<s>
Immersion	B-Application
into	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
(	O
VR	B-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
perception	O
of	O
being	O
physically	O
present	O
in	O
a	O
non-physical	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
perception	O
is	O
created	O
by	O
surrounding	O
the	O
user	O
of	O
the	O
VR	B-Application
system	O
in	O
images	O
,	O
sound	O
or	O
other	O
stimuli	O
that	O
provide	O
an	O
engrossing	O
total	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Immersion	B-Application
can	O
also	O
be	O
defined	O
as	O
the	O
state	O
of	O
consciousness	O
where	O
a	O
"	O
visitor	O
"	O
(	O
Maurice	O
Benayoun	O
)	O
or	O
"	O
immersant	O
"	O
(	O
Char	O
Davies	O
)	O
'	O
s	O
awareness	O
of	O
physical	O
self	O
is	O
transformed	O
by	O
being	O
surrounded	O
in	O
an	O
artificial	O
environment	O
;	O
used	O
for	O
describing	O
partial	O
or	O
complete	O
suspension	O
of	O
disbelief	O
,	O
enabling	O
action	O
or	O
reaction	O
to	O
stimulations	O
encountered	O
in	O
a	O
virtual	B-Application
or	O
artistic	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Ernest	O
W	O
.	O
Adams	O
,	O
immersion	B-Application
can	O
be	O
separated	O
into	O
three	O
main	O
categories	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Tactical	O
immersion	B-Application
:	O
Tactical	O
immersion	B-Application
is	O
experienced	O
when	O
performing	O
tactile	O
operations	O
that	O
involve	O
skill	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Strategic	O
immersion	B-Application
:	O
Strategic	O
immersion	B-Application
is	O
more	O
cerebral	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
associated	O
with	O
mental	O
challenge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chess	O
players	O
experience	O
strategic	O
immersion	B-Application
when	O
choosing	O
a	O
correct	O
solution	O
among	O
a	O
broad	O
array	O
of	O
possibilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Narrative	O
immersion	B-Application
:	O
Narrative	O
immersion	B-Application
occurs	O
when	O
players	O
become	O
invested	O
in	O
a	O
story	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
what	O
is	O
experienced	O
while	O
reading	O
a	O
book	O
or	O
watching	O
a	O
movie	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Staffan	O
Björk	O
and	O
Jussi	O
Holopainen	O
,	O
in	O
Patterns	O
In	O
Game	O
Design	O
,	O
divide	O
immersion	B-Application
into	O
similar	O
categories	O
,	O
but	O
call	O
them	O
sensory-motoric	O
immersion	B-Application
,	O
cognitive	O
immersion	B-Application
and	O
emotional	O
immersion	B-Application
,	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
these	O
,	O
they	O
add	O
a	O
new	O
category	O
:	O
spatial	O
immersion	B-Application
,	O
which	O
occurs	O
when	O
a	O
player	O
feels	O
the	O
simulated	O
world	O
is	O
perceptually	O
convincing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Presence	O
,	O
a	O
term	O
derived	O
from	O
the	O
shortening	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
"	O
telepresence	B-Application
"	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
phenomenon	O
enabling	O
people	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
and	O
feel	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
world	O
outside	O
their	O
physical	O
bodies	O
via	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
defined	O
as	O
a	O
person	O
's	O
subjective	O
sensation	O
of	O
being	O
there	O
in	O
a	O
scene	O
depicted	O
by	O
a	O
medium	O
,	O
usually	O
virtual	B-Application
in	O
nature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
designers	O
focus	O
on	O
the	O
technology	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
high-fidelity	O
virtual	B-Application
environment	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
the	O
human	O
factors	O
involved	O
in	O
achieving	O
a	O
state	O
of	O
presence	O
must	O
be	O
taken	O
into	O
account	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
glasses	O
can	O
produce	O
a	O
visceral	O
feeling	O
of	O
being	O
in	O
a	O
simulated	O
world	O
,	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
spatial	O
immersion	B-Application
called	O
Presence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Oculus	B-Application
VR	I-Application
,	O
the	O
technology	O
requirements	O
to	O
achieve	O
this	O
visceral	O
reaction	O
are	O
low-latency	O
and	O
precise	O
tracking	B-Operating_System
of	O
movements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Michael	O
Abrash	O
gave	O
a	O
talk	O
on	O
VR	B-Application
at	O
Steam	O
Dev	O
Days	O
in	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
VR	B-Application
research	O
team	O
at	O
Valve	O
,	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
following	O
are	O
needed	O
to	O
establish	O
presence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Global	O
display	O
where	O
all	O
pixels	O
are	O
illuminated	O
simultaneously	O
(	O
rolling	O
display	O
may	O
work	O
with	O
eye	O
tracking	B-Operating_System
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
Immersive	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
is	O
a	O
technology	O
that	O
aims	O
to	O
completely	O
immerse	O
the	O
user	O
inside	O
the	O
computer	O
generated	O
world	O
,	O
giving	O
the	O
impression	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
that	O
they	O
have	O
"	O
stepped	O
inside	O
"	O
the	O
synthetic	B-Application
world	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
HMD	O
allows	O
VR	B-Application
to	O
be	O
projected	O
right	O
in	O
front	O
of	O
the	O
eyes	O
and	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
focus	O
on	O
it	O
without	O
any	O
distraction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
attempts	O
at	O
developing	O
immersive	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
date	O
back	O
to	O
the	O
1800s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Without	O
these	O
early	O
attempts	O
,	O
the	O
world	O
of	O
immersive	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
would	O
never	O
have	O
reached	O
its	O
advanced	O
technological	O
state	O
we	O
have	O
today	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
many	O
elements	O
that	O
surround	O
the	O
realm	O
of	O
immersive	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
all	O
come	O
together	O
in	O
different	O
ways	O
to	O
create	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
immersive	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
including	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
and	O
pervasive	O
gaming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
immersive	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
has	O
already	O
had	O
an	O
immense	O
impact	O
on	O
our	O
world	O
,	O
its	O
progressive	O
growth	O
and	O
development	O
will	O
continue	O
to	O
make	O
lasting	O
impacts	O
among	O
our	O
technological	O
culture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
devices	O
that	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
look	O
like	O
and	O
function	O
as	O
a	O
virtual	B-Device
reality	I-Device
headset	I-Device
was	O
called	O
a	O
stereoscope	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
as	O
photography	O
continued	O
to	O
develop	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1800s	O
,	O
stereoscopes	B-Algorithm
became	O
more	O
and	O
more	O
obsolete	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Immersive	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
became	O
more	O
available	O
to	O
the	O
people	O
in	O
1957	O
when	O
Morton	O
Heilig	O
invented	O
the	O
Sensorama	B-General_Concept
cinematic	O
experience	O
that	O
included	O
speakers	O
,	O
fans	O
,	O
smell	O
generators	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
vibrating	O
chair	O
to	O
immerse	O
the	O
viewer	O
in	O
the	O
movie	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
one	O
imagines	O
the	O
VR	B-Device
headsets	I-Device
they	O
see	O
today	O
,	O
they	O
must	O
give	O
credit	O
to	O
The	O
Sword	O
of	O
Damocles	O
which	O
was	O
invented	O
in	O
1968	O
and	O
allowed	O
users	O
to	O
connect	O
their	O
VR	B-Device
headsets	I-Device
to	O
a	O
computer	O
rather	O
than	O
a	O
camera	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1991	O
,	O
Sega	O
launched	O
the	O
Sega	O
VR	B-Device
headset	I-Device
which	O
was	O
made	O
for	O
arcade/home	O
use	O
,	O
but	O
only	O
the	O
arcade	O
version	O
was	O
released	O
due	O
to	O
technical	O
difficulties	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
began	O
to	O
rapidly	O
develop	O
within	O
the	O
1990s	O
when	O
Louis	O
Rosenberg	O
created	O
Virtual	B-General_Concept
Fixtures	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
fully	O
immersive	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
system	O
,	O
used	O
for	O
the	O
Air	O
Force	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
introduction	O
of	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
displayed	O
to	O
a	O
live	O
audience	O
was	O
in	O
1998	O
,	O
when	O
the	O
NFL	O
first	O
displayed	O
a	O
virtual	B-Application
yellow	O
line	O
to	O
represent	O
the	O
line	O
of	O
scrimmage/first	O
down	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
The	O
Oculus	B-Device
came	O
out	O
in	O
2012	O
,	O
it	O
revolutionized	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
and	O
eventually	O
raised	O
2.4	O
million	O
dollars	O
and	O
began	O
releasing	O
their	O
pre-production	O
models	O
to	O
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Facebook	B-Application
purchased	O
Oculus	B-Device
for	O
2	O
billion	O
dollars	O
in	O
2014	O
,	O
which	O
showed	O
the	O
world	O
the	O
upward	O
trajectory	O
of	O
VR	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
,	O
Google	O
announced	O
their	O
plans	O
to	O
develop	O
their	O
first	O
AR	O
headset	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Glass	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
game	O
that	O
was	O
accessible	O
through	O
ones	O
phone	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
full	O
immersive	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
experience	O
happens	O
when	O
all	O
elements	O
of	O
sight	O
,	O
sound	O
,	O
and	O
touch	O
come	O
together	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
true	O
immersive	O
experience	O
needs	O
to	O
be	O
done	O
with	O
either	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
or	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
,	O
as	O
these	O
two	O
types	O
utilize	O
all	O
of	O
these	O
elements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interactivity	B-General_Concept
and	O
connectivity	O
is	O
the	O
entire	O
focus	O
of	O
immersive	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
is	O
the	O
primary	O
source	O
of	O
immersive	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
that	O
allows	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
be	O
completely	O
immersed	O
in	O
a	O
fully	O
digital	O
environment	O
that	O
replicates	O
another	O
reality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
when	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
interaction	O
on	O
a	O
virtual	B-Application
game	O
lead	O
to	O
them	O
interacting	O
in	O
real	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
gaming	O
world	O
has	O
developed	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
popular	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
videogames	O
,	O
such	O
asVader	O
Immortal	O
,	O
Trover	B-Application
Saves	I-Application
the	I-Application
Universe	I-Application
,	O
and	O
No	B-Application
Man	I-Application
's	I-Application
Sky	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
world	O
of	O
immersive	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
has	O
many	O
facets	O
that	O
will	O
continue	O
to	O
develop/expand	O
over	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Immersive	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
has	O
grown	O
immensely	O
in	O
the	O
past	O
few	O
decades	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
continuing	O
to	O
progress	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VR	B-Application
has	O
even	O
been	O
described	O
as	O
the	O
learning	O
aid	O
of	O
the	O
21st	O
century	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technologies	O
of	O
VR	B-Application
and	O
AR	O
received	O
a	O
boost	O
in	O
attention	O
when	O
Mark	O
Zuckerberg	O
,	O
founder/creator	O
of	O
Facebook	B-Application
,	O
bought	O
Oculus	B-Device
for	O
2	O
billion	O
USD	O
in	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recently	O
,	O
the	O
Oculus	B-Device
quest	O
was	O
released	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
wireless	O
and	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
move	O
more	O
freely	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
massive	O
corporations	O
such	O
as	O
,	O
Sony	O
,	O
Samsung	O
,	O
HTC	O
are	O
also	O
making	O
huge	O
investments	O
into	O
VR/AR	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
regards	O
to	O
education	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
currently	O
many	O
researchers	O
who	O
are	O
exploring	O
the	O
benefits	O
and	O
applications	O
of	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
in	O
the	O
classroom	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
little	O
systemic	O
work	O
that	O
currently	O
exists	O
regarding	O
how	O
researchers	O
have	O
applied	O
immersive	O
VR	B-Application
for	O
higher	O
education	O
purposes	O
using	O
HMD	O
's	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
popular	O
use	O
of	O
immersive	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
comes	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
of	O
videogames	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Current	O
videogames	O
such	O
as	O
Star	O
Wars	O
:	O
Squadron	O
,	O
Half-Life	O
:	O
Alyx	O
,	O
and	O
No	B-Application
Man	I-Application
's	I-Application
Sky	I-Application
are	O
giving	O
users	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
experience	O
every	O
aspect	O
of	O
the	O
digital	O
world	O
in	O
their	O
game	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
there	O
is	O
still	O
a	O
lot	O
to	O
learn	O
about	O
immersive	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
and	O
what	O
it	O
has	O
to	O
offer	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
come	O
an	O
entirely	O
long	O
way	O
from	O
its	O
beginning	O
on	O
the	O
early	O
1800s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
vision	O
technologies	O
are	O
3D	B-Algorithm
displays	I-Algorithm
,	O
fulldomes	O
,	O
head-mounted	B-General_Concept
displays	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
holography	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
auditory	O
technologies	O
are	O
3D	B-Application
audio	I-Application
effects	I-Application
,	O
high-resolution	O
audio	O
,	O
and	O
surround	O
sound	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Haptic	B-Device
technology	I-Device
simulates	O
tactile	O
responses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
technologies	O
provide	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
interact	O
and	O
communicate	O
with	O
the	O
virtual	B-Application
environment	O
,	O
including	O
brain-computer	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
,	O
gesture	B-General_Concept
recognition	I-General_Concept
,	O
omnidirectional	B-General_Concept
treadmills	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
speech	B-Application
recognition	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	O
interacts	O
with	O
the	O
hardware	O
technology	O
to	O
render	O
the	O
virtual	B-Application
environment	O
and	O
process	O
the	O
user	O
input	O
to	O
provide	O
dynamic	O
,	O
real-time	O
response	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
achieve	O
this	O
,	O
software	O
often	O
integrates	O
components	O
of	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
and	O
virtual	B-Application
worlds	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
universities	O
have	O
programs	O
that	O
research	O
and	O
develop	O
immersive	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
are	O
Stanford	O
's	O
Virtual	B-Application
Human	O
Interaction	O
Lab	O
,	O
USC	O
's	O
Computer	O
Graphics	O
and	O
Immersive	B-General_Concept
Technologies	I-General_Concept
Lab	O
,	O
Iowa	O
State	O
Virtual	B-Application
Reality	I-Application
Applications	O
Center	O
,	O
University	O
of	O
Buffalo	O
's	O
VR	B-Application
Lab	O
,	O
Teesside	O
University	O
's	O
Intelligent	O
Virtual	B-Application
Environments	I-Application
Lab	O
,	O
Liverpool	O
John	O
Moores	O
University	O
's	O
Immersive	O
Story	O
Lab	O
,	O
University	O
of	O
Michigan	O
Ann	O
Arbor	O
,	O
Oklahoma	O
State	O
University	O
and	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Southern	O
California	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
of	O
these	O
universities	O
and	O
more	O
are	O
researching	O
the	O
advancement	O
of	O
the	O
technology	O
along	O
with	O
the	O
different	O
uses	O
that	O
VR	B-Application
could	O
be	O
applied	O
to	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
well	O
universities	O
the	O
video	O
game	O
industry	O
has	O
received	O
a	O
massive	O
boost	O
from	O
immersive	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
specifically	O
Augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
Epic	O
games	O
known	O
for	O
their	O
popular	O
game	O
Fortnite	B-Application
generated	O
1.25	O
billion	O
dollars	O
in	O
a	O
round	O
of	O
investing	O
in	O
2018	O
as	O
they	O
have	O
a	O
leading	O
3D	O
development	O
platform	O
for	O
AR	O
apps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
U.S.	O
Government	O
requests	O
information	O
for	O
immersive	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
development	O
and	O
funds	O
specific	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Immersive	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
is	O
applied	O
in	O
several	O
areas	O
,	O
including	O
retail	O
and	O
e-commerce	O
,	O
the	O
adult	O
industry	O
,	O
art	O
,	O
entertainment	O
and	O
video	O
games	O
and	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
storytelling	O
,	O
military	O
,	O
education	O
,	O
and	O
medicine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
immersive	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
becomes	O
more	O
mainstream	O
,	O
it	O
will	O
likely	O
pervade	O
other	O
industries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
with	O
the	O
legalization	O
of	O
cannabis	O
happening	O
worldwide	O
,	O
the	O
cannabis	O
industry	O
has	O
seen	O
a	O
large	O
growth	O
in	O
the	O
immersive	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
market	O
to	O
allow	O
virtual	B-Application
tours	O
of	O
their	O
facilities	O
to	O
engage	O
potential	O
customers	O
and	O
investors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
potential	O
perils	O
of	O
immersive	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
have	O
often	O
been	O
portrayed	O
in	O
science	O
fiction	O
and	O
entertainment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
world	O
of	O
immersive	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
becomes	O
deeper	O
and	O
more	O
intense	O
this	O
will	O
be	O
a	O
growing	O
concern	O
for	O
consumers	O
and	O
governments	O
alike	O
as	O
to	O
how	O
to	O
regulate	O
this	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
Legal	O
systems	O
debate	O
on	O
topics	O
of	O
virtual	B-Application
crime	O
,	O
and	O
whether	O
it	O
is	O
ethical	O
to	O
permit	O
illegal	O
behavior	O
such	O
as	O
rape	O
in	O
a	O
simulated	B-Application
environment	I-Application
,	O
this	O
is	O
relative	O
to	O
the	O
adult	O
industry	O
,	O
art	O
,	O
entertainment	O
and	O
video	O
games	O
industries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Immersive	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
is	O
a	O
hypothetical	O
future	O
technology	O
that	O
exists	O
today	O
as	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
art	O
projects	O
,	O
for	O
the	O
most	O
part	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
consists	O
of	O
immersion	B-Application
in	O
an	O
artificial	O
environment	O
where	O
the	O
user	O
feels	O
just	O
as	O
immersed	O
as	O
they	O
usually	O
feel	O
in	O
everyday	O
life	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
considered	O
method	O
would	O
be	O
to	O
induce	O
the	O
sensations	O
that	O
made	O
up	O
the	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
in	O
the	O
nervous	O
system	O
directly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
would	O
involve	O
the	O
user	O
receiving	O
inputs	O
as	O
artificially	O
stimulated	O
nerve	O
impulses	O
,	O
the	O
system	O
would	O
receive	O
the	O
CNS	O
outputs	O
(	O
natural	O
nerve	O
impulses	O
)	O
and	O
process	O
them	O
allowing	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
the	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
could	O
be	O
done	O
by	O
blocking	O
out	O
natural	O
impulses	O
using	O
nanorobots	O
which	O
attach	O
themselves	O
to	O
the	O
brain	O
wiring	O
,	O
whilst	O
receiving	O
the	O
digital	O
impulses	O
of	O
which	O
describe	O
the	O
virtual	B-Application
world	I-Application
,	O
which	O
could	O
then	O
be	O
sent	O
into	O
the	O
wiring	O
of	O
the	O
brain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
will	O
allow	O
the	O
correct	O
sensations	O
in	O
the	O
user	O
,	O
and	O
actions	O
in	O
the	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
to	O
occur	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
very	O
powerful	O
computer	O
would	O
be	O
necessary	O
for	O
processing	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
complex	O
enough	O
to	O
be	O
nearly	O
indistinguishable	O
from	O
everyday	O
life	O
and	O
interacting	O
with	O
central	O
nervous	O
system	O
fast	O
enough	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
immersive	O
digital	O
environment	O
is	O
an	O
artificial	O
,	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
,	O
computer-created	O
scene	O
or	O
"	O
world	O
"	O
within	O
which	O
a	O
user	O
can	O
immerse	O
themselves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Immersive	O
digital	O
environments	O
could	O
be	O
thought	O
of	O
as	O
synonymous	O
with	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
,	O
but	O
without	O
the	O
implication	O
that	O
actual	O
"	O
reality	O
"	O
is	O
being	O
simulated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
immersive	O
digital	O
environment	O
could	O
be	O
a	O
model	O
of	O
reality	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
could	O
also	O
be	O
a	O
complete	O
fantasy	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
or	O
abstraction	B-Application
,	O
as	O
long	O
as	O
the	O
user	O
of	O
the	O
environment	O
is	O
immersed	O
within	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
definition	O
of	O
immersion	B-Application
is	O
wide	O
and	O
variable	O
,	O
but	O
here	O
it	O
is	O
assumed	O
to	O
mean	O
simply	O
that	O
the	O
user	O
feels	O
like	O
they	O
are	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
simulated	O
"	O
universe	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
success	O
with	O
which	O
an	O
immersive	O
digital	O
environment	O
can	O
actually	O
immerse	O
the	O
user	O
is	O
dependent	O
on	O
many	O
factors	O
such	O
as	O
believable	O
3D	O
computer	O
graphics	O
,	O
surround	O
sound	O
,	O
interactive	B-General_Concept
user-input	O
and	O
other	O
factors	O
such	O
as	O
simplicity	O
,	O
functionality	O
and	O
potential	O
for	O
enjoyment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
create	O
a	O
sense	O
of	O
full	O
immersion	B-Application
,	O
the	O
5	O
senses	O
(	O
sight	O
,	O
sound	O
,	O
touch	O
,	O
smell	O
,	O
taste	O
)	O
must	O
perceive	O
the	O
digital	O
environment	O
to	O
be	O
physically	O
real	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Immersive	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
can	O
perceptually	O
fool	O
the	O
senses	O
through	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
immersive	B-General_Concept
technologies	I-General_Concept
such	O
as	O
gestural	O
controls	O
,	O
motion	O
tracking	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
computer	O
vision	O
respond	O
to	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
actions	O
and	O
movements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Video	O
games	O
from	O
simple	O
arcade	O
to	O
massively	B-Application
multiplayer	I-Application
online	I-Application
game	I-Application
and	O
training	O
programs	O
such	O
as	O
flight	B-Application
and	O
driving	B-Application
simulators	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Entertainment	O
environments	O
such	O
as	O
motion	O
simulators	O
that	O
immerse	O
the	O
riders/players	O
in	O
a	O
virtual	B-Application
digital	O
environment	O
enhanced	O
by	O
motion	O
,	O
visual	O
and	O
aural	O
cues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
parallel	O
with	O
scientists	O
,	O
artists	O
like	O
Knowbotic	O
Research	O
,	O
Donna	O
Cox	O
,	O
Rebecca	O
Allen	O
,	O
Robbie	O
Cooper	O
,	O
Maurice	O
Benayoun	O
,	O
Char	O
Davies	O
,	O
and	O
Jeffrey	O
Shaw	O
use	O
the	O
potential	O
of	O
immersive	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
to	O
create	O
physiologic	O
or	O
symbolic	O
experiences	O
and	O
situations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
examples	O
of	O
immersion	B-Application
technology	O
include	O
physical	O
environment	O
/	O
immersive	O
space	O
with	O
surrounding	O
digital	O
projections	O
and	O
sound	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
CAVE	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
virtual	B-Device
reality	I-Device
headsets	I-Device
for	O
viewing	O
movies	O
,	O
with	O
head-tracking	O
and	O
computer	O
control	O
of	O
the	O
image	O
presented	O
,	O
so	O
that	O
the	O
viewer	O
appears	O
to	O
be	O
inside	O
the	O
scene	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
next	O
generation	O
is	O
VIRTSIM	O
,	O
which	O
achieves	O
total	O
immersion	B-Application
through	O
motion	B-Application
capture	I-Application
and	O
wireless	O
head	B-General_Concept
mounted	I-General_Concept
displays	I-General_Concept
for	O
teams	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
thirteen	O
immersants	O
enabling	O
natural	O
movement	O
through	O
space	O
and	O
interaction	O
in	O
both	O
the	O
virtual	B-Application
and	O
physical	O
space	O
simultaneously	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
fields	O
of	O
studies	O
linked	O
to	O
immersive	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
emerge	O
every	O
day	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Researchers	O
see	O
a	O
great	O
potential	O
in	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
tests	O
serving	O
as	O
complementary	O
interview	O
methods	O
in	O
psychiatric	O
care	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Immersive	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
have	O
in	O
studies	O
also	O
been	O
used	O
as	O
an	O
educational	O
tool	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
visualization	O
of	O
psychotic	O
states	O
have	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
get	O
increased	O
understanding	O
of	O
patients	O
with	O
similar	O
symptoms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
treatment	O
methods	O
are	O
available	O
for	O
schizophrenia	O
and	O
other	O
newly	O
developed	O
research	O
areas	O
where	O
immersive	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
is	O
expected	O
to	O
achieve	O
melioration	O
is	O
in	O
education	O
of	O
surgical	O
procedures	O
,	O
rehabilitation	O
program	O
from	O
injuries	O
and	O
surgeries	O
and	O
reduction	O
of	O
phantom	O
limb	O
pain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
domain	O
of	O
architectural	O
design	O
and	O
building	O
science	O
,	O
immersive	O
virtual	B-Application
environments	I-Application
are	O
adopted	O
to	O
facilitate	O
architects	O
and	O
building	O
engineers	O
to	O
enhance	O
the	O
design	O
process	O
through	O
assimilating	O
their	O
sense	O
of	O
scale	O
,	O
depth	O
,	O
and	O
spatial	O
awareness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
platforms	O
integrate	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
models	O
and	O
mixed	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
technologies	O
in	O
various	O
functions	O
of	O
building	O
science	O
research	O
,	O
construction	O
operations	O
,	O
personnel	O
training	O
,	O
end-user	O
surveys	O
,	O
performance	O
simulations	O
and	O
building	B-Architecture
information	I-Architecture
modeling	I-Architecture
visualization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Head-mounted	B-General_Concept
displays	I-General_Concept
(	O
with	O
both	O
3	O
degrees	O
of	O
freedom	O
and	O
6	O
degrees	O
of	O
freedom	O
systems	O
)	O
and	O
CAVE	B-General_Concept
platforms	O
are	O
used	O
for	O
spatial	O
visualization	O
and	O
building	B-Architecture
information	I-Architecture
modeling	I-Architecture
(	O
BIM	B-Architecture
)	O
navigations	O
for	O
different	O
design	O
and	O
evaluation	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Clients	O
,	O
architects	O
and	O
building	O
owners	O
use	O
derived	O
applications	O
from	O
game	O
engines	O
to	O
navigate	O
1:1	O
scale	O
BIM	B-Architecture
models	O
,	O
allowing	O
a	O
virtual	B-Application
walkthrough	O
experience	O
of	O
future	O
buildings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
such	O
use	O
cases	O
,	O
the	O
performance	O
improvement	O
of	O
space	O
navigation	O
between	O
virtual	B-Device
reality	I-Device
headsets	I-Device
and	O
2D	B-Device
desktop	I-Device
screens	I-Device
has	O
been	O
investigated	O
in	O
various	O
studies	O
,	O
with	O
some	O
suggesting	O
significant	O
improvement	O
in	O
virtual	B-Device
reality	I-Device
headsets	I-Device
while	O
others	O
indicate	O
no	O
significant	O
difference.Architects	O
and	O
building	O
engineers	O
can	O
also	O
use	O
immersive	B-General_Concept
design	I-General_Concept
tools	O
to	O
model	O
various	O
building	O
elements	O
in	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
CAD	B-Application
interfaces	O
,	O
and	O
apply	O
property	O
modifications	O
to	O
building	B-Architecture
information	I-Architecture
modeling	I-Architecture
(	O
BIM	B-Architecture
)	O
files	O
through	O
such	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
training	O
of	O
construction	O
workers	O
,	O
virtual	B-Application
environments	I-Application
have	O
shown	O
to	O
be	O
highly	O
effective	O
in	O
skill	O
transfer	O
with	O
studies	O
showing	O
similar	O
performance	O
results	O
to	O
training	O
in	O
real	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moreover	O
,	O
virtual	B-Application
platforms	O
are	O
also	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
operation	O
phase	O
of	O
buildings	O
to	O
interact	O
and	O
visualize	O
data	O
with	O
Internet	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Things	I-Operating_System
(	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
)	O
devices	O
available	O
in	O
buildings	O
,	O
process	O
improvement	O
and	O
also	O
resource	O
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtualimmersive	O
platforms	O
engage	O
future	O
occupants	O
in	O
the	O
building	O
design	O
process	O
by	O
providing	O
a	O
sense	O
of	O
presence	O
to	O
users	O
with	O
integrating	O
pre-construction	O
mock-ups	O
and	O
BIM	B-Architecture
models	O
for	O
the	O
evaluation	O
of	O
alternative	O
design	O
options	O
in	O
the	O
building	O
model	O
in	O
a	O
timely	O
and	O
cost	O
efficient	O
manner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Studies	O
conducting	O
human	O
experiments	O
have	O
shown	O
users	O
perform	O
similarly	O
in	O
daily	O
office	O
activities	O
(	O
object	O
identification	O
,	O
reading	O
speed	O
and	O
comprehension	O
)	O
within	O
immersive	O
virtual	B-Application
environments	I-Application
and	O
benchmarked	O
physical	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
lighting	O
,	O
virtual	B-Device
reality	I-Device
headsets	I-Device
have	O
been	O
used	O
investigate	O
the	O
influence	O
of	O
façade	B-Application
patterns	O
on	O
the	O
perceptual	O
impressions	O
and	O
satisfaction	O
of	O
a	O
simulated	O
daylit	O
space.Moreover	O
,	O
artificial	O
lighting	O
studies	O
have	O
implemented	O
immersive	O
virtual	B-Application
environments	I-Application
to	O
evaluate	O
end-users	O
lighting	O
preferences	O
of	O
simulated	O
virtual	B-Application
scenes	O
with	O
the	O
controlling	O
of	O
the	O
blinds	O
and	O
artificial	O
lights	O
in	O
the	O
virtual	B-Application
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtual	B-Application
and	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
applications	O
have	O
been	O
designed	O
for	O
finite	B-Application
element	I-Application
analysis	I-Application
of	O
shell	O
structures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
stylus	B-Device
and	O
data	B-General_Concept
gloves	I-General_Concept
as	O
input	O
devices	O
,	O
the	O
user	O
can	O
create	O
,	O
modify	O
mesh	O
,	O
and	O
specify	O
boundary	O
conditions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
a	O
simple	O
geometry	O
,	O
real-time	O
color-coded	O
resultsare	O
obtained	O
by	O
changing	O
loads	O
on	O
the	O
model.Studies	O
have	O
used	O
artificial	B-Architecture
neural	I-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
(	O
ANN	O
)	O
or	O
approximation	O
methods	O
to	O
achieve	O
real-time	O
interaction	O
for	O
the	O
complex	O
geometry	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
simulate	O
its	O
impactvia	O
haptic	B-General_Concept
gloves	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Large	O
scale	O
structures	O
and	O
bridge	O
simulation	O
have	O
also	O
been	O
achieved	O
in	O
immersive	O
virtual	B-Application
environments	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
user	O
can	O
move	O
the	O
loads	O
acting	O
on	O
the	O
bridge	O
,	O
and	O
finite	B-Application
element	I-Application
analysis	I-Application
results	O
are	O
updated	O
immediately	O
using	O
an	O
approximate	O
module	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Simulation	O
sickness	O
,	O
or	O
simulator	O
sickness	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
condition	O
where	O
a	O
person	O
exhibits	O
symptoms	O
similar	O
to	O
motion	O
sickness	O
caused	O
by	O
playing	O
computer/simulation/video	O
games	O
(	O
Oculus	B-Device
Rift	I-Device
is	O
working	O
to	O
solve	O
simulator	O
sickness	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Motion	O
sickness	O
due	O
to	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
is	O
very	O
similar	O
to	O
simulation	O
sickness	O
and	O
motion	O
sickness	O
due	O
to	O
films	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
,	O
however	O
,	O
the	O
effect	O
is	O
made	O
more	O
acute	O
as	O
all	O
external	O
reference	O
points	O
are	O
blocked	O
from	O
vision	O
,	O
the	O
simulated	O
images	O
are	O
three-dimensional	O
and	O
in	O
some	O
cases	O
stereo	O
sound	O
that	O
may	O
also	O
give	O
a	O
sense	O
of	O
motion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Studies	O
have	O
shown	O
that	O
exposure	O
to	O
rotational	O
motions	O
in	O
a	O
virtual	B-Application
environment	O
can	O
cause	O
significant	O
increases	O
in	O
nausea	O
and	O
other	O
symptoms	O
of	O
motion	O
sickness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
behavioural	O
changes	O
such	O
as	O
stress	O
,	O
addiction	O
,	O
isolation	O
and	O
mood	O
changes	O
are	O
also	O
discussed	O
to	O
be	O
side-effects	O
caused	O
by	O
immersive	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
.	O
</s>
