<s>
Inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
or	O
cordless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
wireless	B-Application
power	I-Application
transfer	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
is	O
also	O
used	O
in	O
vehicles	O
,	O
power	O
tools	O
,	O
electric	O
toothbrushes	O
,	O
and	O
medical	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
portable	O
equipment	O
can	O
be	O
placed	O
near	O
a	O
charging	O
station	O
or	O
inductive	O
pad	O
without	O
needing	O
to	O
be	O
precisely	O
aligned	O
or	O
make	B-Algorithm
electrical	I-Algorithm
contact	I-Algorithm
with	O
a	O
dock	O
or	O
plug	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
is	O
named	O
so	O
because	O
it	O
transfers	O
energy	O
through	O
inductive	O
coupling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
changing	O
magnetic	O
field	O
creates	O
an	O
alternating	O
electric	O
current	O
in	O
the	O
portable	O
device	O
's	O
induction	O
coil	O
,	O
which	O
in	O
turn	O
passes	O
through	O
a	O
rectifier	B-Algorithm
to	O
convert	O
it	O
to	O
direct	O
current	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Greater	O
distances	O
between	O
sender	O
and	O
receiver	O
coils	O
can	O
be	O
achieved	O
when	O
the	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
system	O
uses	O
resonant	B-Architecture
inductive	I-Architecture
coupling	I-Architecture
,	O
where	O
a	O
capacitor	O
is	O
added	O
to	O
each	O
induction	O
coil	O
to	O
create	O
two	O
LC	O
circuits	O
with	O
a	O
specific	O
resonance	O
frequency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
application	O
of	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
used	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
was	O
performed	O
by	O
J.G.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
California	O
in	O
the	O
1980s	O
,	O
a	O
bus	O
was	O
produced	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
powered	O
by	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
,	O
and	O
similar	O
work	O
was	O
being	O
done	O
in	O
France	O
and	O
Germany	O
around	O
this	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2006	O
,	O
MIT	O
began	O
using	O
resonant	B-Architecture
coupling	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
proved	O
to	O
be	O
better	O
for	O
commercial	O
needs	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
was	O
a	O
major	O
step	O
for	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Wireless	B-Application
Power	I-Application
Consortium	O
(	O
WPC	O
)	O
was	O
established	O
in	O
2008	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
2010	O
they	O
established	O
the	O
Qi	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
the	O
Alliance	O
for	O
Wireless	B-Application
Power	I-Application
(	O
A4WP	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
Power	O
Matter	O
Alliance	O
(	O
PMA	O
)	O
were	O
founded	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Japan	O
established	O
Broadband	O
Wireless	O
Forum	O
(	O
BWF	O
)	O
in	O
2009	O
,	O
and	O
they	O
established	O
the	O
Wireless	B-Application
Power	I-Application
Consortium	O
for	O
Practical	O
Applications	O
(	O
WiPoT	O
)	O
in	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Korea	O
established	O
the	O
Korean	O
Wireless	B-Application
Power	I-Application
Forum	O
(	O
KWPF	O
)	O
in	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
purpose	O
of	O
these	O
organizations	O
is	O
to	O
create	O
standards	O
for	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applications	O
of	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
can	O
be	O
divided	O
into	O
two	O
broad	O
categories	O
:	O
Low	O
power	O
and	O
high	O
power	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
High	O
power	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
generally	O
refers	O
to	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
of	O
batteries	O
at	O
power	O
levels	O
above	O
1	O
kilowatt	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
prominent	O
application	O
area	O
for	O
high	O
power	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
is	O
in	O
support	O
of	O
electric	O
vehicles	O
,	O
where	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
provides	O
an	O
automated	O
and	O
cordless	O
alternative	O
to	O
plug-in	O
charging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
high-power	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
systems	O
use	O
resonated	O
primary	O
and	O
secondary	O
coils	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
systems	O
work	O
in	O
the	O
long	B-Algorithm
wave	I-Algorithm
range	O
with	O
frequencies	O
up	O
to	O
130kHz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Automated	O
high	O
power	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
of	O
electric	O
vehicles	O
allows	O
for	O
more	O
frequent	O
charging	O
events	O
and	O
consequently	O
an	O
extension	O
of	O
driving	O
range	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
systems	O
can	O
be	O
operated	O
automatically	O
without	O
dependence	O
on	O
people	O
to	O
plug	O
and	O
unplug	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Automatic	O
operation	O
of	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
in	O
roads	O
theoretically	O
allows	O
vehicles	O
to	O
run	O
indefinitely	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
disadvantages	O
have	O
been	O
noted	O
for	O
low-power	O
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
less	O
than	O
100	O
watts	O
)	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
devices	O
,	O
and	O
may	O
not	O
apply	O
to	O
high-power	O
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
greater	O
than	O
5	O
kilowatts	O
)	O
electric	O
vehicle	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
More	O
expensive	O
–	O
Inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
also	O
requires	O
drive	O
electronics	O
and	O
coils	O
in	O
both	O
device	O
and	O
charger	O
,	O
increasing	O
the	O
complexity	O
and	O
cost	O
of	O
manufacturing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
most	O
implementations	O
of	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
,	O
the	O
mobile	O
device	O
must	O
be	O
left	O
on	O
a	O
pad	O
to	O
charge	O
,	O
and	O
thus	O
ca	O
n't	O
be	O
moved	O
around	O
or	O
easily	O
operated	O
while	O
charging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compatible	O
standards	O
–	O
Not	O
all	O
devices	O
are	O
compatible	O
with	O
different	O
inductive	B-Application
chargers	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inductive	B-Application
chargers	I-Application
produce	O
more	O
waste	O
heat	O
than	O
wired	O
chargers	O
,	O
which	O
may	O
negatively	O
impact	O
battery	O
longevity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
amateur	O
2020	O
analysis	O
of	O
energy	O
use	O
conducted	O
with	O
a	O
Pixel	B-Device
4	I-Device
found	O
that	O
a	O
wired	O
charge	O
from	O
0	O
to	O
100	O
percent	O
consumed	O
14.26	O
Wh	O
(	O
watt-hours	O
)	O
,	O
while	O
a	O
wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
stand	O
used	O
19.8	O
Wh	O
,	O
an	O
increase	O
of	O
39%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
a	O
generic	O
brand	O
wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
pad	O
and	O
mis-aligning	O
the	O
phone	O
produced	O
consumption	O
up	O
to	O
25.62	O
Wh	O
,	O
or	O
an	O
80%	O
increase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
analysis	O
noted	O
that	O
while	O
this	O
is	O
not	O
likely	O
to	O
be	O
noticeable	O
to	O
individuals	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
negative	O
implications	O
for	O
greater	O
adoption	O
of	O
smartphone	O
wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
increase	O
in	O
high-power	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
devices	O
has	O
led	O
to	O
researchers	O
looking	O
into	O
the	O
safety	O
factor	O
of	O
the	O
electromagnetic	O
fields	O
(	O
EMF	O
)	O
put	O
off	O
by	O
larger	O
inductor	O
coils	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
recent	O
interest	O
in	O
the	O
expansion	O
of	O
high	O
power	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
with	O
electric	O
cars	O
,	O
an	O
increase	O
in	O
health	O
and	O
safety	O
concerns	O
has	O
arisen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Magne	O
Charge	O
,	O
a	O
largely	O
obsolete	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
system	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
J1773	O
,	O
used	O
to	O
charge	O
battery	O
electric	O
vehicles	O
(	O
BEV	O
)	O
formerly	O
made	O
by	O
General	O
Motors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
emerging	O
SAE	B-Algorithm
J2954	I-Algorithm
standard	O
allows	O
inductive	O
car	O
charging	O
over	O
a	O
pad	O
,	O
with	O
power	O
delivery	O
up	O
to	O
11kW	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Qi	O
,	O
an	O
interface	O
standard	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
Wireless	B-Application
Power	I-Application
Consortium	O
for	O
inductive	O
electrical	O
power	O
transfer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rezence	B-Algorithm
was	O
an	O
interface	O
standard	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
Alliance	O
for	O
Wireless	B-Application
Power	I-Application
(	O
A4WP	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
manufacturers	O
of	O
smartphones	O
have	O
started	O
adding	O
this	O
technology	O
into	O
their	O
devices	O
,	O
the	O
majority	O
adopting	O
the	O
Qi	O
wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Major	O
manufacturers	O
such	O
as	O
Apple	O
and	O
Samsung	B-Application
produce	O
many	O
models	O
of	O
their	O
phones	O
in	O
high	O
volume	O
with	O
Qi	O
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Samsung	B-Application
and	O
other	O
companies	O
have	O
begun	O
exploring	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
"	O
surface	O
charging	O
"	O
,	O
building	O
an	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
station	O
into	O
an	O
entire	O
surface	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
desk	O
or	O
table	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
includes	O
charging	B-Application
pads	I-Application
and	O
disks	O
that	O
have	O
a	O
much	O
smaller	O
footprint	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
adoption	O
of	O
the	O
Qi	O
standard	O
of	O
wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
,	O
any	O
of	O
these	O
chargers	O
will	O
work	O
with	O
any	O
phone	O
as	O
long	O
as	O
it	O
is	O
Qi	O
capable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
development	O
is	O
reverse	O
wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
,	O
which	O
allows	O
a	O
mobile	O
phone	O
to	O
wirelessly	O
discharge	O
its	O
own	O
battery	O
into	O
another	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oral-B	O
rechargeable	O
toothbrushes	O
by	O
the	O
Braun	O
company	O
have	O
used	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
since	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
Consumer	O
Electronics	O
Show	O
(	O
CES	O
)	O
in	O
January	O
2007	O
,	O
Visteon	O
unveiled	O
its	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
system	O
for	O
in-vehicle	O
use	O
that	O
could	O
charge	O
only	O
specially	O
made	O
cell	O
phones	O
to	O
MP3	O
players	O
with	O
compatible	O
receivers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
April	O
28	O
,	O
2009	O
:	O
An	O
Energizer	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
station	O
for	O
the	O
Wii	O
remote	O
was	O
reported	O
on	O
IGN	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
CES	O
in	O
January	O
2009	O
,	O
Palm	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
announced	O
its	O
new	O
Pre	B-Application
smartphone	O
would	O
be	O
available	O
with	O
an	O
optional	O
inductive	B-Application
charger	I-Application
accessory	O
,	O
the	O
"	O
Touchstone	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
charger	O
came	O
with	O
a	O
required	O
special	O
backplate	O
that	O
became	O
standard	O
on	O
the	O
subsequent	O
Pre	B-Application
Plus	O
model	O
announced	O
at	O
CES	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
March	O
24	O
,	O
2013	O
:	O
Samsung	B-Application
launched	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Application
S3	I-Application
,	O
which	O
supports	O
an	O
optionally	O
retrofittable	O
back	O
cover	O
accessory	O
,	O
included	O
in	O
their	O
separate	O
“	O
Wireless	B-Application
Charging	I-Application
Kit	O
”	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nokia	O
announced	O
on	O
September	O
5	O
,	O
2012	O
,	O
the	O
Lumia	B-Device
920	I-Device
and	O
Lumia	B-Device
820	I-Device
,	O
which	O
supports	O
respectively	O
integrate	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
and	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
with	O
an	O
accessory	O
back	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
March	O
15	O
,	O
2013	O
:	O
Samsung	B-Application
launched	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Application
S4	I-Application
,	O
which	O
supports	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
with	O
an	O
accessory	O
back	O
cover	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
July	O
26	O
,	O
2013	O
:	O
Google	B-Application
and	O
ASUS	O
launched	O
the	O
Nexus	O
7	O
2013	O
Edition	O
with	O
integrated	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
September	O
9	O
,	O
2014	O
:	O
Apple	O
announced	O
Apple	B-Device
Watch	I-Device
(	O
released	O
on	O
April	O
24	O
,	O
2015	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
uses	O
wireless	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
September	O
12	O
,	O
2017	O
:	O
Apple	O
announced	O
the	O
AirPower	B-Algorithm
wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
mat	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
meant	O
to	O
be	O
capable	O
of	O
charging	O
an	O
iPhone	B-Device
,	O
an	O
Apple	B-Device
Watch	I-Device
,	O
and	O
AirPods	B-Operating_System
simultaneously	O
;	O
the	O
product	O
however	O
was	O
never	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
12	O
,	O
2018	O
,	O
Apple	O
removed	O
most	O
mentions	O
of	O
the	O
AirPower	B-Algorithm
from	O
its	O
website	O
and	O
on	O
March	O
29	O
,	O
2019	O
,	O
it	O
canceled	O
the	O
product	O
completely	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nokia	O
launched	O
two	O
smartphones	O
(	O
the	O
Lumia	B-Device
820	I-Device
and	O
Lumia	B-Device
920	I-Device
)	O
on	O
5	O
September	O
2012	O
,	O
which	O
feature	O
Qi	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
and	O
LG	O
launched	O
the	O
Nexus	B-Device
4	I-Device
in	O
October	O
2012	O
which	O
supports	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
using	O
the	O
Qi	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Motorola	O
Mobility	O
launched	O
its	O
Droid	B-Application
3	I-Application
and	O
Droid	B-Application
4	I-Application
,	O
both	O
optionally	O
support	O
the	O
Qi	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
21	O
,	O
2012	O
HTC	B-Application
launched	O
the	O
Droid	B-Application
DNA	I-Application
,	O
which	O
also	O
supports	O
the	O
Qi	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
October	O
31	O
,	O
2013	O
Google	B-Application
and	O
LG	O
launched	O
the	O
Nexus	B-Device
5	I-Device
,	O
which	O
supports	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
with	O
Qi	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
April	O
14	O
,	O
2014	O
Samsung	B-Application
launched	O
the	O
Galaxy	B-Application
S5	I-Application
that	O
supports	O
Qi	O
wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
with	O
either	O
a	O
wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
back	O
or	O
receiver	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
November	O
20	O
,	O
2015	O
Microsoft	O
launched	O
the	O
Lumia	B-Device
950	I-Device
XL	I-Device
and	O
Lumia	B-Application
950	I-Application
which	O
support	O
charging	O
with	O
the	O
Qi	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
February	O
22	O
,	O
2016	O
Samsung	B-Application
announced	O
its	O
new	O
flagship	O
Galaxy	B-Application
S7	I-Application
and	O
S7	B-Application
Edge	I-Application
which	O
use	O
an	O
interface	O
that	O
is	O
almost	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
Qi	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Samsung	B-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
S8	I-Application
and	O
Samsung	B-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
Note	I-Application
8	I-Application
released	O
in	O
2017	O
also	O
feature	O
Qi	O
wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
September	O
12	O
,	O
2017	O
Apple	O
announced	O
that	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
8	I-Operating_System
and	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
X	I-Operating_System
would	O
feature	O
wireless	O
Qi	O
standard	O
charging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ikea	O
has	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
furniture	O
that	O
supports	O
the	O
Qi	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
March	O
3	O
,	O
2015	O
:	O
Samsung	B-Application
announced	O
its	O
new	O
flagship	O
Galaxy	B-Application
S6	I-Application
and	O
S6	B-Application
Edge	I-Application
with	O
wireless	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
through	O
both	O
Qi	O
and	O
PMA	O
compatible	O
chargers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
phones	O
in	O
the	O
Samsung	B-Application
Galaxy	O
S	O
and	O
Note	O
lines	O
following	O
the	O
S6	O
have	O
supported	O
wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
November	O
6	O
,	O
2015	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
released	O
its	O
new	O
flagship	O
BlackBerry	B-Application
Priv	I-Application
,	O
the	O
first	O
BlackBerry	B-Operating_System
phone	O
to	O
support	O
wireless	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
through	O
both	O
Qi	O
and	O
PMA	O
compatible	O
chargers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
the	O
Russian	O
private	O
museum	O
Grand	O
Maket	O
Rossiya	O
opened	O
featuring	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
on	O
its	O
model	O
car	O
exhibits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2017	O
,	O
Disney	O
Research	O
has	O
been	O
developing	O
and	O
researching	O
room-scale	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
for	O
multiple	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Electric	O
vehicle	O
wireless	B-Application
power	I-Application
transfer	I-Application
or	O
wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
is	O
generally	O
divided	O
into	O
three	O
categories	O
:	O
stationary	O
charging	O
when	O
the	O
vehicle	O
is	O
parked	O
for	O
an	O
extended	O
period	O
of	O
time	O
;	O
dynamic	O
charging	O
when	O
the	O
vehicle	O
is	O
driven	O
on	O
roads	O
or	O
highways	O
;	O
and	O
quasi-dynamic	O
or	O
semi-dynamic	O
charging	O
,	O
when	O
the	O
vehicle	O
moves	O
at	O
low	O
speeds	O
between	O
stops	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
when	O
a	O
taxi	O
slowly	O
drives	O
at	O
a	O
taxi	O
rank	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
is	O
not	O
considered	O
a	O
mature	O
dynamic	O
charging	O
technology	O
as	O
it	O
delivers	O
the	O
least	O
power	O
of	O
the	O
three	O
electric	O
road	O
technologies	O
,	O
its	O
receivers	O
lose	O
20%	O
-25	O
%	O
of	O
the	O
supplied	O
power	O
when	O
installed	O
on	O
trucks	O
,	O
and	O
its	O
health	O
effects	O
have	O
yet	O
to	O
be	O
documented	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
a	O
French	O
government	O
working	O
group	O
on	O
electric	O
roads	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
one	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
system	O
,	O
one	O
winding	O
is	O
attached	O
to	O
the	O
underside	O
of	O
the	O
car	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
other	O
stays	O
on	O
the	O
floor	O
of	O
the	O
garage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
proponent	O
from	O
Toyota	O
contended	O
in	O
1998	O
that	O
overall	O
cost	O
differences	O
were	O
minimal	O
,	O
while	O
a	O
conductive	B-Algorithm
charging	I-Algorithm
proponent	O
from	O
Ford	O
contended	O
that	O
conductive	B-Algorithm
charging	I-Algorithm
was	O
more	O
cost	O
efficient	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
2010	O
onwards	O
car	O
makers	O
signaled	O
interest	O
in	O
wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
as	O
another	O
piece	O
of	O
the	O
digital	O
cockpit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Daimler	O
's	O
Head	O
of	O
Future	O
Mobility	O
,	O
Professor	O
Herbert	O
Kohler	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
has	O
expressed	O
caution	O
and	O
said	O
the	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
for	O
EVs	O
is	O
at	O
least	O
15	O
years	O
away	O
(	O
from	O
2011	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
safety	O
aspects	O
of	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
for	O
EVs	O
have	O
yet	O
to	O
be	O
looked	O
into	O
in	O
greater	O
detail	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2011	O
,	O
the	O
Mayor	O
of	O
London	O
,	O
Boris	O
Johnson	O
,	O
and	O
Qualcomm	O
announced	O
a	O
trial	O
of	O
13	O
wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
points	O
and	O
50	O
EVs	O
in	O
the	O
Shoreditch	O
area	O
of	O
London	O
's	O
Tech	O
City	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
be	O
rolled	O
out	O
in	O
early	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2012	O
wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
was	O
introduced	O
with	O
3	O
buses	O
in	O
Utrecht	O
,	O
The	O
Netherlands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
January	O
2015	O
,	O
eight	O
electric	O
buses	O
were	O
introduced	O
to	O
Milton	O
Keynes	O
,	O
England	O
,	O
which	O
uses	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
in	O
the	O
road	O
with	O
proov/ipt	O
technology	O
at	O
either	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
journey	O
to	O
prolong	O
overnight	O
charges.	O
,	O
Later	O
bus	O
routes	O
in	O
Bristol	O
,	O
London	O
and	O
Madrid	O
followed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
working	O
prototype	O
of	O
an	O
electric	O
vehicle	O
that	O
charges	O
wirelessly	O
while	O
driving	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
dynamic	O
wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
"	O
or	O
"	O
dynamic	O
wireless	B-Application
power	I-Application
transfer	I-Application
"	O
,	O
is	O
generally	O
regarded	O
to	O
have	O
been	O
developed	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
California	O
,	O
Berkeley	O
in	O
the	O
1980s	O
and	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
commercialized	O
dynamic	O
wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
system	O
,	O
Online	O
Electric	O
Vehicle	O
(	O
OLEV	O
)	O
,	O
was	O
developed	O
as	O
early	O
as	O
2009	O
by	O
researchers	O
at	O
the	O
Korea	O
Advanced	O
Institute	O
of	O
Science	O
and	O
Technology	O
(	O
KAIST	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dynamic	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
infrastructure	O
was	O
found	O
to	O
increase	O
the	O
occurrence	O
of	O
reflective	O
cracks	O
in	O
road	O
surfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
could	O
be	O
implemented	O
by	O
using	O
a	O
predefined	O
path	O
or	O
conductors	O
that	O
would	O
transfer	O
power	O
across	O
an	O
air	O
gap	O
and	O
charge	O
the	O
vehicle	O
on	O
a	O
predefined	O
path	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
lane	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Vehicles	O
that	O
could	O
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
this	O
type	O
of	O
wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
lane	O
to	O
extend	O
the	O
range	O
of	O
their	O
onboard	O
batteries	O
are	O
already	O
on	O
the	O
road	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
this	O
does	O
n't	O
mean	O
that	O
cars	O
are	O
unable	O
to	O
utilize	O
large	O
scale	O
wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
General	O
Motors	O
EV1	O
electric	O
car	O
was	O
charged	O
by	O
inserting	O
an	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
paddle	O
into	O
a	O
receptacle	O
on	O
the	O
vehicle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
September	O
2015	O
Audi	O
Wireless	B-Application
Charging	I-Application
(	O
AWC	O
)	O
presented	O
a	O
3.6kW	O
inductive	B-Application
charger	I-Application
during	O
the	O
66th	O
International	O
Motor	O
Show	O
(	O
IAA	O
)	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transport	O
for	O
London	O
has	O
introduced	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
in	O
a	O
trial	O
for	O
double-decker	O
buses	O
in	O
London	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Magne	O
Charge	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
was	O
employed	O
by	O
several	O
types	O
of	O
electric	O
vehicles	O
around	O
1998	O
,	O
but	O
was	O
discontinued	O
after	O
the	O
California	O
Air	O
Resources	O
Board	O
selected	O
the	O
SAE	O
J1772-2001	O
,	O
or	O
"	O
Avcon	O
"	O
,	O
conductive	B-Algorithm
charging	I-Algorithm
interface	O
for	O
electric	O
vehicles	O
in	O
California	O
in	O
June	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1997	O
Conductix	O
Wampler	O
started	O
with	O
wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
in	O
Germany	O
,	O
In	O
2002	O
20	O
buses	O
started	O
in	O
operation	O
In	O
Turin	O
with	O
60kW	O
charging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
Evatran	O
also	O
began	O
development	O
of	O
Plugless	O
Power	O
,	O
an	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
system	O
it	O
claims	O
is	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
hands-free	O
,	O
plugless	O
,	O
proximity	O
charging	O
system	O
for	O
Electric	O
Vehicles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
system	O
was	O
sold	O
to	O
Google	B-Application
in	O
2011	O
for	O
employee	O
use	O
at	O
the	O
Mountain	O
View	O
campus	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Evatran	O
began	O
selling	O
the	O
Plugless	O
L2	O
Wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
system	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
in	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Volvo	O
Group	O
invested	O
in	O
January	O
2019	O
in	O
U.S.-based	O
wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
specialist	O
Momentum	O
Dynamics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Volvo	O
and	O
Momentum	O
Dynamics	O
will	O
run	O
a	O
three-year	O
pilot	O
project	O
,	O
starting	O
in	O
2022	O
,	O
for	O
wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
of	O
electric	O
taxis	O
in	O
taxi	O
ranks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BRUSA	O
Elektronik	O
AG	O
,	O
a	O
specialist	O
provider	O
and	O
development	O
company	O
for	O
electric	O
vehicles	O
,	O
offers	O
a	O
wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
module	O
named	O
ICS	O
with	O
3.7kW	O
power	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
partnership	O
between	O
Cabonline	O
,	O
Jaguar	O
,	O
Momentum	O
Dynamics	O
,	O
and	O
Fortum	O
Recharge	O
is	O
launching	O
a	O
wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
taxi	O
fleet	O
in	O
Oslo	O
,	O
Norway	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
fleet	O
consists	O
of	O
25	O
Jaguar	O
I-Pace	O
SUVs	O
equipped	O
with	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
pads	O
rated	O
at	O
50-75kW	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
pads	O
use	O
resonant	B-Architecture
inductive	I-Architecture
coupling	I-Architecture
operating	O
at	O
85Hz	O
to	O
improve	O
wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
efficiency	O
and	O
range	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
3	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
Hyundai	O
Motor	O
Group	O
developed	O
a	O
wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
system	O
for	O
electric	O
vehicles	O
using	O
the	O
principle	O
of	O
magnetic	O
induction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wireless	B-Application
charging	I-Application
is	O
making	O
an	O
impact	O
in	O
the	O
medical	O
sector	O
by	O
means	O
of	O
being	O
able	O
to	O
charge	O
implants	O
and	O
sensors	O
long-term	O
that	O
is	O
located	O
beneath	O
the	O
skin	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
implantable	O
neurostimulators	O
)	O
which	O
use	O
inductive	B-Application
charging	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Researchers	O
have	O
been	O
able	O
to	O
print	O
wireless	B-Application
power	I-Application
transmitting	I-Application
antenna	O
on	O
flexible	O
materials	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
placed	O
under	O
the	O
skin	O
of	O
patients	O
.	O
</s>
