<s>
The	O
industrial	B-Device
internet	I-Device
of	I-Device
things	I-Device
(	O
IIoT	B-Device
)	O
refers	O
to	O
interconnected	O
sensors	O
,	O
instruments	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
devices	O
networked	O
together	O
with	O
computers	O
 '	O
industrial	O
applications	O
,	O
including	O
manufacturing	O
and	O
energy	O
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IIoT	B-Device
is	O
an	O
evolution	O
of	O
a	O
distributed	O
control	O
system	O
(	O
DCS	O
)	O
that	O
allows	O
for	O
a	O
higher	O
degree	O
of	O
automation	O
by	O
using	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
to	O
refine	O
and	O
optimize	O
the	O
process	O
controls	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IIoT	B-Device
is	O
enabled	O
by	O
technologies	O
such	O
as	O
cybersecurity	O
,	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
edge	B-Device
computing	I-Device
,	O
mobile	O
technologies	O
,	O
machine-to-machine	O
,	O
3D	O
printing	O
,	O
advanced	O
robotics	O
,	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
,	O
internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
,	O
RFID	B-Application
technology	O
,	O
and	O
cognitive	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cyber-physical	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
(	O
CPS	O
)	O
:	O
the	O
basic	O
technology	O
platform	O
for	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
and	O
IIoT	B-Device
and	O
therefore	O
the	O
main	O
enabler	O
to	O
connect	O
physical	O
machines	O
that	O
were	O
previously	O
disconnected	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
:	O
With	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
IT	O
services	O
and	O
resources	O
can	O
be	O
uploaded	O
to	O
and	O
retrieved	O
from	O
the	O
Internet	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
direct	O
connection	O
to	O
a	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Files	O
can	O
be	O
kept	O
on	O
cloud-based	B-Architecture
storage	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
rather	O
than	O
on	O
local	O
storage	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Edge	B-Device
computing	I-Device
:	O
A	O
distributed	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
paradigm	O
which	O
brings	O
computer	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
storage	I-General_Concept
closer	O
to	O
the	O
location	O
where	O
it	O
is	O
needed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
to	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
edge	B-Device
computing	I-Device
refers	O
to	O
decentralized	O
data	O
processing	O
at	O
the	O
edge	B-Device
of	O
the	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
industrial	B-Device
internet	I-Device
requires	O
more	O
of	O
an	O
edge-plus-cloud	O
architecture	O
rather	O
than	O
one	O
based	O
on	O
purely	O
centralized	O
cloud	B-Architecture
;	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
transform	O
productivity	O
,	O
products	O
and	O
services	O
in	O
the	O
industrial	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Big	B-Application
data	I-Application
analytics	I-Application
:	O
Big	B-Application
data	I-Application
analytics	I-Application
is	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
examining	O
large	O
and	O
varied	O
data	O
sets	O
,	O
or	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
and	O
machine	O
learning	O
:	O
Artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
(	O
AI	B-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
field	O
within	O
computer	O
science	O
in	O
which	O
intelligent	B-Application
machines	I-Application
are	O
created	O
that	O
work	O
and	O
react	O
like	O
humans	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Machine	O
learning	O
is	O
a	O
core	O
part	O
of	O
AI	B-Application
,	O
allowing	O
software	O
to	O
more	O
accurately	O
predict	O
outcomes	O
without	O
explicitly	O
being	O
programmed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
also	O
possible	O
to	O
combine	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
with	O
edge	B-Device
computing	I-Device
in	O
order	O
to	O
provide	O
industrial	O
edge	B-Device
intelligence	O
solutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IIoT	B-Device
systems	O
are	O
usually	O
conceived	O
as	O
a	O
layered	O
modular	O
architecture	O
of	O
digital	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
network	O
layer	O
consists	O
of	O
physical	O
network	O
buses	O
,	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
and	O
communication	O
protocols	O
that	O
aggregate	O
and	O
transport	O
the	O
data	O
to	O
the	O
service	O
layer	O
,	O
which	O
consists	O
of	O
applications	O
that	O
manipulate	O
and	O
combine	O
data	O
into	O
information	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
displayed	O
on	O
the	O
driver	O
dashboard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
history	O
of	O
the	O
IIoT	B-Device
begins	O
with	O
the	O
invention	O
of	O
the	O
programmable	B-Architecture
logic	I-Architecture
controller	I-Architecture
(	O
PLC	O
)	O
by	O
Richard	O
E	O
.	O
Morley	O
in	O
1968	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
used	O
by	O
General	O
Motors	O
in	O
their	O
automatic	O
transmission	O
manufacturing	O
division	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
concept	O
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
first	O
became	O
popular	O
in	O
1999	O
,	O
through	O
the	O
Auto-ID	O
Center	O
at	O
MIT	O
and	O
related	O
market-analysis	O
publications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Radio-frequency	B-Application
identification	I-Application
(	O
RFID	B-Application
)	O
was	O
seen	O
by	O
Kevin	O
Ashton	O
(	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
founders	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
Auto-ID	O
Center	O
)	O
as	O
a	O
prerequisite	O
for	O
the	B-Operating_System
internet	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
things	I-Operating_System
at	O
that	O
point	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Besides	O
using	O
RFID	B-Application
,	O
the	O
tagging	O
of	O
things	O
may	O
be	O
achieved	O
through	O
such	O
technologies	O
as	O
near	O
field	O
communication	O
,	O
barcodes	O
,	O
QR	O
codes	O
and	O
digital	O
watermarking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
current	O
conception	O
of	O
the	O
IIoT	B-Device
arose	O
after	O
the	O
emergence	O
of	O
cloud	B-Architecture
technology	I-Architecture
in	O
2002	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
for	O
the	O
storage	O
of	O
data	O
to	O
examine	O
for	O
historical	O
trends	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
OPC	O
Unified	O
Architecture	O
protocol	O
in	O
2006	O
,	O
which	O
enabled	O
secure	O
,	O
remote	O
communications	O
between	O
devices	O
,	O
programs	O
,	O
and	O
data	O
sources	O
without	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
human	O
intervention	O
or	O
interfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
consequences	O
of	O
implementing	O
the	O
industrial	B-Device
internet	I-Device
of	I-Device
things	I-Device
(	O
by	O
equipping	O
objects	O
with	O
minuscule	O
identifying	O
devices	O
or	O
machine-readable	O
identifiers	O
)	O
would	O
be	O
to	O
create	O
instant	O
and	O
ceaseless	O
inventory	O
control	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
benefit	O
of	O
implementing	O
an	O
IIoT	B-Device
system	O
is	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
this	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
allows	O
for	O
further	O
optimization	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
by	O
allowing	O
for	O
experimentation	O
with	O
new	O
data	O
from	O
the	O
cloud	B-Architecture
without	O
having	O
to	O
halt	O
production	O
or	O
sacrifice	O
safety	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
new	O
processes	O
can	O
be	O
refined	O
virtually	O
until	O
they	O
are	O
ready	O
to	O
be	O
implemented	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
digital	B-General_Concept
twin	I-General_Concept
can	O
also	O
serve	O
as	O
a	O
training	O
ground	O
for	O
new	O
employees	O
who	O
wo	O
n't	O
have	O
to	O
worry	O
about	O
real	O
impacts	O
on	O
the	O
live	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IoT	B-Operating_System
frameworks	O
help	O
support	O
the	O
interaction	O
between	O
"	O
things	O
"	O
and	O
allow	O
for	O
more	O
complex	O
structures	O
like	O
distributed	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
and	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
distributed	B-Architecture
applications	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
has	O
announced	O
cognitive	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
combines	O
traditional	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
with	O
machine	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
and	O
learning	O
,	O
contextual	O
information	O
,	O
industry-specific	O
models	O
and	O
natural	O
language	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
Standards	I-Protocol
Foundation	I-Protocol
(	O
XSF	O
)	O
is	O
creating	O
such	O
a	O
framework	O
called	O
Chatty	O
Things	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
fully	O
open	O
,	O
vendor-independent	O
standard	O
using	O
XMPP	B-Protocol
to	O
provide	O
a	O
distributed	O
,	O
scalable	O
,	O
and	O
secure	O
infrastructure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
REST	O
is	O
a	O
scalable	O
architecture	O
which	O
allows	O
for	O
things	O
to	O
communicate	O
over	O
Hypertext	O
Transfer	O
Protocol	O
and	O
is	O
easily	O
adopted	O
for	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
applications	O
to	O
provide	O
communication	O
from	O
a	O
thing	O
to	O
a	O
central	O
web	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MQTT	B-Application
is	O
a	O
publish-subscribe	O
architecture	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
TCP/IP	O
which	O
allows	O
for	O
bi-directional	O
communication	O
between	O
a	O
thing	O
and	O
a	O
MQTT	B-Application
broker	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Node-RED	B-Device
is	O
an	O
open-source	O
software	O
designed	O
by	O
IBM	O
to	O
connect	O
APIs	O
,	O
hardware	O
,	O
and	O
online	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OMG	O
Data	B-Application
Distribution	I-Application
Service	I-Application
(	O
DDS	O
)	O
-	O
is	O
open	O
international	O
middleware	O
standard	O
directly	O
addressing	O
publish-subscribe	O
communications	O
for	O
real-time	O
and	O
embedded	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Industrial	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
Consortium	O
's	O
(	O
IIC	O
)	O
Industrial	B-Device
Internet	I-Device
Reference	O
Architecture	O
(	O
IIRA	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
German	O
Industry	B-General_Concept
4.0	I-General_Concept
are	O
independent	O
efforts	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
defined	O
standard	O
for	O
IIoT-enabled	O
facilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
industrial	B-Device
internet	I-Device
of	I-Device
things	I-Device
is	O
often	O
encountered	O
in	O
the	O
manufacturing	O
industries	O
,	O
referring	O
to	O
the	O
industrial	O
subset	O
of	O
the	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Potential	O
benefits	O
of	O
the	O
industrial	B-Device
internet	I-Device
of	I-Device
things	I-Device
include	O
improved	O
productivity	O
,	O
analytics	O
and	O
the	O
transformation	O
of	O
the	O
workplace	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
potential	O
of	O
growth	O
by	O
implementing	O
IIoT	B-Device
is	O
predicted	O
to	O
generate	O
$15	O
trillion	O
of	O
global	O
GDP	O
by	O
2030	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
connectivity	O
and	O
data	O
acquisition	O
are	O
imperative	O
for	O
IIoT	B-Device
,	O
they	O
are	O
not	O
the	O
end	O
goals	O
,	O
but	O
rather	O
the	O
foundation	O
and	O
path	O
to	O
something	O
bigger	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cyber-physical	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
(	O
CPS	O
)	O
are	O
the	O
core	O
technology	O
of	O
industrial	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
and	O
they	O
will	O
be	O
an	O
interface	O
between	O
human	O
and	O
the	O
cyber	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Integration	O
of	O
sensing	O
and	O
actuation	B-Algorithm
systems	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
Internet	O
can	O
optimize	O
energy	O
consumption	O
as	O
a	O
whole	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
expected	O
that	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
devices	O
will	O
be	O
integrated	O
into	O
all	O
forms	O
of	O
energy	O
consuming	O
devices	O
(	O
switches	O
,	O
power	O
outlets	O
,	O
bulbs	O
,	O
televisions	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
Besides	O
home	O
based	O
energy	O
management	O
,	O
the	O
IIoT	B-Device
is	O
especially	O
relevant	O
to	O
the	O
Smart	B-Architecture
Grid	I-Architecture
since	O
it	O
provides	O
systems	O
to	O
gather	O
and	O
act	O
on	O
energy	O
and	O
power-related	O
information	O
in	O
an	O
automated	O
fashion	O
with	O
the	O
goal	O
to	O
improve	O
the	O
efficiency	O
,	O
reliability	O
,	O
economics	O
,	O
and	O
sustainability	O
of	O
the	O
production	O
and	O
distribution	O
of	O
electricity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2016	O
,	O
other	O
real-world	O
applications	O
include	O
incorporating	O
smart	O
LEDs	O
to	O
direct	O
shoppers	O
to	O
empty	O
parking	O
spaces	O
or	O
highlight	O
shifting	O
traffic	O
patterns	O
,	O
using	O
sensors	O
on	O
water	O
purifiers	O
to	O
alert	O
managers	O
via	O
computer	O
or	O
smartphone	O
when	O
to	O
replace	O
parts	O
,	O
attaching	O
RFID	B-Application
tags	I-Application
to	O
safety	O
gear	O
to	O
track	O
personnel	O
and	O
ensure	O
their	O
safety	O
,	O
embedding	O
computers	O
into	O
power	O
tools	O
to	O
record	O
and	O
track	O
the	O
torque	O
level	O
of	O
individual	O
tightenings	O
,	O
and	O
collecting	O
data	O
from	O
multiple	O
systems	O
to	O
enable	O
the	O
simulation	O
of	O
new	O
processes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
IIoT	B-Device
in	O
car	O
manufacturing	O
implies	O
the	O
digitalization	O
of	O
all	O
elements	O
of	O
production	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IIoT	B-Device
enables	O
efficient	O
and	O
cost-effective	O
production	O
by	O
moving	O
data	O
from	O
the	O
customers	O
to	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
systems	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
to	O
individual	O
sections	O
of	O
the	O
production	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
IIoT	B-Device
,	O
new	O
tools	O
and	O
functionalities	O
can	O
be	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
manufacturing	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Customization	O
of	O
vehicles	O
is	O
also	O
enabled	O
by	O
IIoT	B-Device
due	O
to	O
the	O
modularity	O
and	O
connectivity	O
of	O
this	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
in	O
the	O
past	O
they	O
worked	O
separately	O
,	O
IIoT	B-Device
now	O
enables	O
humans	O
and	O
robots	O
to	O
cooperate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IIoT	B-Device
makes	O
it	O
possible	O
to	O
connect	O
these	O
production	O
plants	O
to	O
each	O
other	O
,	O
creating	O
the	O
possibility	O
to	O
move	O
within	O
facilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Big	B-Application
data	I-Application
can	O
be	O
visually	O
monitored	O
which	O
enables	O
companies	O
to	O
respond	O
faster	O
to	O
fluctuations	O
in	O
production	O
and	O
demand	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
IIOT	B-Device
support	O
,	O
large	O
amounts	O
of	O
raw	O
data	O
can	O
be	O
stored	O
and	O
sent	O
by	O
the	O
drilling	O
gear	O
and	O
research	O
stations	O
for	O
cloud	B-Architecture
storage	O
and	O
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
IIOT	B-Device
technologies	O
,	O
the	O
oil	O
and	O
gas	O
industry	O
has	O
the	O
capability	O
to	O
connect	O
machines	O
,	O
devices	O
,	O
sensors	O
,	O
and	O
people	O
through	O
interconnectivity	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
help	O
companies	O
better	O
address	O
fluctuations	O
in	O
demand	O
and	O
pricing	O
,	O
address	O
cybersecurity	O
,	O
and	O
minimize	O
environmental	O
impact	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Across	O
the	O
supply	O
chain	O
,	O
IIOT	B-Device
can	O
improve	O
the	O
maintenance	O
process	O
,	O
the	O
overall	O
safety	O
,	O
and	O
connectivity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
Deloitte	O
report	O
states	O
that	O
by	O
implementing	O
an	O
IIOT	B-Device
solution	O
integrating	O
data	O
from	O
multiple	O
internal	O
and	O
external	O
sources	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
work	O
management	O
system	O
,	O
control	O
center	O
,	O
pipeline	O
attributes	O
,	O
risk	O
scores	O
,	O
inline	O
inspection	O
findings	O
,	O
planned	O
assessments	O
,	O
and	O
leak	O
history	O
)	O
,	O
thousands	O
of	O
miles	O
of	O
pipes	O
can	O
be	O
monitored	O
in	O
real-time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Further	O
,	O
the	O
storing	O
process	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
improved	O
with	O
the	O
implementation	O
of	O
IIOT	B-Device
by	O
collecting	O
and	O
analyzing	O
real-time	O
data	O
to	O
monitor	O
inventory	O
levels	O
and	O
temperature	O
control	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IIOT	B-Device
can	O
enhance	O
the	O
transportation	O
process	O
of	O
oil	O
and	O
gas	O
by	O
implementing	O
smart	O
sensors	O
and	O
thermal	O
detectors	O
to	O
give	O
real-time	O
geolocation	O
data	O
and	O
monitor	O
the	O
products	O
for	O
safety	O
reasons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
agriculture	O
industry	O
,	O
IIoT	B-Device
helps	O
farmers	O
to	O
make	O
decisions	O
about	O
when	O
to	O
harvest	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
IIoT	B-Device
expands	O
,	O
new	O
security	O
concerns	O
arise	O
with	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Every	O
new	O
device	O
or	O
component	O
that	O
connects	O
to	O
the	O
IIoT	B-Device
can	O
become	O
a	O
potential	O
liability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gartner	O
estimates	O
that	O
by	O
2020	O
,	O
more	O
than	O
25%	O
of	O
recognized	O
attacks	O
on	O
enterprises	O
will	O
involve	O
IoT-connected	O
systems	O
,	O
despite	O
accounting	O
for	O
less	O
than	O
10%	O
of	O
IT	O
security	O
budgets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Existing	O
cybersecurity	O
measures	O
are	O
vastly	O
inferior	O
for	O
internet-connected	O
devices	O
compared	O
to	O
their	O
traditional	O
computer	O
counterparts	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
allow	O
for	O
them	O
to	O
be	O
hijacked	O
for	O
DDoS-based	O
attacks	O
by	O
botnets	B-Architecture
like	O
Mirai	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
IIoT-enabled	O
devices	O
can	O
allow	O
for	O
more	O
“	O
traditional	O
”	O
forms	O
of	O
cybercrime	O
,	O
as	O
in	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
the	O
2013	O
Target	O
data	O
breach	O
,	O
where	O
information	O
was	O
stolen	O
after	O
hackers	O
gained	O
access	O
to	O
Target	O
's	O
networks	O
via	O
credentials	O
stolen	O
from	O
a	O
third	O
party	O
HVAC	O
vendor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
pharmaceutical	O
manufacturing	O
industry	O
has	O
been	O
slow	O
to	O
adopt	O
IIoT	B-Device
advances	O
because	O
of	O
security	O
concerns	O
such	O
as	O
these	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
difficulties	O
in	O
providing	O
security	O
solutions	O
in	O
IIoT	B-Device
applications	O
is	O
the	O
fragmented	O
nature	O
of	O
the	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hardware-based	O
approaches	O
,	O
like	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
data	B-Device
diodes	I-Device
,	O
are	O
often	O
used	O
when	O
connecting	O
critical	O
infrastructure	O
.	O
</s>
