O
,	O
and	O
had	O
introduced	O
proprietary	O
16-bit	B-Device
products	O
,	O
but	O
now	O
the	O
company	O
acknowledged	O
that	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
had	O
become	O
a	O
"	O
standard	O
"	O
,	O
one	O
which	O
North	O
Star	O
needed	O
to	O
follow	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BYTE	B-Application
described	O
the	O
announcement	O
as	O
representative	O
of	O
the	O
great	O
impact	O
IBM	O
had	O
made	O
on	O
the	O
industry	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Tandy	O
—	O
which	O
had	O
once	O
had	O
as	O
much	O
as	O
60%	O
of	O
the	O
personal-computer	O
market	O
,	O
but	O
had	O
attempted	O
to	O
keep	O
technical	O
information	O
secret	O
to	O
monopolize	O
software	O
and	O
peripheral	O
sales	O
—	O
also	O
began	O
selling	O
non-proprietary	O
computers	O
;	O
four	O
years	O
after	O
its	O
Jon	O
Shirley	O
predicted	O
to	O
InfoWorld	O
that	O
the	O
new	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
's	O
"	O
major	O
market	O
would	O
be	O
IBM	O
addicts	O
"	O
,	O
the	O
magazine	O
in	O
1985	O
similarly	O
called	O
the	O
IBM	O
compatibility	O
of	O
the	O
Tandy	O
1000	O
"	O
no	O
small	O
concession	O
to	O
Big	O
Blue	O
's	O
dominating	O
stranglehold	O
"	O
by	O
a	O
company	O
that	O
had	O
been	O
"	O
struggling	O
openly	O
in	O
the	O
blood-soaked	O
arena	O
of	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
1000	O
was	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
PC	O
but	O
not	O
compatible	O
with	O
its	O
own	O
Tandy	B-Device
2000	I-Device
MS-DOS	B-Application
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
's	O
mainframe	O
rivals	O
,	O
the	O
BUNCH	O
,	O
introduced	O
their	O
own	O
compatibles	O
,	O
and	O
when	O
Hewlett-Packard	O
introduced	O
the	O
Vectra	B-Device
InfoWorld	O
stated	O
that	O
the	O
company	O
was	O
"	O
responding	O
to	O
demands	O
from	O
its	O
customers	O
for	O
full	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
compatibility	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Compatibility	O
has	O
proven	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
only	O
safe	O
path	O
"	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
executive	O
Jim	O
Harris	O
stated	O
in	O
1985	O
,	O
while	O
InfoWorld	O
wrote	O
that	O
IBM	O
's	O
competitors	O
were	O
"	O
whipped	O
into	O
conformity	O
"	O
with	O
its	O
designs	O
,	O
because	O
of	O
"	O
the	O
total	O
failure	O
of	O
every	O
company	O
that	O
tried	O
to	O
improve	O
on	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Customers	O
only	O
wanted	O
to	O
run	O
PC	O
applications	O
like	O
1-2-3	O
,	O
and	O
developers	O
only	O
cared	O
about	O
the	O
massive	O
PC	O
installed	B-Operating_System
base	I-Operating_System
,	O
so	O
any	O
non-compatible	O
—	O
no	O
matter	O
its	O
technical	O
superiority	O
—	O
from	O
a	O
company	O
other	O
than	O
Apple	O
failed	O
for	O
lack	O
of	O
customers	O
and	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compatibility	O
became	O
so	O
important	O
that	O
Dave	O
Winer	O
joked	O
that	O
year	O
(	O
referring	O
to	O
the	O
PC	B-Operating_System
AT	I-Operating_System
's	O
incomplete	O
compatibility	O
with	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
)	O
,	O
"	O
The	O
only	O
company	O
that	O
can	O
introduce	O
a	O
machine	O
that	O
is	O
n't	O
PC	O
compatible	O
and	O
survive	O
is	O
IBM	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1985	O
,	O
the	O
shortage	O
of	O
IBM	B-Device
PCs	I-Device
had	O
ended	O
,	O
causing	O
financial	O
difficulties	O
for	O
many	O
vendors	O
of	O
compatibles	O
;	O
nonetheless	O
,	O
Harris	O
said	O
,	O
"	O
The	O
only	O
ones	O
that	O
have	O
done	O
worse	O
than	O
the	O
compatibles	O
are	O
the	O
noncompatibles	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Noting	O
that	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
unsuccessful	O
PCjr	B-Device
's	O
"	O
cardinal	O
sin	O
was	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
n't	O
PC	O
compatible	O
"	O
,	O
the	O
magazine	O
wrote	O
that	O
"	O
backward	O
compatibility	O
[	O
with	O
the	O
IBM	O
PC ]	O
is	O
the	O
single	O
largest	O
concern	O
of	O
hardware	O
and	O
software	O
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
a	O
few	O
years	O
of	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
fully	O
compatible	O
PC	O
clones	B-General_Concept
,	O
almost	O
all	O
rival	O
business	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
systems	O
,	O
and	O
alternate	O
x86	B-Operating_System
using	O
architectures	O
,	O
were	O
gone	O
from	O
the	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
the	O
inherent	O
dangers	O
of	O
an	O
industry	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
de	O
facto	O
"	O
standard	O
"	O
,	O
a	O
thriving	O
PC	O
clone	B-General_Concept
industry	O
emerged	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
only	O
other	O
non-IBM	O
PC-compatible	O
systems	O
that	O
remained	O
were	O
those	O
systems	O
that	O
were	O
classified	O
as	O
home	O
computers	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
series	I-Device
,	O
or	O
business	O
systems	O
that	O
offered	O
features	O
not	O
available	O
on	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
high	O
level	O
of	O
integration	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
bundled	O
accounting	O
and	O
inventory	O
)	O
or	O
fault-tolerance	O
and	O
multitasking	O
and	O
multi-user	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
described	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
wave	O
"	O
of	O
inexpensive	O
clones	B-General_Concept
from	O
American	O
and	O
Asian	O
companies	O
caused	O
prices	O
to	O
decline	O
;	O
by	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
1986	O
,	O
the	O
equivalent	O
to	O
a	O
real	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
with	O
256K	O
RAM	B-Architecture
and	O
two	O
disk	O
drives	O
cost	O
as	O
little	O
as	O
,	O
lower	O
than	O
the	O
price	O
of	O
the	O
Apple	O
IIc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Consumers	O
began	O
purchasing	O
DOS	O
computers	O
for	O
the	O
home	O
in	O
large	O
numbers	O
;	O
Tandy	O
estimated	O
that	O
half	O
of	O
its	O
1000	O
sales	O
went	O
to	O
homes	O
,	O
the	O
new	O
Leading	B-Device
Edge	I-Device
Model	I-Device
D	I-Device
comprised	O
1%	O
of	O
the	O
US	O
home-computer	O
market	O
that	O
year	O
,	O
and	O
toy	O
and	O
discount	O
stores	O
sold	O
a	O
clone	B-General_Concept
manufactured	O
by	O
Hyundai	O
,	O
the	O
Blue	O
Chip	O
PC	O
,	O
like	O
a	O
stereo	O
—	O
without	O
a	O
demonstrator	O
model	O
or	O
salesman	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tandy	O
and	O
other	O
inexpensive	O
clones	B-General_Concept
succeeded	O
with	O
consumers	O
—	O
who	O
saw	O
them	O
as	O
superior	O
to	O
lower-end	O
game	O
machines	O
—	O
where	O
IBM	O
failed	O
two	O
years	O
earlier	O
with	O
the	O
PCjr	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
were	O
as	O
inexpensive	O
as	O
home	O
computers	O
of	O
a	O
few	O
years	O
earlier	O
,	O
and	O
comparable	O
in	O
price	O
to	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
,	O
Atari	B-Device
ST	I-Device
,	O
and	O
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
the	O
PCjr	B-Device
,	O
clones	B-General_Concept
were	O
as	O
fast	O
as	O
or	O
faster	O
than	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
and	O
highly	O
compatible	O
so	O
users	O
could	O
bring	O
work	O
home	O
;	O
the	O
large	O
DOS	O
software	O
library	O
reassured	O
those	O
worried	O
about	O
orphaned	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PCs	B-Device
and	O
compatibles	O
also	O
gained	O
a	O
significant	O
share	O
of	O
the	O
educational	O
market	O
,	O
while	O
longtime	O
leader	O
Apple	O
lost	O
share	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
January	O
1987	O
Consumer	O
Electronics	O
Show	O
,	O
both	O
Commodore	O
and	O
Atari	O
announced	O
their	O
own	O
clones	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1987	O
the	O
PC	O
industry	O
was	O
growing	O
so	O
quickly	O
that	O
the	O
formerly	O
business-only	O
platform	O
had	O
become	O
the	O
largest	O
and	O
most	O
important	O
market	O
for	O
computer	O
game	O
companies	O
,	O
outselling	O
games	O
for	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
II	I-Device
or	O
Commodore	O
64	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
EGA	B-Device
video	B-Device
card	I-Device
,	O
an	O
inexpensive	O
clone	B-General_Concept
was	O
better	O
for	O
games	O
than	O
the	O
other	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MS-DOS	B-Application
software	O
was	O
77%	O
of	O
all	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
software	O
sold	O
by	O
dollar	O
value	O
in	O
the	O
third	O
quarter	O
of	O
1988	O
,	O
up	O
47%	O
year	O
over	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
owned	O
DOS	O
computers	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
magazine	O
announced	O
"	O
greater	O
emphasis	O
on	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
home	O
computing	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1986	O
the	O
Compaq	B-Device
Deskpro	I-Device
386	I-Device
was	O
the	O
first	O
computer	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Intel	B-General_Concept
80386	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1987	O
IBM	O
unsuccessfully	O
attempted	O
to	O
regain	O
leadership	O
of	O
the	O
market	O
with	O
the	O
Personal	B-Device
System/2	I-Device
line	O
and	O
proprietary	O
MicroChannel	B-Device
Architecture	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1990	O
,	O
Computer	O
Gaming	O
World	O
told	O
a	O
reader	O
complaining	O
about	O
the	O
many	O
reviews	O
of	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
compatible	O
games	O
that	O
"	O
most	O
companies	O
are	O
attempting	O
to	O
get	O
their	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
products	O
out	O
the	O
door	O
,	O
first	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
reported	O
that	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
,	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
comprised	O
65%	O
of	O
the	O
computer-game	O
market	O
,	O
the	O
Amiga	B-Device
at	O
10%	O
,	O
and	O
all	O
other	O
computers	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
Macintosh	O
,	O
were	O
below	O
10%	O
and	O
declining	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Amiga	B-Device
and	O
most	O
others	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
ST	O
and	O
various	O
MSX2	O
computers	O
,	O
remained	O
on	O
the	O
market	O
until	O
PC	O
compatibles	O
gained	O
sufficient	O
multimedia	B-Device
capabilities	O
to	O
compete	O
with	O
home	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
advent	O
of	O
inexpensive	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
VGA	B-Protocol
video	B-Device
card	I-Device
and	O
the	O
Sound	B-Application
Blaster	I-Application
sound	B-Device
card	I-Device
(	O
and	O
its	O
clones	B-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
remaining	O
home	O
computers	O
were	O
driven	O
from	O
the	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
market	O
in	O
1990	O
was	O
more	O
diverse	O
outside	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
but	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
and	O
Windows	O
machines	O
nonetheless	O
came	O
to	O
dominate	O
by	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
decade	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1995	O
,	O
other	O
than	O
the	O
Macintosh	O
,	O
almost	O
no	O
new	O
consumer-oriented	O
systems	O
were	O
sold	O
that	O
were	O
not	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
clones	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Throughout	O
the	O
1990s	O
Apple	O
transitioned	O
the	O
Macintosh	O
from	O
proprietary	O
expansion	O
interfaces	O
to	O
standards	O
such	O
as	O
IDE	B-Protocol
,	O
PCI	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
USB	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2006	O
,	O
Apple	O
switched	O
the	O
Macintosh	O
to	O
the	O
Intel	B-Operating_System
x86	I-Operating_System
architecture	O
,	O
allowing	O
them	O
to	O
optionally	O
boot	O
into	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
,	O
while	O
still	O
retaining	O
unique	O
design	O
elements	O
to	O
support	O
Apple	O
's	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
operating	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2008	O
,	O
Sid	O
Meier	O
listed	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
as	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
three	O
most	O
important	O
innovations	O
in	O
the	O
history	B-Device
of	I-Device
video	I-Device
games	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shortly	O
after	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
was	O
released	O
,	O
an	O
obvious	O
split	O
appeared	O
between	O
systems	O
that	O
opted	O
to	O
use	O
an	O
x86-compatible	O
processor	O
,	O
and	O
those	O
that	O
chose	O
another	O
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Almost	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
x86	B-Operating_System
systems	O
provided	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
others	O
used	O
many	O
different	O
operating	O
systems	O
,	O
although	O
the	O
Z80-based	O
systems	O
typically	O
offered	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
CP/M	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
common	O
usage	O
of	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
unified	O
the	O
x86-based	B-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
,	O
promoting	O
growth	O
of	O
the	O
x86/MS	O
-DOS	O
"	O
ecosystem	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
non-x86	O
architectures	O
died	O
off	O
,	O
and	O
x86	B-Operating_System
systems	O
standardized	O
into	O
fully	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
compatible	O
clones	B-General_Concept
,	O
a	O
market	O
filled	O
with	O
dozens	O
of	O
different	O
competing	O
systems	O
was	O
reduced	O
to	O
a	O
near-monoculture	O
of	O
x86-based	O
,	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
compatible	O
,	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
after	O
the	O
launch	O
of	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
in	O
1981	O
,	O
there	O
were	O
still	O
dozens	O
of	O
systems	O
that	O
were	O
not	O
IBM	O
PC-compatible	O
,	O
but	O
did	O
use	O
Intel	B-Operating_System
x86	I-Operating_System
chips	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
used	O
Intel	B-Device
8088	I-Device
,	O
8086	B-General_Concept
,	O
or	O
80186	B-Device
processors	O
,	O
and	O
almost	O
without	O
exception	O
offered	O
an	O
OEM	O
version	O
of	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
(	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
the	O
OEM	O
version	O
customized	O
for	O
IBM	O
's	O
use	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
they	O
generally	O
made	O
no	O
attempt	O
to	O
copy	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
's	O
architecture	O
,	O
so	O
these	O
machines	O
had	O
different	O
I/O	O
addresses	O
,	O
a	O
different	O
system	O
bus	O
,	O
different	O
video	B-Device
controllers	I-Device
,	O
and	O
other	O
differences	O
from	O
the	O
original	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
differences	O
,	O
which	O
were	O
sometimes	O
rather	O
minor	O
,	O
were	O
used	O
to	O
improve	O
upon	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
's	O
design	O
,	O
but	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
the	O
differences	O
,	O
software	O
that	O
directly	O
manipulated	O
the	O
hardware	O
would	O
not	O
run	O
correctly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
most	O
cases	O
,	O
the	O
x86-based	B-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
that	O
did	O
not	O
use	O
a	O
fully	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
compatible	O
design	O
did	O
not	O
sell	O
well	O
enough	O
to	O
attract	O
support	O
from	O
software	O
manufacturers	O
,	O
though	O
a	O
few	O
computer	O
manufacturers	O
arranged	O
for	O
compatible	O
versions	O
of	O
popular	O
applications	O
to	O
be	O
developed	O
and	O
sold	O
specifically	O
for	O
their	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fully	O
IBM	O
PC-compatible	O
clones	B-General_Concept
appeared	O
on	O
the	O
market	O
shortly	O
thereafter	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
advantages	O
of	O
cloning	O
became	O
impossible	O
to	O
ignore	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
before	O
that	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
more	O
notable	O
systems	O
that	O
were	O
x86-compatible	O
,	O
but	O
not	O
real	O
clones	B-General_Concept
,	O
were	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
the	O
HP-150	B-Device
by	O
Hewlett-Packard	O
and	O
the	O
later	O
HP	B-Device
95LX	I-Device
,	O
HP	B-Device
100LX	I-Device
,	O
HP	B-Device
200LX	I-Device
,	O
HP	B-Device
1000CX	I-Device
,	O
HP	B-Device
OmniGo	I-Device
700LX	I-Device
,	O
HP	B-Device
OmniGo	I-Device
100	I-Device
,	O
and	O
HP	B-Device
OmniGo	I-Device
120	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
the	O
Hyperion	B-Device
by	O
Infotech	O
Cie	O
used	O
its	O
own	O
H-DOS	B-Device
OEM	O
version	O
of	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
and	O
was	O
,	O
for	O
a	O
time	O
,	O
licensed	O
but	O
never	O
manufactured	O
by	O
Commodore	O
,	O
as	O
its	O
first	O
PC	O
compatible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
the	O
DG-One	B-Device
by	O
Data	O
General	O
was	O
an	O
early	O
laptop	O
with	O
full	O
80x25	O
LCD	O
screen	O
that	O
could	O
boot	O
some	O
generic	O
DOSes	O
but	O
worked	O
best	O
with	O
their	O
OEM	O
version	O
of	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
,	O
and	O
had	O
some	O
hardware	O
incompatibilities	O
(	O
especially	O
in	O
the	O
serial	O
I-O	O
chip	O
)	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
compromise	O
to	O
reduce	O
power	O
consumption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
models	O
were	O
more	O
compatible	O
with	O
generic	O
PC	O
clones	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
the	O
DG/10	O
by	O
Data	O
General	O
had	O
two	O
processors	O
,	O
one	O
an	O
Intel	B-General_Concept
8086	I-General_Concept
,	O
running	O
a	O
very-modified	O
version	O
of	O
MSDOS	B-Application
(	O
alternatively	O
:	O
CP/M	B-Operating_System
-86	I-Operating_System
)	O
in	O
a	O
patented	O
closely	O
coupled	O
arrangement	O
with	O
Data	O
General	O
's	O
own	O
microECLIPSE	O
(	O
the	O
8086	B-General_Concept
"	O
invisibly	O
"	O
calling	O
the	O
microECLIPSE	O
whenever	O
it	O
needed	O
access	O
to	O
some	O
peripherals	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
disks	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
8086	B-General_Concept
had	O
control	O
over	O
other	O
peripherals	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
screen	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Not	O
all	O
manufacturers	O
immediately	O
switched	O
to	O
the	O
Intel	B-Operating_System
x86	I-Operating_System
microprocessor	O
family	O
and	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
these	O
systems	O
used	O
a	O
32-bit	O
microprocessor	O
,	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
being	O
the	O
Motorola	B-Device
68000	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
these	O
systems	O
were	O
eventually	O
forced	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
market	O
by	O
the	O
onslaught	O
of	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
PC	I-Device
clones	B-General_Concept
,	O
although	O
their	O
architectures	O
may	O
have	O
had	O
superior	O
capabilities	O
,	O
especially	O
in	O
the	O
area	O
of	O
multimedia	B-Device
.	O
</s>
