<s>
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
(	O
IB	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
computer	O
networking	O
communications	O
standard	O
used	O
in	O
high-performance	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
that	O
features	O
very	O
high	O
throughput	O
and	O
very	O
low	O
latency	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
is	O
also	O
used	O
as	O
either	O
a	O
direct	O
or	O
switched	O
interconnect	O
between	O
servers	O
and	O
storage	O
systems	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
an	O
interconnect	O
between	O
storage	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
scalable	B-Architecture
and	O
uses	O
a	O
switched	B-Architecture
fabric	I-Architecture
network	B-Architecture
topology	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2014	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
the	O
most	O
commonly	O
used	O
interconnect	O
in	O
the	O
TOP500	B-Operating_System
list	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
supercomputers	I-Operating_System
,	O
until	O
about	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mellanox	O
(	O
acquired	O
by	O
Nvidia	O
)	O
manufactures	O
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
host	B-Architecture
bus	I-Architecture
adapters	I-Architecture
and	O
network	B-Protocol
switches	I-Protocol
,	O
which	O
are	O
used	O
by	O
large	O
computer	O
system	O
and	O
database	O
vendors	O
in	O
their	O
product	O
lines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
computer	B-Architecture
cluster	I-Architecture
interconnect	O
,	O
IB	O
competes	O
with	O
Ethernet	O
,	O
Fibre	B-Architecture
Channel	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
Intel	O
Omni-Path	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technology	O
is	O
promoted	O
by	O
the	O
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
Trade	I-Architecture
Association	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
originated	O
in	O
1999	O
from	O
the	O
merger	O
of	O
two	O
competing	O
designs	O
:	O
Future	B-Architecture
I/O	I-Architecture
and	O
Next	O
Generation	O
I/O	O
(	O
NGIO	B-Architecture
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NGIO	B-Architecture
was	O
led	O
by	O
Intel	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
specification	O
released	O
on	O
1998	O
,	O
and	O
joined	O
by	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
and	O
Dell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Future	B-Architecture
I/O	I-Architecture
was	O
backed	O
by	O
Compaq	O
,	O
IBM	O
,	O
and	O
Hewlett-Packard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
formation	O
of	O
the	O
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
Trade	I-Architecture
Association	I-Architecture
(	O
IBTA	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
which	O
included	O
both	O
sets	O
of	O
hardware	O
vendors	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
software	O
vendors	O
such	O
as	O
Microsoft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
time	O
it	O
was	O
thought	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
more	O
powerful	O
computers	O
were	O
approaching	O
the	O
interconnect	B-Protocol
bottleneck	I-Protocol
of	O
the	O
PCI	B-Protocol
bus	I-Protocol
,	O
in	O
spite	O
of	O
upgrades	O
like	O
PCI-X	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
1.0	O
of	O
the	O
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
Architecture	I-Architecture
Specification	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
the	O
IBTA	B-Architecture
vision	O
for	O
IB	O
was	O
simultaneously	O
a	O
replacement	O
for	O
PCI	B-Protocol
in	O
I/O	O
,	O
Ethernet	O
in	O
the	O
machine	O
room	O
,	O
cluster	B-Architecture
interconnect	O
and	O
Fibre	B-Architecture
Channel	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBTA	B-Architecture
also	O
envisaged	O
decomposing	O
server	O
hardware	O
on	O
an	O
IB	O
fabric	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mellanox	O
had	O
been	O
founded	O
in	O
1999	O
to	O
develop	O
NGIO	B-Architecture
technology	O
,	O
but	O
by	O
2001	O
shipped	O
an	O
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
product	O
line	O
called	O
InfiniBridge	O
at	O
10	O
Gbit/second	O
speeds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2002	O
,	O
Intel	O
announced	O
that	O
instead	O
of	O
shipping	O
IB	O
integrated	O
circuits	O
(	O
"	O
chips	O
"	O
)	O
,	O
it	O
would	O
focus	O
on	O
developing	O
PCI	B-Protocol
Express	O
,	O
and	O
Microsoft	O
discontinued	O
IB	O
development	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
extending	O
Ethernet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2003	O
,	O
the	O
System	B-Device
X	I-Device
supercomputer	B-Architecture
built	O
at	O
Virginia	O
Tech	O
used	O
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
in	O
what	O
was	O
estimated	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
third	O
largest	O
computer	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
OpenIB	B-General_Concept
Alliance	I-General_Concept
(	O
later	O
renamed	O
OpenFabrics	B-General_Concept
Alliance	I-General_Concept
)	O
was	O
founded	O
in	O
2004	O
to	O
develop	O
an	O
open	O
set	O
of	O
software	O
for	O
the	O
Linux	B-Application
kernel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
February	O
,	O
2005	O
,	O
the	O
support	O
was	O
accepted	O
into	O
the	O
2.6.11	O
Linux	B-Application
kernel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2005	O
storage	O
devices	O
finally	O
were	O
released	O
using	O
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
from	O
vendors	O
such	O
as	O
Engenio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Of	O
the	O
top	B-Operating_System
500	I-Operating_System
supercomputers	I-Operating_System
in	O
2009	O
,	O
Gigabit	O
Ethernet	O
was	O
the	O
internal	O
interconnect	O
technology	O
in	O
259	O
installations	O
,	O
compared	O
with	O
181	O
using	O
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
market	O
leaders	O
Mellanox	O
and	O
Voltaire	O
merged	O
,	O
leaving	O
just	O
one	O
other	O
IB	O
vendor	O
,	O
QLogic	O
,	O
primarily	O
a	O
Fibre	B-Architecture
Channel	I-Architecture
vendor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
2011	O
International	O
Supercomputing	B-Architecture
Conference	O
,	O
links	O
running	O
at	O
about	O
56	O
gigabits	O
per	O
second	O
(	O
known	O
as	O
FDR	O
,	O
see	O
below	O
)	O
,	O
were	O
announced	O
and	O
demonstrated	O
by	O
connecting	O
booths	O
in	O
the	O
trade	O
show	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
Intel	O
acquired	O
QLogic	O
's	O
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
technology	O
,	O
leaving	O
only	O
one	O
independent	O
supplier	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2014	O
,	O
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
was	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
internal	O
connection	O
technology	O
for	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
,	O
although	O
within	O
two	O
years	O
,	O
10	O
Gigabit	O
Ethernet	O
started	O
displacing	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
reported	O
that	O
Oracle	B-Application
Corporation	I-Application
(	O
an	O
investor	O
in	O
Mellanox	O
)	O
might	O
engineer	O
its	O
own	O
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
Nvidia	O
acquired	O
Mellanox	O
,	O
the	O
last	O
independent	O
supplier	O
of	O
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specifications	O
are	O
published	O
by	O
the	O
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
trade	I-Architecture
association	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
+Characteristics	O
Signaling	O
rate	O
(	O
Gbit/s	O
)	O
2.5	O
5	O
10	O
10.3125	O
14.0625	O
25.78125	O
50	O
100	O
200	O
400	O
Theoreticaleffectivethroughput( 	O
Gb/s	O
)	O
for	O
1	O
link	O
2	O
4	O
8	O
10	O
13.64	O
25	O
50	O
100	O
200	O
400	O
for	O
4	O
links	O
8	O
16	O
32	O
40	O
54.54	O
100	O
200	O
400	O
800	O
1600	O
for	O
8	O
links	O
16	O
32	O
64	O
80	O
109.08	O
200	O
400	O
800	O
1600	O
3200	O
for	O
12	O
links	O
24	O
48	O
96	O
120	O
163.64	O
300	O
600	O
1200	O
2400	O
4800	O
Encoding	O
(	O
bits	O
)	O
8b/10b	B-Protocol
64b/66b	O
t.b.d	O
Modulation	O
NRZ	B-Protocol
PAM4	B-Device
t.b.d	O
Adapter	O
latency	B-Protocol
( µs	O
)	O
http://www.hpcadvisorycouncil.com/events/2014/swiss-workshop/presos/Day_1/1_Mellanox.pdf	O
//	O
Mellanox	O
5	O
2.5	O
1.3	O
0.7	O
0.7	O
0.5	O
<	O
0.6https://www.mellanox.com/files/doc-2020/pb	O
-connectx-6-vpi-card.pdf	O
t.b.d.	O
</s>
<s>
Links	O
can	O
be	O
aggregated	O
:	O
most	O
systems	O
use	O
a	O
4	O
link/lane	O
connector	O
(	O
QSFP	B-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HDR	O
often	O
makes	O
use	O
of	O
2x	O
links	O
(	O
aka	O
HDR100	O
,	O
100Gb	O
link	O
using	O
2	O
lanes	O
of	O
HDR	O
,	O
while	O
still	O
using	O
a	O
QSFP	B-Protocol
connector	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
provides	O
remote	B-General_Concept
direct	I-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
access	I-General_Concept
(	O
RDMA	B-General_Concept
)	O
capabilities	O
for	O
low	O
CPU	O
overhead	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
uses	O
a	O
switched	B-Architecture
fabric	I-Architecture
topology	B-Architecture
,	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
early	O
shared	O
medium	O
Ethernet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
processor	O
contains	O
a	O
host	B-Architecture
channel	I-Architecture
adapter	I-Architecture
(	O
HCA	O
)	O
and	O
each	O
peripheral	O
has	O
a	O
target	O
channel	O
adapter	O
(	O
TCA	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
transmits	O
data	O
in	O
packets	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
4KB	O
that	O
are	O
taken	O
together	O
to	O
form	O
a	O
message	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
QSFP	B-Protocol
connectors	O
are	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
Association	O
also	O
specified	O
the	O
CXP	B-Protocol
connector	O
system	O
for	O
speeds	O
up	O
to	O
120	O
Gbit/s	O
over	O
copper	O
,	O
active	O
optical	O
cables	O
,	O
and	O
optical	O
transceivers	O
using	O
parallel	O
multi-mode	O
fiber	O
cables	O
with	O
24-fiber	O
MPO	O
connectors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mellanox	O
operating	O
system	O
support	O
is	O
available	O
for	O
Solaris	B-Application
,	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
,	O
Red	O
Hat	O
Enterprise	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
SUSE	O
Linux	B-Application
Enterprise	O
Server	O
(	O
SLES	O
)	O
,	O
Windows	B-Application
,	O
HP-UX	B-Application
,	O
VMware	B-Operating_System
ESX	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
AIX	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
has	O
no	O
specific	O
standard	O
application	B-Application
programming	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
API	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sometimes	O
for	O
reference	O
this	O
is	O
called	O
the	O
verbs	O
API	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
de	O
facto	O
standard	O
software	O
is	O
developed	O
by	O
OpenFabrics	B-General_Concept
Alliance	I-General_Concept
and	O
called	O
the	O
Open	O
Fabrics	O
Enterprise	O
Distribution	O
(	O
OFED	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
released	O
under	O
two	O
licenses	O
GPL2	O
or	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
license	I-Operating_System
for	O
Linux	B-Application
and	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
as	O
Mellanox	O
OFED	O
for	O
Windows	B-Application
(	O
product	O
names	O
:	O
WinOF	O
/	O
WinOF-2	O
;	O
attributed	O
as	O
host	B-Architecture
controller	I-Architecture
driver	O
for	O
matching	O
specific	O
ConnectX	O
3	O
to	O
5	O
devices	O
)	O
under	O
a	O
choice	O
of	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
license	I-Operating_System
for	O
Windows	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
been	O
adopted	O
by	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
vendors	O
,	O
for	O
Linux	B-Application
,	O
FreeBSD	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
refers	O
to	O
a	O
software	O
library	O
called	O
libibverbs	O
,	O
for	O
its	O
AIX	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
"	O
AIX	B-Application
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
verbs	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Linux	B-Application
kernel	O
support	O
was	O
integrated	O
in	O
2005	O
into	O
the	O
kernel	O
version	O
2.6.11	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ethernet	O
over	O
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
,	O
abbreviated	O
to	O
EoIB	B-Architecture
,	O
is	O
an	O
Ethernet	O
implementation	O
over	O
the	O
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
protocol	O
and	O
connector	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
EoIB	B-Architecture
enables	O
multiple	O
Ethernet	O
bandwidths	O
varying	O
on	O
the	O
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
(	O
IB	O
)	O
version	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ethernet	O
's	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	B-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
Suite	I-Protocol
,	O
usually	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
,	O
is	O
different	O
in	O
some	O
details	O
compared	O
to	O
the	O
direct	O
InfiniBand	B-Architecture
protocol	O
in	O
IP	O
over	O
IB	O
(	O
IPoIB	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
