<s>
IPS	B-Architecture
(	O
in-plane	B-Architecture
switching	I-Architecture
)	O
is	O
a	O
screen	O
technology	O
for	O
liquid-crystal	B-Device
displays	I-Device
(	O
LCDs	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
IPS	B-Architecture
,	O
a	O
layer	O
of	O
liquid	B-Device
crystals	I-Device
is	O
sandwiched	O
between	O
two	O
glass	O
surfaces	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
liquid	B-Device
crystal	I-Device
molecules	O
are	O
aligned	O
parallel	O
to	O
those	O
surfaces	O
in	O
predetermined	O
directions	O
(	O
in-plane	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
solve	O
the	O
strong	O
viewing	O
angle	O
dependence	O
and	O
low-quality	O
color	O
reproduction	O
of	O
the	O
twisted	O
nematic	O
field	O
effect	O
(	O
TN	O
)	O
matrix	O
LCDs	B-Device
prevalent	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TN	O
method	O
was	O
the	O
only	O
viable	O
technology	O
for	O
active	B-General_Concept
matrix	I-General_Concept
TFT	B-Device
LCDs	I-Device
in	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
and	O
early	O
1990s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
mid-1990s	O
new	O
technologies	O
were	O
developed	O
—	O
typically	O
IPS	B-Architecture
and	O
Vertical	O
Alignment	O
(	O
VA	O
)	O
—	O
that	O
could	O
resolve	O
these	O
weaknesses	O
and	O
were	O
applied	O
to	O
large	O
computer	B-Device
monitor	I-Device
panels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
inventor	O
was	O
not	O
yet	O
able	O
to	O
implement	O
such	O
IPS-LCDs	O
superior	O
to	O
TN	O
displays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1992	O
,	O
engineers	O
at	O
Hitachi	O
worked	O
out	O
various	O
practical	O
details	O
of	O
the	O
IPS	B-Architecture
technology	I-Architecture
to	O
interconnect	O
the	O
thin-film	O
transistor	O
array	O
as	O
a	O
matrix	O
and	O
to	O
avoid	O
undesirable	O
stray	O
fields	O
in	O
between	O
pixels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hitachi	O
also	O
improved	O
the	O
viewing	O
angle	O
dependence	O
further	O
by	O
optimizing	O
the	O
shape	O
of	O
the	O
electrodes	O
(	O
Super	O
IPS	B-Architecture
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NEC	O
and	O
Hitachi	O
became	O
early	O
manufacturers	O
of	O
active-matrix	B-General_Concept
addressed	O
LCDs	B-Device
based	O
on	O
the	O
IPS	B-Architecture
technology	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
a	O
milestone	O
for	O
implementing	O
large-screen	O
LCDs	B-Device
having	O
acceptable	O
visual	O
performance	O
for	O
flat-panel	O
computer	B-Device
monitors	I-Device
and	O
television	O
screens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1996	O
,	O
Samsung	B-Application
developed	O
the	O
optical	O
patterning	O
technique	O
that	O
enables	O
multi-domain	O
LCD	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multi-domain	O
and	O
in-plane	B-Architecture
switching	I-Architecture
subsequently	O
remain	O
the	O
dominant	O
LCD	B-Device
designs	O
through	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
,	O
LG	O
Display	O
and	O
other	O
South	O
Korean	O
,	O
Japanese	O
,	O
and	O
Taiwanese	O
LCD	B-Device
manufacturers	O
adapted	O
IPS	B-Architecture
technology	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
IPS	B-Architecture
technology	I-Architecture
is	O
widely	O
used	O
in	O
panels	O
for	O
TVs	O
,	O
tablet	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
and	O
smartphones	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
particular	O
,	O
most	O
IBM	O
products	O
was	O
marketed	O
as	O
Flexview	B-Device
from	O
2004	O
to	O
2008	O
has	O
an	O
IPS	B-Architecture
LCDs	I-Architecture
with	O
CCFL	O
backlighting	O
,	O
and	O
all	O
Apple	O
Inc	O
.	O
products	O
marketed	O
with	O
the	O
label	O
Retina	B-Operating_System
Display	I-Operating_System
feature	O
IPS	B-Architecture
LCDs	I-Architecture
with	O
LED	O
backlighting	O
since	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
+	O
Hitachi	O
IPS	B-Architecture
technology	I-Architecture
developmentIPS-Pro	O
(	O
Evolving	O
IPS	B-Architecture
technology	I-Architecture
)	O
NameNicknameYearAdvantageTransmittance/contrast	O
ratioRemarks	O
Super	O
TFT	O
IPS	B-Architecture
1996	O
Wide	O
viewing	O
angle	O
100/100Base	O
level	O
Most	O
panels	O
also	O
support	O
true	O
8-bit-per-channel	O
colour	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
improvements	O
came	O
at	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
a	O
lower	O
response	O
time	O
,	O
initially	O
about	O
50	O
ms.	O
IPS	B-Architecture
panels	I-Architecture
were	O
also	O
extremely	O
expensive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Super-IPS	O
S-IPS	O
1998	O
Colour	O
shift	O
free	O
100/137	O
IPS	B-Architecture
has	O
since	O
been	O
superseded	O
by	O
S-IPS	O
(	O
Super-IPS	O
,	O
Hitachi	O
Ltd	O
.	O
in	O
1998	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
all	O
the	O
benefits	O
of	O
IPS	B-Architecture
technology	I-Architecture
with	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
improved	O
pixel	O
refresh	O
timing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advanced	O
Super-IPS	O
AS-IPS	O
2002	O
High	O
transmittance	O
130/250	O
AS-IPS	O
,	O
also	O
developed	O
by	O
Hitachi	O
Ltd	O
.	O
in	O
2002	O
,	O
improves	O
substantially	O
on	O
the	O
contrast	O
ratio	O
of	O
traditional	O
S-IPS	O
panels	O
to	O
the	O
point	O
where	O
they	O
are	O
second	O
only	O
to	O
some	O
S-PVAs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IPS-Provectus	O
IPS-Pro	O
2004	O
High	O
contrast	O
ratio	O
137/313	O
The	O
latest	O
panel	O
from	O
IPS	B-Architecture
Alpha	O
Technology	O
with	O
a	O
wider	O
colour	O
gamut	O
and	O
contrast	O
ratio	O
matching	O
PVA	O
and	O
ASV	O
displays	O
without	O
off-angle	O
glowing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
+	O
LG	O
IPS	B-Architecture
technology	I-Architecture
developmentNameNicknameYearRemarks	O
Horizontal	O
IPS	B-Architecture
H-IPS	O
2007	O
Improves	O
contrast	O
ratio	O
by	O
twisting	O
electrode	O
plane	O
layout	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
professional/photography	O
LCDs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Enhanced	O
IPS	B-Architecture
E-IPS	O
2009	O
Wider	O
aperture	O
for	O
light	O
transmission	O
,	O
enabling	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
lower-power	O
,	O
cheaper	O
backlights	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Improves	O
diagonal	O
viewing	O
angle	O
and	O
further	O
reduce	O
response	O
time	O
to	O
5	O
ms.	O
Professional	O
IPS	B-Architecture
P-IPS	O
2010	O
Offer	O
1.07	O
billion	O
colours	O
(	O
30-bit	O
colour	O
depth	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advanced	O
High	O
Performance	O
IPS	B-Architecture
AH-IPS	O
2011	O
Improved	O
colour	O
accuracy	O
,	O
increased	O
resolution	O
and	O
PPI	O
,	O
and	O
greater	O
light	O
transmission	O
for	O
lower	O
power	O
consumption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
molecular	O
structure	O
is	O
practically	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
in	O
TN	O
LCDs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Super-IPS	O
was	O
later	O
introduced	O
with	O
better	O
response	O
times	O
and	O
colour	O
reproduction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IPS	B-Architecture
panels	I-Architecture
display	O
consistent	O
,	O
accurate	O
color	O
from	O
all	O
viewing	O
angles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
state-of-the-art	O
(	O
2014	O
)	O
comparison	O
of	O
IPS	B-Architecture
vs.	O
TN	O
panels	O
concerning	O
colour	O
consistency	O
under	O
different	O
viewing	O
angles	O
can	O
be	O
seen	O
on	O
the	O
website	O
of	O
Japan	O
Display	O
Inc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
TN	O
LCDs	B-Device
,	O
IPS	B-Architecture
panels	I-Architecture
do	O
not	O
lighten	O
or	O
show	O
tailing	O
when	O
touched	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
important	O
for	O
touch-screen	O
devices	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
smartphones	B-Application
and	O
tablet	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
IPS	B-Architecture
panels	I-Architecture
offer	O
clear	O
images	O
,	O
stable	O
response	O
time	O
and	O
better	O
coloring	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IPS	B-Architecture
panels	I-Architecture
require	O
up	O
to	O
15%	O
more	O
power	O
than	O
TN	O
panels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IPS	B-Architecture
panels	I-Architecture
are	O
more	O
expensive	O
to	O
produce	O
than	O
TN	O
panels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IPS	B-Architecture
panels	I-Architecture
have	O
slower/longer	O
response	O
times	O
than	O
TN	O
panels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IPS	B-Architecture
panels	I-Architecture
are	O
sometimes	O
vulnerable	O
to	O
a	O
defect	O
called	O
backlight	O
bleeding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Toward	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2010	O
Samsung	B-Application
Electronics	O
introduced	O
Super	O
PLS	O
(	O
Plane-to-Line	O
Switching	O
)	O
with	O
the	O
intent	O
of	O
providing	O
an	O
alternative	O
to	O
the	O
popular	O
IPS	B-Architecture
technology	I-Architecture
which	O
is	O
primarily	O
manufactured	O
by	O
LG	O
Display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
an	O
"	O
IPS-type	O
"	O
panel	O
technology	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
very	O
similar	O
in	O
performance	O
features	O
,	O
specs	O
and	O
characteristics	O
to	O
LG	O
Display	O
's	O
offering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Samsung	B-Application
adopted	O
PLS	O
panels	O
instead	O
of	O
AMOLED	B-Algorithm
panels	O
,	O
because	O
in	O
the	O
past	O
AMOLED	B-Algorithm
panels	O
had	O
difficulties	O
in	O
realizing	O
full	O
HD	O
resolution	O
on	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
PLS	O
technology	O
was	O
Samsung	B-Application
's	O
wide-viewing	O
angle	O
LCD	B-Device
technology	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
LG	O
Display	O
's	O
IPS	B-Architecture
technology	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Samsung	B-Application
asserted	O
the	O
following	O
benefits	O
of	O
Super	O
PLS	O
(	O
commonly	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
just	O
"	O
PLS	O
"	O
)	O
over	O
IPS	B-Architecture
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
AU	O
Optronics	O
began	O
investment	O
in	O
their	O
own	O
IPS-type	O
technology	O
,	O
dubbed	O
AHVA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Performance	O
and	O
specs	O
remained	O
very	O
similar	O
to	O
LG	O
Display	O
's	O
IPS	B-Architecture
and	O
Samsung	B-Application
's	O
PLS	O
offerings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
144Hz	O
compatible	O
IPS-type	O
panels	O
were	O
produced	O
in	O
late	O
2014	O
(	O
used	O
first	O
in	O
early	O
2015	O
)	O
by	O
AUO	O
,	O
beating	O
Samsung	B-Application
and	O
LG	O
Display	O
to	O
providing	O
high	O
refresh	O
rate	O
IPS-type	O
panels	O
.	O
</s>
