<s>
In-situ	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
also	O
known	O
as	O
in-storage	O
processing	O
(	O
ISP	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
computer	O
science	O
term	O
that	O
refers	O
to	O
processing	O
data	O
where	O
it	O
resides	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
in-situ	O
process	O
processes	O
data	O
where	O
it	O
is	O
stored	O
such	O
as	O
in	O
solid-state	B-Device
drives	I-Device
(	O
SSDs	B-Device
)	O
or	O
memory	O
devices	O
like	O
NVDIMM	B-Device
,	O
rather	O
than	O
sending	O
the	O
data	O
to	O
a	O
computer	O
's	O
central	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
unit	I-General_Concept
(	O
CPU	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technology	O
is	O
not	O
new	O
,	O
but	O
modern	O
SSD	B-Device
architecture	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
availability	O
of	O
powerful	O
embedded	O
processors	O
,	O
make	O
it	O
more	O
appealing	O
to	O
run	O
user	O
applications	O
in-place	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SSDs	B-Device
deliver	O
higher	O
data	O
throughput	O
in	O
comparison	O
to	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drives	I-Device
(	O
HDDs	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
in	O
contrast	O
to	O
the	O
HDDs	O
,	O
the	O
SSDs	B-Device
can	O
handle	O
multiple	O
I/O	O
commands	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
SSDs	B-Device
contain	O
a	O
considerable	O
amount	O
of	O
processing	O
horsepower	O
for	O
managing	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
array	O
and	O
providing	O
a	O
high-speed	O
interface	O
to	O
host	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
computational	O
storage	O
device	O
(	O
CSD	O
)	O
term	O
refers	O
to	O
an	O
SSD	B-Device
which	O
is	O
capable	O
of	O
running	O
user	O
applications	O
in-place	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
efficient	O
CSD	O
architecture	O
,	O
the	O
embedded	O
in-storage	O
processing	O
subsystem	O
has	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
data	O
stored	O
in	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
array	O
through	O
a	O
low-power	O
and	O
high-speed	O
link	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
deployment	O
of	O
such	O
CSDs	O
in	O
clusters	O
can	O
increase	O
the	O
overall	O
performance	O
and	O
efficiency	O
of	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
and	O
high-performance	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
(	O
HPC	O
)	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Webscale	B-Architecture
data	O
center	O
designers	O
have	O
been	O
trying	O
to	O
develop	O
storage	O
architectures	O
that	O
favor	O
high-capacity	O
hosts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
following	O
figure	O
(	O
from	O
)	O
,	O
such	O
a	O
storage	O
system	O
is	O
shown	O
where	O
64	O
SSDs	B-Device
are	O
attached	O
to	O
a	O
host	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
sake	O
of	O
simplicity	O
,	O
only	O
the	O
details	O
of	O
one	O
SSD	B-Device
are	O
demonstrated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
SSDs	B-Device
usually	O
contain	O
16	O
or	O
more	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
channels	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
utilized	O
concurrently	O
for	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
array	O
I/O	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Considering	O
512	O
MB/s	O
bandwidth	O
per	O
channel	O
,	O
the	O
internal	O
bandwidth	O
of	O
an	O
SSD	B-Device
with	O
16	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
channels	O
is	O
about	O
8	O
GB/s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
other	O
words	O
,	O
the	O
accumulated	O
bandwidth	O
of	O
all	O
internal	O
channels	O
of	O
the	O
64	O
SSDs	B-Device
reaches	O
the	O
multiplication	O
of	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
SSDs	B-Device
,	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
channels	O
per	O
SSD	B-Device
,	O
and	O
512	O
MB/s	O
(	O
bandwidth	O
of	O
each	O
channel	O
)	O
which	O
is	O
equal	O
to	O
512	O
GB/s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
accumulated	O
bandwidth	O
of	O
the	O
SSDs’	O
external	O
interfaces	O
is	O
equal	O
to	O
64	O
multiply	O
by	O
1	O
GB/s	O
(	O
the	O
host	O
interface	O
bandwidth	O
of	O
each	O
SSD	B-Device
)	O
which	O
is	O
64	O
GB/s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
In	O
order	O
to	O
talk	O
to	O
the	O
host	O
,	O
all	O
SSDs	B-Device
required	O
to	O
be	O
connected	O
to	O
a	O
PCIe	O
switch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Overall	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
16X	O
gap	O
between	O
the	O
accumulated	O
internal	O
bandwidth	O
of	O
all	O
SSDs	B-Device
and	O
the	O
bandwidth	O
available	O
to	O
the	O
host	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
other	O
words	O
,	O
for	O
reading	O
32	O
TB	O
of	O
data	O
,	O
the	O
host	O
needs	O
16	O
minutes	O
while	O
internal	O
components	O
of	O
the	O
SSDs	B-Device
can	O
read	O
the	O
same	O
amount	O
of	O
data	O
in	O
about	O
1	O
minute	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
technology	O
can	O
potentially	O
be	O
applied	O
to	O
both	O
HDDs	O
and	O
SSDs	B-Device
;	O
however	O
,	O
modern	O
SSD	B-Device
architecture	O
provides	O
better	O
tools	O
for	O
developing	O
such	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
SSDs	B-Device
which	O
can	O
run	O
user	O
application	O
in-place	O
are	O
called	O
computational	O
storage	O
devices	O
(	O
CSDs	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
scientific	O
article	O
“	O
Computational	O
storage	O
:	O
an	O
efficient	O
and	O
scalable	B-Architecture
platform	O
for	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
and	O
HPC	O
applications	O
”	O
which	O
is	O
published	O
by	O
Springer	O
Publishing	O
under	O
open	O
access	O
policy	O
(	O
free	O
for	O
the	O
public	O
to	O
access	O
)	O
shows	O
the	O
benefits	O
of	O
CSD	O
utilization	O
in	O
the	O
clusters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
figures	O
(	O
from	O
)	O
show	O
how	O
CSDs	O
can	O
be	O
utilized	O
in	O
an	O
Apache	B-Application
Hadoop	I-Application
cluster	O
and	O
on	O
a	O
Message	O
Passing	O
Interface-based	O
distributed	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
companies	O
have	O
tried	O
to	O
do	O
similar	O
work	O
in	O
the	O
past	O
,	O
including	O
Micron	O
Technology	O
and	O
Samsung	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
NGD	O
Systems	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
company	O
to	O
create	O
in-situ	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
storage	O
and	O
has	O
produced	O
two	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
device	O
since	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Catalina-1	O
was	O
a	O
standalone	O
SSD	B-Device
that	O
offered	O
24	O
TB	O
of	O
flash	O
along	O
with	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
second	O
product	O
called	O
Newport	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
2018	O
that	O
offered	O
up	O
to	O
32	O
TB	O
of	O
flash	B-Device
memory	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
ScaleFlux	O
uses	O
a	O
CSS-1000	O
NVMe	B-Application
device	O
that	O
uses	O
host	O
resourcing	O
and	O
kernel	O
changes	O
to	O
address	O
the	O
device	O
and	O
use	O
Host	O
resources	O
to	O
manage	O
up	O
to	O
6.4	O
TB	O
flash	O
on	O
the	O
device	O
,	O
or	O
base	O
SSD	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eideticom	O
utilizes	O
a	O
device	O
called	O
a	O
No-Load	O
DRAM-only	O
NVMe	B-Application
device	O
as	O
an	O
accelerator	O
with	O
no	O
actual	O
flash	B-Device
storage	I-Device
for	O
persistent	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Micron	O
called	O
their	O
version	O
‘	O
Scale	O
In’	O
at	O
a	O
Flash	B-Device
Memory	I-Device
Summit	O
(	O
FMS	O
)	O
event	O
in	O
2013	O
but	O
was	O
never	O
able	O
to	O
productize	O
it	O
and	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
SATA	O
SSD	B-Device
in	O
production	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Samsung	B-Application
has	O
worked	O
on	O
various	O
versions	O
of	O
devices	O
from	O
KV	O
Store	O
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
