<s>
Imaging	B-Algorithm
radar	I-Algorithm
is	O
an	O
application	O
of	O
radar	B-Application
which	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
two-dimensional	O
images	O
,	O
typically	O
of	O
landscapes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Imaging	B-Algorithm
radar	I-Algorithm
provides	O
its	O
light	O
to	O
illuminate	O
an	O
area	O
on	O
the	O
ground	O
and	O
take	O
a	O
picture	O
at	O
radio	O
wavelengths	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
radar	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
,	O
one	O
can	O
see	O
only	O
the	O
energy	O
that	O
was	O
reflected	O
back	O
towards	O
the	O
radar	B-Application
antenna	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
radar	B-Application
moves	O
along	O
a	O
flight	O
path	O
and	O
the	O
area	O
illuminated	O
by	O
the	O
radar	B-Application
,	O
or	O
footprint	O
,	O
is	O
moved	O
along	O
the	O
surface	O
in	O
a	O
swath	O
,	O
building	O
the	O
image	O
as	O
it	O
does	O
so	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	O
radar	B-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
are	O
composed	O
of	O
many	O
dots	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
pixel	O
in	O
the	O
radar	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
represents	O
the	O
radar	B-Application
backscatter	O
for	O
that	O
area	O
on	O
the	O
ground	O
:	O
brighter	O
areas	O
represent	O
high	O
backscatter	O
,	O
darker	O
areas	O
represents	O
low	O
backscatter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
traditional	O
application	O
of	O
radar	B-Application
is	O
to	O
display	B-Algorithm
the	I-Algorithm
position	I-Algorithm
and	I-Algorithm
motion	I-Algorithm
of	O
typically	O
highly	O
reflective	O
objects	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
aircraft	O
or	O
ships	O
)	O
by	O
sending	O
out	O
a	O
radiowave	O
signal	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
detecting	O
the	O
direction	O
and	O
delay	O
of	O
the	O
reflected	O
signal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Imaging	B-Algorithm
radar	I-Algorithm
on	O
the	O
other	O
hand	O
attempts	O
to	O
form	O
an	O
image	O
of	O
one	O
object	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Generally	O
they	O
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
the	O
Doppler	O
effect	O
caused	O
by	O
the	O
rotation	O
or	O
other	O
motion	O
of	O
the	O
object	O
and	O
by	O
the	O
changing	O
view	O
of	O
the	O
object	O
brought	O
about	O
by	O
the	O
relative	O
motion	O
between	O
the	O
object	O
and	O
the	O
back-scatter	O
that	O
is	O
perceived	O
by	O
the	O
radar	B-Application
of	O
the	O
object	O
(	O
typically	O
,	O
a	O
plane	O
)	O
flying	O
over	O
the	O
earth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
recent	O
improvements	O
of	O
the	O
techniques	O
,	O
radar	B-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
is	O
getting	O
more	O
accurate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Imaging	B-Algorithm
radar	I-Algorithm
has	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
map	O
the	O
Earth	O
,	O
other	O
planets	O
,	O
asteroids	O
,	O
other	O
celestial	O
objects	O
and	O
to	O
categorize	O
targets	O
for	O
military	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
imaging	B-Algorithm
radar	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
kind	O
of	O
radar	B-Application
equipment	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
imaging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
typical	O
radar	B-Application
technology	O
includes	O
emitting	O
radio	O
waves	O
,	O
receiving	O
their	O
reflection	O
,	O
and	O
using	O
this	O
information	O
to	O
generate	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
an	O
imaging	B-Algorithm
radar	I-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
returning	O
waves	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
create	O
an	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Imaging	B-Algorithm
radar	I-Algorithm
has	O
several	O
advantages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applications	O
include	O
:	O
surface	O
topography	O
&	O
coastal	O
change	O
;	O
land	O
use	O
monitoring	O
,	O
agricultural	O
monitoring	O
,	O
ice	O
patrol	O
,	O
environmental	O
monitoring	O
;	O
weather	O
radar	B-Application
-	O
storm	O
monitoring	O
,	O
wind	O
shear	O
warning	O
;	O
medical	O
microwave	O
tomography	O
;	O
through	O
wall	O
radar	B-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
;	O
3-D	O
measurements	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wall	O
parameter	O
estimation	O
uses	O
Ultra	O
Wide-Band	O
radar	B-Application
systems	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
handle	O
M-sequence	O
UWB	O
radar	B-Application
with	O
horn	O
and	O
circular	O
antennas	O
was	O
used	O
for	O
data	O
gathering	O
and	O
supporting	O
the	O
scanning	O
method	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
3-D	O
measurements	O
are	O
supplied	O
by	O
amplitude-modulated	O
laser	O
radars	B-Application
—	O
Erim	O
sensor	O
and	O
Perceptron	O
sensor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Current	O
radar	B-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
techniques	O
rely	O
mainly	O
on	O
synthetic	B-Application
aperture	I-Application
radar	I-Application
(	O
SAR	B-Application
)	O
and	O
inverse	B-Algorithm
synthetic	I-Algorithm
aperture	I-Algorithm
radar	I-Algorithm
(	O
ISAR	O
)	O
imaging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Emerging	O
technology	O
utilizes	O
monopulse	B-Algorithm
radar	I-Algorithm
3-D	O
imaging	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Real	O
aperture	O
radar	B-Application
(	O
RAR	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
radar	B-Application
that	O
transmits	O
a	O
narrow	O
angle	O
beam	O
of	O
pulse	O
radio	O
wave	O
in	O
the	O
range	O
direction	O
at	O
right	O
angles	O
to	O
the	O
flight	O
direction	O
and	O
receives	O
the	O
backscattering	O
from	O
the	O
targets	O
which	O
will	O
be	O
transformed	O
to	O
a	O
radar	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
from	O
the	O
received	O
signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
AVTIS	O
radar	B-Application
is	O
a	O
94GHz	O
real	O
aperture	O
3D	O
imaging	B-Algorithm
radar	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Laser	O
radar	B-Application
is	O
a	O
remote	O
sensing	O
technology	O
that	O
measures	O
distance	O
by	O
illuminating	O
a	O
target	O
with	O
a	O
laser	O
and	O
analyzing	O
the	O
reflected	O
light	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Laser	O
radar	B-Application
is	O
used	O
for	O
multi-dimensional	O
imaging	O
and	O
information	O
gathering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Synthetic-aperture	B-Application
radar	I-Application
(	O
SAR	B-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
radar	B-Application
which	O
moves	O
a	O
real	O
aperture	O
or	O
antenna	O
through	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
positions	O
along	O
the	O
objects	O
to	O
provide	O
distinctive	O
long-term	O
coherent-signal	O
variations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
dimension	O
in	O
the	O
image	O
is	O
called	O
range	O
and	O
is	O
a	O
measure	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
line-of-sight	O
"	O
distance	O
from	O
the	O
radar	B-Application
to	O
the	O
object	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ability	O
of	O
SAR	B-Application
to	O
produce	O
relatively	O
fine	O
azimuth	O
resolution	O
makes	O
it	O
different	O
from	O
other	O
radars	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
airborne	O
radar	B-Application
could	O
collect	O
data	O
while	O
flying	O
this	O
distance	O
and	O
process	O
the	O
data	O
as	O
if	O
it	O
came	O
from	O
a	O
physically	O
long	O
antenna	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inverse	B-Algorithm
synthetic	I-Algorithm
aperture	I-Algorithm
radar	I-Algorithm
(	O
ISAR	O
)	O
is	O
another	O
kind	O
of	O
SAR	B-Application
system	O
which	O
can	O
produce	O
high-resolution	O
on	O
two	O
-	O
and	O
three-dimensional	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
ISAR	O
system	O
consists	O
of	O
a	O
stationary	O
radar	B-Application
antenna	O
and	O
a	O
target	O
scene	O
that	O
is	O
undergoing	O
some	O
motion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ISAR	O
is	O
theoretically	O
equivalent	O
to	O
SAR	B-Application
in	O
that	O
high-azimuth	O
resolution	O
is	O
achieved	O
via	O
relative	O
motion	O
between	O
the	O
sensor	O
and	O
object	O
,	O
yet	O
the	O
ISAR	O
moving	O
target	O
scene	O
is	O
usually	O
made	O
up	O
of	O
non	O
cooperative	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Algorithms	O
with	O
more	O
complex	O
schemes	O
for	O
motion	O
error	O
correction	O
are	O
needed	O
for	O
ISAR	O
imaging	O
than	O
those	O
needed	O
in	O
SAR	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
used	O
on	O
vessels	O
or	O
aircraft	O
and	O
can	O
provide	O
a	O
radar	B-Algorithm
image	I-Algorithm
of	O
sufficient	O
quality	O
for	O
target	B-Algorithm
recognition	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Monopulse	B-Algorithm
radar	I-Algorithm
3-D	O
imaging	O
technique	O
uses	O
1-D	O
range	O
image	O
and	O
monopulse	B-Algorithm
angle	O
measurement	O
to	O
get	O
the	O
real	O
coordinates	O
of	O
each	O
scatterer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Monopulse	B-Algorithm
radar	I-Algorithm
3-D	O
imaging	O
utilizes	O
the	O
ISAR	O
techniques	O
to	O
separate	O
scatterers	O
in	O
the	O
Doppler	O
domain	O
and	O
perform	O
monopulse	B-Algorithm
angle	O
measurement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Monopulse	B-Algorithm
radar	I-Algorithm
3-D	O
imaging	O
can	O
obtain	O
the	O
3	O
views	O
of	O
3-D	O
objects	O
by	O
using	O
any	O
two	O
of	O
the	O
three	O
parameters	O
obtained	O
from	O
the	O
azimuth	O
difference	O
beam	O
,	O
elevation	O
difference	O
beam	O
and	O
range	O
measurement	O
,	O
which	O
means	O
the	O
views	O
of	O
front	O
,	O
top	O
and	O
side	O
can	O
be	O
azimuth-elevation	O
,	O
azimuth-range	O
and	O
elevation-range	O
,	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Monopulse	B-Algorithm
imaging	O
generally	O
adapts	O
to	O
near-range	O
targets	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
image	O
obtained	O
by	O
monopulse	B-Algorithm
radar	I-Algorithm
3-D	O
imaging	O
is	O
the	O
physical	O
image	O
which	O
is	O
consistent	O
with	O
the	O
real	O
size	O
of	O
the	O
object	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
4D	O
imaging	B-Algorithm
radar	I-Algorithm
leverages	O
a	O
Multiple	O
Input	O
Multiple	O
Output	O
(	O
MiMo	O
)	O
antenna	O
array	O
for	O
high-resolution	O
detection	O
,	O
mapping	O
and	O
tracking	O
of	O
multiple	O
static	O
and	O
dynamic	O
targets	O
simultaneously	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
combines	O
3D	O
imaging	O
with	O
Doppler	O
analysis	O
to	O
create	O
the	O
additional	O
dimension	O
–	O
velocity.A	O
4D	O
imaging	B-Algorithm
radar	I-Algorithm
system	O
measures	O
the	O
time	O
of	O
flight	O
from	O
each	O
transmitting	O
(	O
Tx	O
)	O
antenna	O
to	O
a	O
target	O
and	O
back	O
to	O
each	O
receiving	O
(	O
Rx	O
)	O
antenna	O
,	O
processing	O
data	O
from	O
the	O
numerous	O
ellipsoids	O
formed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
versatility	O
and	O
reliability	O
make	O
4D	O
imaging	B-Algorithm
radar	I-Algorithm
ideal	O
for	O
smart	O
home	O
,	O
automotive	O
,	O
retail	O
,	O
security	O
,	O
healthcare	O
and	O
many	O
other	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cost	O
efficiency	O
:	O
4D	O
imaging	B-Algorithm
radar	I-Algorithm
costs	O
around	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
a	O
2D	O
radar	B-Application
sensor	O
,	O
but	O
with	O
immense	O
added	O
value	O
:	O
richer	O
data	O
,	O
higher	O
accuracy	O
and	O
more	O
functionality	O
,	O
while	O
offering	O
an	O
optimal	O
price-performance	O
balance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
4D	O
imaging	B-Algorithm
radar	I-Algorithm
does	O
not	O
require	O
line	O
of	O
sight	O
with	O
targets	O
,	O
enabling	O
its	O
operation	O
in	O
darkness	O
,	O
smoke	O
,	O
steam	O
,	O
glare	O
and	O
inclement	O
weather	O
.	O
</s>
