<s>
Industrial	B-General_Concept
augmented	I-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
(	O
IAR	O
)	O
is	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
application	O
of	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
(	O
AR	B-General_Concept
)	O
and	O
heads-up	B-Application
displays	I-Application
to	O
support	O
an	O
industrial	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
IAR	O
dates	O
back	O
to	O
the	O
1990s	O
with	O
the	O
work	O
of	O
Thomas	O
Caudell	O
and	O
David	O
Mizell	O
about	O
the	O
application	O
of	O
AR	B-General_Concept
at	O
Boeing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
challenging	O
factors	O
of	O
IAR	O
development	O
are	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
necessary	O
interdisciplinarity	O
knowledge	O
in	O
areas	O
such	O
as	O
object	O
recognition	O
,	O
computer	O
graphics	O
,	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
and	O
human-computer-interaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
user	O
intuitive	O
interfaces	O
still	O
remain	O
a	O
challenge	O
likewise	O
hardware	B-Architecture
improvements	O
such	O
as	O
sensors	O
and	O
displays	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
origins	O
of	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
dates	O
from	O
the	O
1960s	O
,	O
when	O
Ivan	O
Sutherland	O
created	O
the	O
first	O
head-mounted	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
it	O
did	O
not	O
gain	O
strength	O
until	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
,	O
when	O
the	O
David	O
Mizell	O
and	O
Thomas	O
Caudell	O
developed	O
the	O
first	O
industrial	O
AR	B-General_Concept
at	O
Boeing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
used	O
a	O
head-mounted	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
(	O
HMD	O
)	O
to	O
superimpose	O
a	O
computer-generated	O
diagram	O
of	O
the	O
manufacturing	O
process	O
with	O
a	O
real-time	O
world	O
registration	B-Algorithm
and	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
head	O
position	O
calculation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
coined	O
the	O
name	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
for	O
this	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Contemporary	O
several	O
prototypes	O
were	O
proposed	O
to	O
demonstrate	O
AR	B-General_Concept
's	O
application	O
to	O
manufacturing	O
:	O
a	O
laser-printer	O
maintenance	O
application	O
was	O
proposed	O
in	O
1993	O
by	O
Steven	O
K	O
.	O
Feiner	O
and	O
coauthors	O
by	O
introducing	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
knowledge-based	O
AR	B-General_Concept
for	O
maintenance	O
assistance	O
(	O
KARMA	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
2000s	O
,	O
the	O
interest	O
in	O
AR	B-General_Concept
had	O
grown	O
considerably	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
important	O
groups	O
were	O
funded	O
:	O
the	O
largest	O
consortium	O
for	O
IAR	O
backed	O
by	O
the	O
German	O
's	O
Federal	O
Ministry	O
of	O
Education	O
and	O
Research	O
(	O
ARVIKA	O
)	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
aim	O
of	O
researching	O
and	O
implementing	O
AR	B-General_Concept
in	O
relevant	O
German	O
industries	O
,	O
;	O
the	O
European	O
Community	O
founded	O
several	O
projects	O
including	O
Service	O
and	O
Training	O
through	O
(	O
STAR	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
collaboration	O
between	O
institutes	O
and	O
companies	O
from	O
Europe	O
and	O
the	O
US	O
,	O
and	O
Advanced	O
Augmented	B-General_Concept
Reality	I-General_Concept
Technologies	O
for	O
Industrial	O
Service	O
Applications	O
(	O
ARTESAS	O
)	O
derived	O
from	O
ARVIKA	O
,	O
focused	O
on	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
AR	B-General_Concept
for	O
automotive	O
and	O
aerospace	O
maintenance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
2010	O
until	O
today	O
,	O
advances	O
in	O
hardware	B-Architecture
devices	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
wearable	O
Google	B-Application
Glass	I-Application
,	O
the	O
reduced	O
cost	O
of	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
increasing	O
user	O
familiarity	O
with	O
this	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
promising	O
fields	O
of	O
AR	B-General_Concept
application	O
is	O
industrial	O
manufacturing	O
,	O
where	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
support	O
some	O
activities	O
in	O
product	O
development	O
and	O
manufacturing	O
through	O
providing	O
information	O
available	O
to	O
reduce	O
and	O
simplify	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
decisions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
general	O
issues	O
of	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
an	O
AR	B-General_Concept
system	O
can	O
still	O
be	O
classified	O
into	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
technologies	O
needed	O
to	O
build	O
AR	B-General_Concept
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
them	O
are	O
directly	O
related	O
with	O
the	O
performance	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
and	O
hardware	B-Architecture
that	O
enable	O
the	O
deployment	O
of	O
AR	B-General_Concept
,	O
such	O
as	O
displays	B-Device
,	O
sensors	O
,	O
processors	O
,	O
recognition	O
,	O
tracking	O
,	O
registration	B-Algorithm
among	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
AR	B-General_Concept
uses	O
different	O
approaches	O
to	O
integrate	O
the	O
virtual	O
and	O
real	O
worlds	O
,	O
where	O
several	O
technologies	O
influence	O
the	O
usability	B-General_Concept
and	O
applicability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
common	O
unsolved	O
issues	O
concern	O
tracking	O
systems	O
suited	O
for	O
industrial	O
scenarios	O
which	O
mean	O
:	O
poorly	O
textured	O
objects	O
with	O
smooth	O
surfaces	O
and	O
strong	O
light	O
variation	O
;	O
object	O
recognition	O
using	O
natural	O
features	O
when	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
possible	O
to	O
use	O
markers	B-Architecture
;	O
the	O
improvement	O
of	O
accuracy	O
and	O
latency	O
of	O
registration	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
3D	B-Algorithm
context	I-Algorithm
scene	I-Algorithm
capture	I-Algorithm
to	O
allow	O
context	O
awareness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Their	O
study	O
is	O
challenged	O
to	O
overcome	O
technological	O
issues	O
(	O
deficiencies	O
in	O
resolution	O
,	O
field	O
of	O
view	O
,	O
brightness	O
,	O
contrast	O
,	O
tracking	O
systems	O
,	O
among	O
others	O
)	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
separate	O
the	O
AR	B-General_Concept
performance	O
from	O
interface	O
factors	O
and	O
technological	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
suggested	O
by	O
that	O
for	O
an	O
IAR	O
application	O
to	O
be	O
successful	O
in	O
a	O
commercial	O
environment	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
to	O
be	O
"	B-General_Concept
user	I-General_Concept
friendly	I-General_Concept
"	I-General_Concept
,	O
meaning	O
that	O
it	O
needs	O
to	O
be	O
easy	O
and	O
safe	O
to	O
setup	O
,	O
learn	O
,	O
use	O
and	O
customize	O
and	O
the	O
user	O
should	O
feel	O
free	O
to	O
move	O
with	O
an	O
AR	B-General_Concept
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
natural	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
in	O
order	O
to	O
control	O
AR	B-General_Concept
by	O
using	O
natural	O
movements	O
of	O
the	O
body	O
have	O
also	O
motivated	O
a	O
good	O
deal	O
of	O
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
reason	O
for	O
this	O
is	O
that	O
the	O
usability	B-General_Concept
not	O
only	O
depends	O
on	O
the	O
system	O
's	O
stability	O
but	O
also	O
on	O
the	O
control	O
interface	O
's	O
quality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
the	O
final	O
challenge	O
,	O
given	O
an	O
ideal	O
AR	B-General_Concept
system	O
(	O
hardware	B-Architecture
,	O
software	O
and	O
an	O
intuitive	O
interface	O
)	O
to	O
be	O
accepted	O
and	O
become	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
daily	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Consequently	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
important	O
factors	O
related	O
with	O
the	O
adoption	O
of	O
any	O
new	O
technology	O
is	O
the	O
perception	O
of	O
usefulness	O
,	O
and	O
AR	B-General_Concept
needs	O
to	O
show	O
a	O
clear	O
cost-benefit	O
relation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
studies	O
suggest	O
that	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
for	O
AR	B-General_Concept
to	O
be	O
perceived	O
as	O
useful	O
the	O
task	O
should	O
be	O
high	O
enough	O
to	O
require	O
its	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
AR	B-General_Concept
is	O
encouraged	O
by	O
the	O
premise	O
that	O
instructions	O
might	O
be	O
easier	O
to	O
understand	O
if	O
instead	O
of	O
being	O
available	O
as	O
manuals	O
they	O
are	O
super	O
imposed	O
upon	O
the	O
actual	O
equipment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
uses	O
of	O
AR	B-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
support	O
of	O
the	O
assembly	O
can	O
be	O
categorized	O
into	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
by	O
using	O
AR	B-General_Concept
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
simulate	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
motion	O
during	O
assembly	O
to	O
acquire	O
an	O
accurate	O
and	O
realistic	O
movement	O
of	O
virtual	O
parts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
assembly	O
,	O
maintenance	O
serves	O
as	O
a	O
natural	O
application	O
for	O
AR	B-General_Concept
because	O
it	O
requires	O
keeping	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
attention	O
on	O
a	O
specific	O
area	O
and	O
the	O
synthesis	O
of	O
additional	O
information	O
such	O
as	O
complex	O
sequences	O
,	O
component	O
identification	O
,	O
and	O
textual	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
the	O
efficiency	O
and	O
speed	O
of	O
maintenance	O
processes	O
can	O
be	O
improved	O
through	O
AR	B-General_Concept
by	O
quickly	O
displaying	O
relevant	O
information	O
about	O
an	O
unfamiliar	O
piece	O
of	O
equipment	O
to	O
a	O
technician	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
AR	B-General_Concept
can	O
support	O
maintenance	O
tasks	O
by	O
acting	O
as	O
an	O
"	O
x-ray	O
"	O
like	O
vision	O
,	O
or	O
providing	O
information	O
from	O
sensors	O
directly	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
kind	O
of	O
training	O
can	O
be	O
supported	O
by	O
AR	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
the	O
possibility	O
to	O
use	O
AR	B-General_Concept
to	O
motivate	O
both	O
trainees	O
and	O
students	O
through	O
enhancing	O
the	O
realism	O
of	O
practices	O
has	O
been	O
suggested	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
providing	O
instructions	O
with	O
an	O
AR	B-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
immediate	O
capability	O
to	O
perform	O
the	O
task	O
can	O
be	O
also	O
accomplished	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
advantages	O
of	O
using	O
AR	B-General_Concept
for	O
training	O
are	O
that	O
students	O
can	O
interact	O
with	O
real	O
objects	O
and	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
have	O
access	O
to	O
guidance	O
information	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
existence	O
of	O
tactile	O
feedback	O
provided	O
by	O
the	O
interaction	O
with	O
real	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AR	B-General_Concept
has	O
also	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
automobile	O
development	O
to	O
display	O
and	O
verify	O
car	O
components	O
and	O
ergonomic	O
test	O
in	O
reality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
AR	B-General_Concept
have	O
been	O
proposed	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
scientific	O
data	O
in	O
shared	O
environments	O
,	O
where	O
it	O
allows	O
a	O
3D	B-General_Concept
interaction	I-General_Concept
with	O
real	O
objects	O
compared	O
to	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
,	O
while	O
allowing	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
move	O
freely	O
in	O
the	O
real	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
same	O
way	O
,	O
AR	B-General_Concept
simulation	O
of	O
working	O
machinery	O
can	O
be	O
checked	O
from	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
as	O
well	O
as	O
other	O
information	O
such	O
as	O
temperature	O
and	O
,	O
time	O
of	O
use	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
reduce	O
worker	O
's	O
movements	O
and	O
stress	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
benefits	O
of	O
implementing	O
AR	B-General_Concept
into	O
some	O
industrial	O
activities	O
have	O
been	O
of	O
a	O
high	O
interest	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
in	O
the	O
comparative	O
use	O
of	O
AR	B-General_Concept
versus	O
paper	O
instructions	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
assembly	O
operation	O
of	O
the	O
parts	O
of	O
a	O
tractor	O
's	O
accessory	O
power	O
unit	O
which	O
showed	O
a	O
time	O
and	O
error	O
reduction	O
(	O
six	O
time	O
less	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
compared	O
the	O
stress	O
and	O
strain	O
produced	O
by	O
picking	O
parts	O
from	O
a	O
rack	O
using	O
AR	B-General_Concept
versus	O
using	O
paper	O
as	O
a	O
reference	O
,	O
which	O
showed	O
as	O
result	O
a	O
change	O
of	O
the	O
strain	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
assumed	O
by	O
the	O
non-optimal	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
been	O
suggested	O
that	O
one	O
potential	O
danger	O
in	O
use	O
AR	B-General_Concept
for	O
training	O
is	O
the	O
user	O
dependability	O
of	O
this	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
accepted	O
definitions	O
of	O
AR	B-General_Concept
implies	O
that	O
the	O
virtual	O
elements	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
registered	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
in	O
industrial	O
field	O
,	O
performance	O
is	O
a	O
main	O
goal	O
,	O
and	O
therefore	O
has	O
been	O
an	O
extensive	O
research	O
about	O
the	O
presentation	O
of	O
virtual	O
components	O
in	O
AR	B-General_Concept
regarding	O
the	O
type	O
of	O
the	O
task	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
User	B-General_Concept
friendly	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
