<s>
An	O
Internet	O
Protocol	O
camera	O
,	O
or	O
IP	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
,	O
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
digital	O
video	O
camera	O
that	O
receives	O
control	O
data	O
and	O
sends	O
image	O
data	O
via	O
an	O
IP	B-Protocol
network	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
are	O
commonly	O
used	O
for	O
surveillance	O
,	O
but	O
,	O
unlike	O
analog	O
closed-circuit	O
television	O
(	O
CCTV	O
)	O
cameras	O
,	O
they	O
require	O
no	O
local	O
recording	O
device	O
,	O
only	O
a	O
local	B-General_Concept
area	I-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
IP	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
are	O
webcams	B-Protocol
,	O
but	O
the	O
term	O
IP	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
or	O
netcam	B-Algorithm
usually	O
applies	O
only	O
to	O
those	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
directly	O
accessed	O
over	O
a	O
network	O
connection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
IP	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
require	O
support	O
of	O
a	O
central	O
network	O
video	O
recorder	O
(	O
NVR	O
)	O
to	O
handle	O
the	O
recording	O
,	O
video	O
and	O
alarm	O
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
IP	B-Algorithm
Camera	I-Algorithm
was	O
invented	O
by	O
Axis	O
Communications	O
in	O
1996	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
centralized	O
IP	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
AXIS	O
Neteye	O
200	O
,	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
1996	O
by	O
Axis	O
Communications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
product	O
was	O
advertised	O
to	O
be	O
accessible	O
from	O
anywhere	O
with	O
an	O
internet	O
connection	O
,	O
the	O
camera	O
was	O
not	O
capable	O
of	O
streaming	O
real-time	O
video	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
limited	O
to	O
returning	O
a	O
single	O
image	O
for	O
each	O
request	O
in	O
the	O
Common	B-Application
Intermediate	I-Application
Format	I-Application
(	O
CIF	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
decentralized	O
IP	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
was	O
released	O
in	O
1999	O
by	O
Mobotix	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
camera	O
's	O
Linux	B-Application
system	O
contained	O
video	O
,	O
alarm	O
,	O
and	O
recording	O
management	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2005	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
IP	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
with	O
onboard	O
video	O
content	O
analytics	O
(	O
VCA	O
)	O
was	O
released	O
by	O
Intellio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
advancements	O
in	O
cloud	B-Architecture
infrastructure	I-Architecture
,	O
Ring	B-Application
(	O
owned	O
by	O
Amazon	O
,	O
U.S.	O
)	O
,	O
released	O
its	O
first	O
IP	B-Algorithm
Camera	I-Algorithm
doorbell	O
targeted	O
for	O
home	O
use	O
in	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
device	O
offered	O
quick	O
setup	O
,	O
cloud-based	B-Architecture
recording	O
,	O
and	O
motion	O
detection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2021	O
,	O
Ring	B-Application
has	O
sold	O
millions	O
of	O
units	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
success	O
of	O
IP	B-Algorithm
Cameras	I-Algorithm
,	O
other	O
companies	O
such	O
as	O
Nest	B-Application
(	O
owned	O
by	O
Google	O
,	O
U.S.	O
)	O
released	O
similar	O
cloud-based	B-Architecture
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CIF	O
,	O
NTSC	O
,	O
PAL	B-Language
,	O
and	O
SECAM	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1080P	O
(	O
Full-HD	O
)	O
,	O
4K	B-Architecture
resolution	I-Architecture
(	O
Ultra-HD	O
)	O
and	O
16:9	O
widescreen	O
format	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IP	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
may	O
differ	O
from	O
one	O
another	O
in	O
resolution	O
,	O
features	O
,	O
video	O
encoding	O
schemes	O
,	O
available	O
network	O
protocols	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
API	O
for	O
video	O
management	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
address	O
IP	B-Algorithm
video	I-Algorithm
surveillance	I-Algorithm
standardization	O
issues	O
,	O
two	O
industry	O
groups	O
formed	O
in	O
2008	O
:	O
the	O
Open	O
Network	O
Video	O
Interface	O
Forum	O
(	O
ONVIF	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
Physical	O
Security	O
Interoperability	O
Alliance	O
(	O
PSIA	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Network	B-Algorithm
Cameras	I-Algorithm
are	O
developed	O
for	O
both	O
enterprise	O
and	O
consumer	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Consumer	O
IP	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
used	O
for	O
home	O
security	O
typically	O
send	O
live	O
video	O
to	O
a	O
companion	O
app	O
on	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
consumer	O
IP	B-Algorithm
Cameras	I-Algorithm
,	O
Enterprise	O
IP	B-Algorithm
Cameras	I-Algorithm
often	O
offer	O
higher	O
video	O
resolution	O
,	O
video	O
analytics	O
,	O
and	O
are	O
mostly	O
accessed	O
though	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
and	O
real	B-Protocol
time	I-Protocol
streaming	I-Protocol
protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
RTSP	B-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IP	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
used	O
to	O
be	O
more	O
common	O
in	O
businesses	O
rather	O
than	O
in	O
homes	O
,	O
but	O
that	O
is	O
no	O
longer	O
the	O
case	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
crossover	O
to	O
IP	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
in	O
home	O
use	O
is	O
partly	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
device	O
's	O
self-installation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IP	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
typically	O
do	O
n't	O
require	O
professional	O
installation	O
saving	O
time	O
for	O
home	O
and	O
business	O
owners	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
abilities	O
that	O
consumer-level	O
home	O
security	O
cameras	O
have	O
is	O
to	O
view	O
their	O
footage	O
via	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Video	O
clips	O
can	O
be	O
stored	O
in	O
a	O
local	O
device	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
micro-SD	O
Card	O
or	O
through	O
a	B-Architecture
cloud	I-Architecture
service	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Major	O
key	O
players	O
in	O
the	O
home	O
security	O
market	O
are	O
Nest	B-Application
(	O
owned	O
by	O
Google	O
,	O
U.S.	O
)	O
,	O
Ring	B-Application
(	O
owned	O
by	O
Amazon	O
,	O
U.S.	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Arlo	O
(	O
owned	O
by	O
Netgear	O
,	O
U.S.	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Depending	O
on	O
their	O
functionality	O
,	O
IP	B-Algorithm
Cameras	I-Algorithm
are	O
generally	O
classified	O
as	O
fixed	O
,	O
varifocal	O
,	O
or	O
pan	B-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
tilt	I-Algorithm
–	I-Algorithm
zoom	I-Algorithm
(	O
PTZ	B-Algorithm
camera	I-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
PTZ	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
have	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
direct	O
the	O
camera	O
assembly	O
in	O
any	O
direction	O
remotely	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IP	B-Algorithm
Cameras	I-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
designed	O
for	O
indoor	O
or	O
outdoor	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IP	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
can	O
offer	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
digital	B-Application
imaging	I-Application
technologies	I-Application
such	O
as	O
multi-sensor	O
cameras	O
,	O
panoramic	O
cameras	O
,	O
and	O
thermal	B-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
cameras	O
include	O
a	O
micro	B-Device
SD	I-Device
card	I-Device
slot	O
so	O
users	O
can	O
store	O
videos	O
locally	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
IP	B-Algorithm
Cameras	I-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
programmed	O
to	O
overwrite	O
old	O
video	O
once	O
the	O
storage	O
medium	O
is	O
full	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IP	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
send	O
images	O
digitally	O
using	O
the	O
transmission	O
and	O
security	O
features	O
of	O
the	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
protocol	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
AI	O
is	O
capable	O
of	O
tracking	B-Operating_System
movements	I-Operating_System
and	O
studying	O
behaviors	O
;	O
moreover	O
,	O
AI	O
can	O
also	O
recognize	O
emotions	O
,	O
and	O
further	O
predict	O
patterns	O
of	O
movement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
video	O
is	O
transmitted	O
over	O
the	O
public	O
internet	O
rather	O
than	O
a	O
private	O
network	O
or	O
intranet	B-General_Concept
,	O
CCTV	O
devices	O
potentially	O
becomes	O
open	O
to	O
a	O
wider	O
audience	O
including	O
hackers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
risk	O
can	O
be	O
mitigated	O
by	O
securing	O
the	O
network	O
via	O
Firewall	B-Application
rules	O
designed	O
to	O
restrict	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
device	O
,	O
and	O
by	O
keeping	O
software	O
and	O
firmware	B-Application
up	O
to	O
date	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
users	O
of	O
4chan	O
hacked	O
into	O
thousands	O
of	O
streaming	O
personal	O
IP	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
by	O
exploiting	O
a	O
vulnerability	O
in	O
some	O
models	O
of	O
TRENDnet	B-Protocol
home	O
security	O
cameras	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Automated	O
services	O
like	O
Shodan.io	O
constantly	O
scan	O
residential	O
and	O
commercial	O
IP	O
blocks	O
to	O
automatically	O
detect	O
and	O
catalog	O
open	O
ports	O
and	O
services	O
,	O
including	O
those	O
commonly	O
used	O
for	O
IP	B-Algorithm
cameras	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
