<s>
On	O
Apple	O
devices	O
running	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
and	O
iOS-based	O
operating	O
systems	O
,	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
is	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
privilege	O
escalation	O
exploit	O
to	O
remove	O
software	O
restrictions	O
imposed	O
by	O
the	O
manufacturer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typically	O
it	O
is	O
done	O
through	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
patches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
jailbroken	B-Application
device	O
permits	O
root	B-Application
access	I-Application
within	O
the	O
operating	O
system	O
and	O
provides	O
the	O
right	O
to	O
install	O
software	O
unavailable	O
through	O
the	O
App	B-Application
Store	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
views	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
as	O
a	O
violation	O
of	O
the	O
end-user	O
license	O
agreement	O
and	O
strongly	O
cautions	O
device	O
owners	O
not	O
to	O
try	O
to	O
achieve	O
root	B-Application
access	I-Application
through	O
the	O
exploitation	O
of	O
vulnerabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
sometimes	O
compared	O
to	O
rooting	B-Application
an	O
Android	B-Application
device	I-Application
,	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
bypasses	O
several	O
types	O
of	O
Apple	O
prohibitions	O
for	O
the	O
end-user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
it	O
includes	O
modifying	O
the	O
operating	O
system	O
(	O
enforced	O
by	O
a	O
"	O
locked	O
bootloader	B-Application
"	O
)	O
,	O
installing	O
non-officially	O
approved	O
(	O
not	O
available	O
on	O
the	O
App	B-Application
Store	I-Application
)	O
applications	O
via	O
sideloading	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
granting	O
the	O
user	O
elevated	O
administration-level	O
privileges	O
(	O
rooting	B-Application
)	O
,	O
the	O
concepts	O
of	O
iOS	B-Application
jailbreaking	I-Application
are	O
therefore	O
technically	O
different	O
from	O
Android	B-Application
device	I-Application
rooting	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Expanding	O
the	O
feature	O
set	O
that	O
Apple	O
and	O
its	O
App	B-Application
Store	I-Application
have	O
restricted	O
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
motivations	O
for	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
checks	O
apps	B-Application
for	O
compliance	O
with	O
its	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
Developer	O
Program	O
License	O
Agreement	O
before	O
accepting	O
them	O
for	O
distribution	O
in	O
the	O
App	B-Application
Store	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
reasons	O
for	O
Apple	O
to	O
ban	O
apps	B-Application
are	O
not	O
limited	O
to	O
safety	O
and	O
security	O
and	O
may	O
be	O
regarded	O
as	O
arbitrary	O
and	O
capricious	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
one	O
case	O
,	O
Apple	O
mistakenly	O
banned	O
an	O
app	O
by	O
a	O
Pulitzer-Winning	O
cartoonist	O
because	O
it	O
violated	O
its	O
developer	O
license	O
agreement	O
,	O
which	O
specifically	O
bans	O
apps	B-Application
that	O
"	O
contain	O
content	O
that	O
ridicules	O
public	O
figures.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
access	O
banned	O
apps	B-Application
,	O
users	O
rely	O
on	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
to	O
circumvent	O
Apple	O
's	O
censorship	O
of	O
content	O
and	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jailbreaking	B-Application
permits	O
the	O
downloading	O
of	O
programs	O
not	O
approved	O
by	O
Apple	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
user	O
interface	O
customization	O
and	O
tweaks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
software	O
programs	O
available	O
through	O
APT	B-Application
and	O
or	O
Installer.app	B-Operating_System
(	O
legacy	O
)	O
are	O
not	O
required	O
to	O
adhere	O
to	O
App	B-Application
Store	I-Application
guidelines	O
,	O
many	O
of	O
them	O
are	O
not	O
typical	O
self-contained	O
apps	B-Application
but	O
instead	O
are	O
extensions	O
and	O
customization	O
options	O
for	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
and	O
its	O
features	O
and	O
other	O
apps	B-Application
(	O
commonly	O
called	O
tweaks	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
Chinese	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
device	O
owners	O
also	O
jailbreak	B-Application
their	O
phones	O
to	O
install	O
third-party	O
Chinese	O
character	O
input	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
because	O
they	O
are	O
easier	O
to	O
use	O
than	O
Apple	O
's	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
cases	O
,	O
jailbreak	B-Application
features	O
are	O
adopted	O
by	O
Apple	O
and	O
used	O
as	O
inspiration	O
for	O
features	O
that	O
are	O
incorporated	O
into	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
and	O
iPadOS	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jailbreaking	B-Application
also	O
opens	O
the	O
possibility	O
for	O
using	O
software	O
to	O
unofficially	O
unlock	O
carrier-locked	O
iPhones	B-Device
so	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
with	O
other	O
carriers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software-based	O
unlocks	O
have	O
been	O
available	O
since	O
September	O
2007	O
,	O
with	O
each	O
tool	O
applying	O
to	O
a	O
specific	O
iPhone	B-Device
model	O
and	O
baseband	O
version	O
(	O
or	O
multiple	O
models	O
and	O
versions	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
includes	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
4S	I-Operating_System
,	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
4	I-Operating_System
,	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
3GS	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
3G	I-Operating_System
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
example	O
of	O
unlocking	O
an	O
iPhone	B-Device
through	O
a	O
Jailbreak	B-Application
utility	O
would	O
be	O
Redsn0w	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
this	O
software	O
,	O
iPhone	B-Device
users	O
will	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
custom	O
IPSW	B-Operating_System
and	O
unlock	O
their	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moreover	O
,	O
during	O
the	O
unlocking	O
process	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
options	O
to	O
install	O
Cydia	B-Device
the	O
iPad	B-Device
baseband	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cybercriminals	O
may	O
jailbreak	B-Application
an	O
iPhone	B-Device
to	O
install	O
malware	O
or	O
target	O
jailbroken	B-Application
iPhones	B-Device
on	O
which	O
malware	O
can	O
be	O
installed	O
more	O
easily	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Italian	O
cybersecurity	O
company	O
Hacking	O
Team	O
,	O
which	O
sells	O
hacking	O
software	O
to	O
law	O
enforcement	O
agencies	O
,	O
advised	O
police	O
to	O
jailbreak	B-Application
iPhones	I-Application
to	O
allow	O
tracking	O
software	O
to	O
be	O
installed	O
on	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
devices	O
,	O
the	O
installation	O
of	O
consumer	O
software	O
is	O
generally	B-Application
restricted	I-Application
to	I-Application
installation	I-Application
through	I-Application
the	I-Application
App	I-Application
Store	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jailbreaking	B-Application
,	O
therefore	O
,	O
allows	O
the	O
installation	O
of	O
pirated	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
been	O
suggested	O
that	O
a	O
major	O
motivation	O
for	O
Apple	O
to	O
prevent	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
is	O
to	O
protect	O
the	O
income	O
of	O
its	O
App	B-Application
Store	I-Application
,	O
including	O
third-party	O
developers	O
and	O
allow	O
the	O
buildup	O
of	O
a	O
sustainable	O
market	O
for	O
third-party	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
installation	O
of	O
pirated	O
applications	O
is	O
also	O
possible	O
without	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
,	O
taking	O
advantage	O
of	O
enterprise	O
certificates	O
to	O
facilitate	O
the	O
distribution	O
of	O
modified	O
or	O
pirated	O
releases	O
of	O
popular	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
package	B-Application
manager	I-Application
or	O
package-management	B-Application
system	O
is	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
software	O
tools	O
that	O
automates	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
installing	O
,	O
upgrading	O
,	O
configuring	O
,	O
and	O
removing	O
computer	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
jailbreaks	B-Application
,	O
this	O
is	O
essential	O
for	O
the	O
installation	O
of	O
third-party	O
content	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
a	O
few	O
package	B-Application
managers	I-Application
specifically	O
for	O
jailbroken	B-Application
iOS	B-Operating_System
devices	O
,	O
of	O
which	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
are	O
Cydia	B-Device
,	O
Sileo	O
,	O
Zebra	O
and	O
Installer	B-Operating_System
5	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
a	O
device	O
is	O
jailbroken	B-Application
,	O
the	O
built-in	O
security	O
is	O
compromised	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
vast	O
amount	O
of	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
patches	O
that	O
go	O
into	O
building	O
the	O
tool	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Security	O
structures	O
like	O
Apple	O
Mobile	O
File	O
Integrity	O
,	O
Sandbox	O
,	O
Read-Only	O
Root	O
File	O
system	O
,	O
and	O
trusted	O
apps	B-Application
get	O
disabled	O
or	O
otherwise	O
tampered	O
with	O
,	O
to	O
achieve	O
the	O
goals	O
of	O
the	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
tool	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
,	O
in	O
turn	O
,	O
creates	O
potential	O
security	O
issues	O
for	O
the	O
user	O
of	O
a	O
jailbroken	B-Application
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
of	O
a	O
jailbroken	B-Application
device	O
are	O
also	O
often	O
forced	O
to	O
stay	O
on	O
an	O
inferior	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
version	O
that	O
is	O
no	O
longer	O
supported	O
by	O
Apple	O
because	O
newer	O
versions	O
usually	O
cannot	O
be	O
jailbroken	B-Application
right	O
away	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2021	O
,	O
jailbreak	B-Application
developer	O
GeoSn0w	O
released	O
a	O
tweak	O
called	O
iSecureOS	O
which	O
can	O
alert	O
the	O
users	O
of	O
security	O
issues	O
found	O
on	O
their	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2021	O
,	O
ESET	O
Research	O
confirmed	O
that	O
malware	O
did	O
exist	O
on	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
piracy	O
repositories	O
in	O
the	O
jailbreak	B-Application
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jailbreaking	B-Application
of	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
devices	O
has	O
sometimes	O
been	O
compared	O
to	O
"	O
rooting	B-Application
"	O
of	O
Android	B-Application
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Where	O
Android	B-Application
rooting	I-Application
and	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
are	O
similar	O
is	O
that	O
both	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
grant	O
the	O
owner	O
of	O
the	O
device	O
superuser	B-Application
system-level	O
privileges	O
,	O
which	O
may	O
be	O
transferred	O
to	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
apps	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
unlike	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
phones	O
and	O
tablets	O
,	O
nearly	O
all	O
Android	B-Application
devices	O
already	O
offer	O
an	O
option	O
to	O
allow	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
sideload	B-Protocol
3rd-party	O
apps	B-Application
onto	O
the	O
device	O
without	O
having	O
to	O
install	O
from	O
an	O
official	O
source	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Google	B-Application
Play	I-Application
store	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
Android	B-Application
devices	O
also	O
provide	O
owners	O
the	O
capability	O
to	O
modify	O
or	O
even	O
replace	O
the	O
full	O
operating	O
system	O
after	O
unlocking	O
the	O
bootloader	B-Application
,	O
however	O
doing	O
this	O
requires	O
a	O
factory	B-General_Concept
reset	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
,	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
devices	O
are	O
engineered	O
with	O
restrictions	O
including	O
a	O
"	O
locked	O
bootloader	B-Application
"	O
which	O
can	O
not	O
be	O
unlocked	O
by	O
the	O
owner	O
to	O
modify	O
the	O
operating	O
system	O
without	O
violating	O
Apple	O
's	O
end-user	O
license	O
agreement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
And	O
on	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
until	O
2015	O
,	O
while	O
corporations	O
could	O
install	O
private	O
applications	O
onto	O
corporate	O
phones	O
,	O
sideloading	B-Protocol
unsanctioned	O
,	O
3rd-party	O
apps	B-Application
onto	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
devices	O
from	O
sources	O
other	O
than	O
the	O
App	B-Application
Store	I-Application
was	O
prohibited	O
for	O
most	O
individual	O
users	O
without	O
a	O
purchased	O
developer	O
membership	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
2015	O
,	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
install	O
3rd-party	O
apps	B-Application
became	O
free	O
for	O
all	O
users	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
doing	O
so	O
requires	O
a	O
basic	O
understanding	O
of	O
Xcode	B-Operating_System
and	O
compiling	O
iOS	B-Application
apps	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jailbreaking	B-Application
an	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
device	O
to	O
defeat	O
all	O
these	O
security	O
restrictions	O
presents	O
a	O
significant	O
technical	O
challenge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similar	O
to	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
alternative	O
iOS	B-Application
app	I-Application
stores	I-Application
utilizing	O
enterprise	O
certificates	O
are	O
available	O
,	O
offering	O
modified	O
or	O
pirated	O
releases	O
of	O
popular	O
applications	O
and	O
video	O
games	O
,	O
some	O
of	O
which	O
were	O
either	O
previously	O
released	O
through	O
Cydia	B-Device
or	O
are	O
unavailable	O
on	O
the	O
App	B-Application
Store	I-Application
due	O
to	O
these	O
apps	B-Application
not	O
complying	O
with	O
Apple	O
developer	O
guidelines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
jailbreaks	B-Application
have	O
been	O
developed	O
over	O
the	O
years	O
,	O
differing	O
in	O
how	O
and	O
when	O
the	O
exploit	O
is	O
applied	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
a	O
jailbroken	B-Application
device	O
is	O
booting	O
,	O
it	O
loads	O
Apple	O
's	O
own	O
boot	O
software	O
initially	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
device	O
is	O
then	O
exploited	O
and	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
is	O
patched	O
every	O
time	O
it	O
is	O
turned	O
on	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
untethered	O
jailbreak	B-Application
is	O
a	O
jailbreak	B-Application
that	O
does	O
not	O
require	O
any	O
assistance	O
when	O
it	O
reboots	O
up	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
will	O
be	O
patched	O
without	O
the	O
help	O
of	O
a	O
computer	O
or	O
an	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
jailbreaks	B-Application
are	O
uncommon	O
and	O
take	O
a	O
significant	O
amount	O
of	O
reverse	O
engineering	O
to	O
create	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
this	O
reason	O
,	O
untethered	O
jailbreaks	B-Application
have	O
become	O
much	O
less	O
popular	O
,	O
and	O
Fugu14	O
is	O
currently	O
the	O
only	O
jailbreak	B-Application
that	O
supports	O
recent	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
tethered	B-Application
jailbreak	I-Application
is	O
the	O
opposite	O
of	O
an	O
untethered	O
jailbreak	B-Application
,	O
in	O
the	O
sense	O
that	O
a	O
computer	O
is	O
required	O
to	O
boot	O
the	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Without	O
a	O
computer	O
running	O
the	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
software	O
,	O
the	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
device	O
will	O
not	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
boot	O
at	O
all	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
using	O
a	O
tethered	B-Application
jailbreak	I-Application
,	O
the	O
user	O
will	O
still	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
restart/kill	O
the	O
device	O
's	O
SpringBoard	O
process	O
without	O
needing	O
to	O
reboot	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
early	O
jailbreaks	B-Application
were	O
offered	O
initially	O
as	O
tethered	B-Application
jailbreaks	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
type	O
of	O
jailbreak	B-Application
allows	O
a	O
user	O
to	O
reboot	O
their	O
phone	O
normally	O
,	O
but	O
upon	O
doing	O
so	O
,	O
the	O
jailbreak	B-Application
and	O
any	O
modified	O
code	O
will	O
be	O
effectively	O
disabled	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
will	O
have	O
an	O
unpatched	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Any	O
functionality	O
independent	O
of	O
the	O
jailbreak	B-Application
will	O
still	O
run	O
as	O
normal	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
making	O
a	O
phone	O
call	O
,	O
texting	O
,	O
or	O
using	O
App	B-Application
Store	I-Application
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
patched	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
and	O
run	O
modified	O
code	O
again	O
,	O
the	O
device	O
must	O
be	O
booted	O
using	O
a	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
type	O
of	O
jailbreak	B-Application
is	O
like	O
a	O
semi-tethered	O
jailbreak	B-Application
in	O
which	O
when	O
the	O
device	O
reboots	O
,	O
it	O
no	O
longer	O
has	O
a	O
patched	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
,	O
but	O
the	O
key	O
difference	O
is	O
that	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
can	O
be	O
patched	O
without	O
using	O
a	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
is	O
usually	O
patched	O
using	O
an	O
application	O
installed	O
on	O
the	O
device	O
without	O
patches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
type	O
of	O
jailbreak	B-Application
has	O
become	O
increasingly	O
popular	O
,	O
with	O
most	O
recent	O
jailbreaks	B-Application
classified	O
as	O
semi-untethered	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
few	O
days	O
after	O
the	O
original	B-Operating_System
iPhone	I-Operating_System
became	O
available	O
in	O
July	O
2007	O
,	O
developers	O
released	O
the	O
first	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
tool	O
for	O
it	O
,	O
and	O
soon	O
a	O
jailbreak-only	O
game	O
app	O
became	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2007	O
,	O
JailbreakMe	B-Operating_System
1.0	O
(	O
also	O
called	O
"	O
AppSnapp	O
"	O
)	O
allowed	O
people	O
to	O
jailbreak	B-Application
iPhone	I-Application
OS	O
1.1.1	O
on	O
both	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Device
and	O
iPod	B-Operating_System
Touch	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
it	O
included	O
Installer.app	B-Operating_System
as	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
get	O
software	O
for	O
the	O
jailbroken	B-Application
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2008	O
,	O
Zibri	O
released	O
ZiPhone	O
,	O
a	O
tool	O
for	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
iPhone	I-Application
OS	I-Application
1.1.3	O
and	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
1.1.4	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Application
iPhone	I-Application
Dev	I-Application
Team	I-Application
,	O
which	O
is	O
not	O
affiliated	O
with	O
Apple	O
,	O
has	O
released	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
free	O
desktop-based	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2008	O
it	O
released	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
PwnageTool	O
to	O
jailbreak	B-Application
the	O
then	O
new	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
3G	I-Operating_System
on	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
2.0	I-Operating_System
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
iPod	B-Operating_System
Touch	I-Operating_System
,	O
newly	O
including	O
Cydia	B-Device
as	O
the	O
primary	O
third-party	O
installer	O
for	O
jailbroken	B-Application
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PwnageTool	O
continues	O
to	O
be	O
updated	O
for	O
untethered	O
jailbreaks	B-Application
of	O
newer	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2008	O
the	B-Application
iPhone	I-Application
Dev	I-Application
Team	I-Application
released	O
QuickPwn	O
to	O
jailbreak	B-Application
iPhone	I-Application
OS	O
2.2	O
on	O
iPhone	B-Device
and	O
iPod	B-Operating_System
Touch	I-Operating_System
,	O
with	O
options	O
to	O
enable	O
past	O
functionality	O
that	O
Apple	O
had	O
disabled	O
on	O
certain	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
Apple	O
released	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
3.0	I-Operating_System
in	O
June	O
2009	O
,	O
the	O
Dev	B-Application
Team	I-Application
published	O
redsn0w	O
as	O
a	O
simple	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
tool	O
for	O
Mac	O
and	O
Windows	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
updated	O
PwnageTool	O
primarily	O
intended	O
for	O
expert	O
users	O
making	O
custom	O
firmware	O
,	O
and	O
only	O
for	O
Mac	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
continues	O
to	O
maintain	O
redsn0w	O
for	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
most	O
versions	O
of	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
4	I-Operating_System
and	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
5	I-Operating_System
on	O
most	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
George	O
Hotz	O
developed	O
the	O
first	O
iPhone	B-Device
unlock	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2009	O
,	O
he	O
released	O
a	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
tool	O
for	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
3GS	I-Operating_System
on	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
3.0	I-Operating_System
called	O
purplera1n	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
blackra1n	B-Operating_System
for	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
version	O
3.1.2	O
on	O
the	O
3rd	O
generation	O
iPod	B-Operating_System
Touch	I-Operating_System
and	O
other	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2010	O
,	O
George	O
Hotz	O
released	O
limera1n	O
,	O
a	O
low-level	O
boot	B-General_Concept
ROM	I-General_Concept
exploit	O
that	O
permanently	O
works	O
to	O
jailbreak	B-Application
the	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
4	I-Operating_System
and	O
is	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
tools	O
including	O
redsn0w	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Spirit	O
jailbreaks	B-Application
devices	O
including	O
iPhones	B-Device
running	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
3.1.2	I-Operating_System
,	O
3.1.3	O
,	O
and	O
iPad	B-Device
running	O
iPhone	O
OS	O
3.2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2010	O
,	O
comex	O
released	O
JailbreakMe	B-Operating_System
2.0	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
web-based	O
tool	O
to	O
jailbreak	B-Application
the	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
4	I-Operating_System
(	O
on	O
iOS	O
4.0.1	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2011	O
,	O
he	O
released	O
JailbreakMe	B-Operating_System
3.0	O
,	O
a	O
web-based	O
tool	O
for	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
all	O
devices	O
on	O
certain	O
versions	O
of	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
4.3	I-Operating_System
,	O
including	O
the	O
iPad	B-Operating_System
2	I-Operating_System
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
(	O
on	O
iOS	O
4.3.3	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
used	O
a	O
flaw	O
in	O
PDF	B-Application
file	I-Application
rendering	O
in	O
mobile	O
Safari	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chronic	O
Dev	B-Application
Team	I-Application
initially	O
released	O
Greenpois0n	B-Operating_System
in	O
October	O
2010	O
,	O
a	O
desktop-based	O
tool	O
for	O
untethered	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
iOS	O
4.1	O
and	O
later	O
iOS	O
4.2.1	O
on	O
most	O
devices	O
including	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
TV	I-Device
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
iOS	O
4.2.6	O
on	O
CDMA	O
(	O
Verizon	B-Application
)	O
iPhones	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
December	O
2011	O
,	O
redsn0w	O
included	O
the	O
"	O
Corona	O
"	O
untether	O
by	O
pod2g	O
for	O
iOS	O
5.0.1	O
for	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
3GS	I-Operating_System
,	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
4	I-Operating_System
,	O
iPad	B-Device
(	O
1st	O
generation	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
iPod	B-Operating_System
Touch	I-Operating_System
(	O
3rd	O
and	O
4th	O
generation	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
June	O
2012	O
,	O
redsn0w	O
also	O
includes	O
the	O
"	O
Rocky	O
Racoon	O
"	O
untether	O
by	O
pod2g	O
for	O
iOS	O
5.1.1	O
on	O
all	O
iPhone	B-Device
,	O
iPad	B-Device
,	O
and	O
iPod	B-Operating_System
Touch	I-Operating_System
models	O
that	O
support	O
iOS	O
5.1.1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Application
iPhone	I-Application
Dev	I-Application
Team	I-Application
,	O
Chronic	O
Dev	B-Application
Team	I-Application
,	O
and	O
pod2g	O
collaborated	O
to	O
release	O
Absinthe	O
in	O
January	O
2012	O
,	O
a	O
desktop-based	O
tool	O
to	O
jailbreak	B-Application
the	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
4S	I-Operating_System
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
and	O
the	O
iPad	B-Operating_System
2	I-Operating_System
for	O
the	O
second	O
time	O
,	O
on	O
iOS	O
5.0.1	O
for	O
both	O
devices	O
and	O
also	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
5.0	I-Operating_System
for	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
4S	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2012	O
it	O
released	O
Absinthe	O
2.0	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
jailbreak	B-Application
iOS	O
5.1.1	O
untethered	O
on	O
all	O
iPhone	B-Device
,	O
iPad	B-Device
,	O
and	O
iPod	B-Operating_System
Touch	I-Operating_System
models	O
that	O
support	O
iOS	O
5.1.1	O
,	O
including	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
the	O
third-generation	B-Operating_System
iPad	I-Operating_System
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
iOS	O
6.X	O
untethered	O
jailbreak	B-Application
tool	O
called	O
"	O
evasi0n	B-Operating_System
"	O
was	O
released	O
for	O
Linux	O
,	O
OS	O
X	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
Windows	O
on	O
February	O
4	B-Device
,	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
high	O
volume	O
of	O
interest	O
in	O
downloading	O
the	O
jailbreak	B-Application
utility	O
,	O
the	O
site	O
initially	O
gave	O
anticipating	O
users	O
download	O
errors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
Apple	O
upgraded	O
its	O
software	O
to	O
iOS	O
6.1.3	O
it	O
permanently	O
patched	O
out	O
the	O
evasi0n	B-Operating_System
jailbreak	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2013	O
,	O
the	O
latest	O
versions	O
of	O
Sn0wbreeze	O
was	O
released	O
,	O
which	O
added	O
the	O
support	O
for	O
tethered	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
on	O
A4	O
devices	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
devices	O
not	O
newer	O
than	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
4	I-Operating_System
,	O
iPad	B-Device
(	O
1st	O
generation	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
iPod	B-Operating_System
Touch	I-Operating_System
(	O
4th	O
generation	O
)	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
29	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
TaiG	O
team	O
released	O
their	O
untethered	O
jailbreak	B-Application
tool	O
called	O
"	O
TaiG	O
"	O
for	O
devices	O
running	O
iOS	O
8.0	O
–	O
8.1.1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
10	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
the	O
app	O
was	O
updated	O
to	O
include	O
support	O
for	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
8.1.2	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
July	O
3	B-Operating_System
,	O
2015	O
,	O
TaiG	O
2.3.0	O
was	O
released	O
,	O
which	O
includes	O
support	O
for	O
iOS	O
8.0	O
–	O
8.4	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
October	O
14	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
Pangu	B-Operating_System
Team	I-Operating_System
released	O
Pangu9	O
,	O
their	O
untethered	O
jailbreak	B-Application
tool	O
for	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
9.0	I-Operating_System
through	O
9.0.2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
March	O
11	B-Operating_System
,	O
2016	O
,	O
Pangu	B-Operating_System
Team	I-Operating_System
updated	O
their	O
tool	O
to	O
support	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
9.1	I-Operating_System
for	O
64-bit	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
July	O
17	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
Pangu	B-Operating_System
Team	I-Operating_System
released	O
Pangu93	O
,	O
a	O
semi-untethered	O
jailbreak	B-Application
tool	O
for	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
9.2	I-Operating_System
–	O
9.3.3	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
semi-untethered	O
jailbreak	B-Application
and	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
made	O
within	O
a	O
sideloaded	O
app	O
,	O
and	O
included	O
support	O
only	O
for	O
64bit	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
mid-March	O
2017	O
,	O
jk9357	O
(	O
aka	O
@REALKJCMEMBER	O
)	O
,	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
KJC	O
(	O
Kim	O
Jong	O
Cracks	O
)	O
hacking	O
team	O
,	O
released	O
the	O
first	O
semi-untethered	O
jailbreak	B-Application
for	O
32-bit	O
devices	O
on	O
9.1	O
–	O
9.3.4	O
,	O
known	O
as	O
Home	O
Depot	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
jailbreak	B-Application
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
open	O
source	O
Trident	O
exploit	O
released	O
on	O
GitHub	B-Application
by	O
Benjamin	O
Randazzo	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
21	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
a	O
beta	O
semi-untethered	O
jailbreak	B-Application
tool	O
for	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
10.1	O
known	O
as	O
yalu+mach_portal	O
was	O
released	O
for	O
select	O
64-bit	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
jailbreak	B-Application
made	O
use	O
of	O
Ian	O
Beer	O
's	O
,	O
of	O
Google	O
Project	O
Zero	O
,	O
mach_portal	O
exploit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
26	O
,	O
2017	O
,	O
with	O
help	O
from	O
Marco	O
Grassi	O
,	O
a	O
more	O
stable	O
version	O
for	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
10.2	O
was	O
released	O
,	O
eventually	O
supporting	O
all	O
64-bit	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
devices	O
except	O
for	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Application
7	I-Application
and	O
7	B-Application
Plus	I-Application
,	O
which	O
is	O
only	O
supported	O
by	O
the	O
older	O
,	O
more	O
unstable	O
version	O
for	O
10.1.1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
jailbreak	B-Application
made	O
use	O
of	O
Ian	O
Beer	O
's	O
,	O
of	O
Project	O
Zero	O
,	O
extra_recipe	O
exploit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
jailbreaks	B-Application
are	O
installed	O
through	O
a	O
computer	O
application	O
known	O
as	O
Cydia	B-Device
Impactor	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
signing	O
of	O
apps	B-Application
not	O
in	O
the	O
App	B-Application
Store	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Todesco	O
said	O
that	O
the	O
newer	O
version	O
would	O
be	O
eventually	O
updated	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Application
7	I-Application
and	O
7	B-Application
Plus	I-Application
up	O
to	O
iOS	O
10.1.1	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
he	O
left	O
the	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
scene	O
on	O
March	O
28	O
,	O
abandoning	O
both	O
jailbreaks	B-Application
before	O
it	O
was	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
26	O
,	O
2018	O
,	O
a	O
public	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Electra	O
jailbreak	B-Application
was	O
released	O
for	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
devices	O
on	O
11.0	O
–	O
11.1.2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
jailbreak	B-Application
uses	O
a	O
KPPless	O
exploit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
Cydia	B-Device
Substrate	O
had	O
not	O
been	O
updated	O
for	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
11	I-Operating_System
,	O
Electra	O
uses	O
a	O
Substrate	O
alternative	O
known	O
as	O
Substitute	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
6	B-Operating_System
,	O
2018	O
,	O
Abraham	O
Masri	O
released	O
an	O
update	O
to	O
Houdini	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
semi-jailbreak	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
tool	O
has	O
been	O
updated	O
to	O
beta	O
3	B-Operating_System
revision	O
1	B-Device
,	O
adding	O
the	O
compatibility	O
with	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
11	I-Operating_System
up	O
to	O
11.3.1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
July	O
6	B-Operating_System
,	O
2018	O
,	O
developer	O
CoolStar	O
updated	O
the	O
Electra	O
jailbreak	B-Application
for	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
devices	O
on	O
11.0	O
–	O
11.3.1	O
(	O
it	O
previously	O
only	O
supported	O
up	O
to	O
11.1.2	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
continued	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
KPPless	O
exploit	O
and	O
Substitute	O
in	O
place	O
of	O
Cydia	B-Device
Substrate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
1	B-Device
,	O
2019	O
,	O
a	O
proof	O
of	O
concept	O
for	O
a	O
jailbreak	B-Application
Osiris	O
Jailbreak	B-Application
/	O
OsirisJailbreak12	O
was	O
released	O
compatible	O
with	O
iOS	O
12.0	O
to	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
12.1.2	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
9	O
,	O
2019	O
,	O
A	O
public	O
update	O
to	O
the	O
unc0ver	O
jailbreak	B-Application
was	O
released	O
to	O
add	O
support	O
for	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
12.4.1	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
29	O
,	O
2021	O
,	O
A	O
public	O
update	O
to	O
the	O
unc0ver	O
jailbreak	B-Application
was	O
released	O
to	O
add	O
support	O
for	O
IOS	O
14.6-14.8	O
for	O
A12-A13	O
iPhones	B-Device
(	O
XS-11	O
Pro	O
Max	O
)	O
only	O
,	O
with	O
no	O
iPad	B-Device
support	O
,	O
using	O
an	O
as-yet-unnamed	O
exploit	O
developed	O
by	O
security	O
researcher	O
pattern_f_	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
iPhone	B-Application
7	I-Application
plusiPod	O
Touch	O
(	O
6th	O
Gen	O
)	O
10.010.3.3JakeBlair420	O
LiberiOS	O
11.0	O
11.1.2	O
Marco	O
Grassi	O
,	O
Luca	O
Todesco	O
,	O
Jonathan	O
Levin	O
,	O
Ian	O
Beer	O
Electra1112	O
11.0	O
11.1.2	O
CoolStar	O
,	O
Ian	O
Beer	O
,	O
xerub	O
,	O
Siguza	O
,	O
theninjaprawn	O
,	O
stek29	O
,	O
angelXwind	O
,	O
comex	O
,	O
isklikas	O
,	O
and	O
goeo_	O
,	O
DHowett	O
,	O
and	O
rpetrich	O
Electra1131	O
July	O
7	B-Application
,	O
2018	O
11.0	O
11.4.1	O
CoolStar	O
,	O
Ian	O
Beer	O
,	O
xerub	O
,	O
Siguza	O
,	O
theninjaprawn	O
,	O
Brandon	O
Azad	O
,	O
stek29	O
,	O
Jamie	O
Bishop	O
,	O
Pwn20wnd	O
ElectraTV	O
4th	O
generation	O
Apple	B-Device
TV	I-Device
11.0	O
11.4.1	O
nitoTV	O
unc0ver	O
October	O
13	O
,	O
2018	O
11.0	O
13.5.5	O
~	O
b1	O
(	O
excludes	O
13.5.1	O
)	O
Pwn20wnd	O
,	O
Sam	O
Bingner	O
,	O
Ian	O
Beer	O
,	O
Brandon	O
Azad	O
,	O
Jonathan	O
Levin	O
,	O
xerub	O
,	O
sparkey	O
,	O
stek29	O
,	O
theninjaprawn	O
ChimeraApril	O
30	O
,	O
2019	O
12.0	O
12.5.7	O
Coolstar	O
,	O
Jamie	O
Bishop	O
,	O
tri'angle	O
,	O
ninjaprawn	O
,	O
Brandon	O
Azad	O
,	O
PsychoTea	O
,	O
Ayden	O
Panhuyzen	O
,	O
Umang	O
Raghuvanshi	O
,	O
aesign	O
checkra1nNovember	O
10	O
,	O
2019	O
12.0	O
+	O
14.8.1	O
argp	O
,	O
axi0mx	O
,	O
danyl931	O
,	O
jaywalker	O
,	O
kirb	O
,	O
littlelailo	O
,	O
nitoTV	O
,	O
nullpixel	O
,	O
pimskeks	O
,	O
qwertyoruiop	O
,	O
sbingner	O
,	O
siguza	O
,	O
haifisch	O
,	O
jndok	O
,	O
jonseals	O
,	O
xerub	O
,	O
lilstevie	O
,	O
psychotea	O
,	O
sferrini	O
,	O
Cellebrite	O
,	O
et	O
al	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
has	O
released	O
various	O
updates	O
to	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
that	O
patch	O
exploits	O
used	O
by	O
jailbreak	B-Application
utilities	O
;	O
this	O
includes	O
a	O
patch	O
released	O
in	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
6.1.3	O
to	O
software	O
exploits	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
original	O
evasi0n	B-Operating_System
iOS	B-Operating_System
6	I-Operating_System
–	O
6.1.2	O
jailbreak	B-Application
,	O
in	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
7.1	O
patching	O
the	O
Evasi0n	B-Operating_System
7	B-Application
jailbreak	B-Application
for	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
7	I-Operating_System
–	O
7.0.6-7.1	O
beta	O
3	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Boot	B-General_Concept
ROM	I-General_Concept
exploits	O
(	O
exploits	O
found	O
in	O
the	O
hardware	O
of	O
the	O
device	O
)	O
cannot	O
be	O
patched	O
by	O
Apple	O
system	O
updates	O
but	O
can	O
be	O
fixed	O
in	O
hardware	O
revisions	O
such	O
as	O
new	O
chips	O
or	O
new	O
hardware	O
in	O
its	O
entirety	O
,	O
as	O
occurred	O
with	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
3GS	I-Operating_System
in	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
July	O
15	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
Apple	O
released	O
a	O
new	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
version	O
that	O
closed	O
the	O
exploit	O
used	O
in	O
JailbreakMe	B-Operating_System
3.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
German	O
Federal	O
Office	O
for	O
Information	O
Security	O
had	O
reported	O
that	O
JailbreakMe	B-Operating_System
uncovered	O
the	O
"	O
critical	O
weakness	O
"	O
that	O
information	O
could	O
be	O
stolen	O
or	O
malware	O
unwillingly	O
downloaded	O
by	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
users	O
clicking	O
on	O
maliciously	O
crafted	O
PDF	B-Application
files	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
August	O
13	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
Apple	O
updated	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
to	O
8.4.1	O
,	O
patching	O
the	O
TaiG	O
exploit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pangu	O
and	O
Taig	O
teams	O
both	O
said	O
they	O
were	O
working	O
on	O
exploiting	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
8.4.1	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
Pangu	O
demonstrated	O
these	O
chances	O
at	O
the	O
WWDC	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
16	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
9	I-Operating_System
was	O
announced	O
and	O
made	O
available	O
;	O
it	O
was	O
released	O
with	O
a	O
new	O
"	O
Rootless	O
"	O
security	O
system	O
,	O
dubbed	O
a	O
"	O
heavy	O
blow	O
"	O
to	O
the	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
October	O
21	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
seven	O
days	O
after	O
the	O
Pangu	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
9.0	I-Operating_System
–	O
9.0.2	O
Jailbreak	B-Application
release	O
,	O
Apple	O
pushed	O
the	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
9.1	I-Operating_System
update	O
,	O
which	O
contained	O
a	O
patch	O
that	O
rendered	O
it	O
nonfunctional	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
23	O
,	O
2017	O
,	O
Apple	O
released	O
iOS	O
10.2.1	O
to	O
patch	O
jailbreak	B-Application
exploits	O
released	O
by	O
Google	O
for	O
the	O
Yalu	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
jailbreak	B-Application
created	O
by	O
Luca	O
Todesco	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
tweet	O
contained	O
an	O
encryption	O
key	O
that	O
could	O
potentially	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
reverse	O
engineer	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Device
's	O
Secure	O
Enclave	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
1	B-Device
,	O
2020	O
,	O
Apple	O
released	O
the	O
13.5.1	O
update	O
,	O
patching	O
the	O
0	O
day	O
exploit	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
Unc0ver	O
jailbreak	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
20	O
,	O
2021	O
,	O
Apple	O
released	O
iOS/iPadOS	B-Operating_System
15	I-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
introduced	O
signed	O
system	O
volume	O
security	O
to	O
iOS/iPadOS	O
,	O
meaning	O
that	O
any	O
changes	O
to	O
the	O
root	O
file	O
system	O
would	O
revert	O
to	O
the	O
latest	O
snapshot	O
on	O
a	O
reboot	O
,	O
and	O
changes	O
to	O
the	O
snapshot	O
would	O
make	O
the	O
device	O
unbootable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
jailbreak	B-Application
development	O
slowed	O
considerably	O
,	O
and	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
in	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
history	O
,	O
the	O
latest	O
iPhone	B-Device
did	O
not	O
get	O
a	O
jailbreak	B-Application
before	O
a	O
new	O
model	O
was	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
12	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
Apple	O
released	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
16	O
,	O
which	O
introduced	O
a	O
new	O
firmware	O
component	O
known	O
as	O
Cryptex1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
Cryptex1	O
versions	O
are	O
almost	O
never	O
compatible	O
with	O
old	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
versions	O
,	O
making	O
downgrading	O
impossible	O
except	O
within	O
patch	O
versions	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
16.3	O
and	O
16.3.1	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
legal	O
status	O
of	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
is	O
affected	O
by	O
laws	O
regarding	O
circumvention	O
of	O
digital	B-Application
locks	I-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
laws	O
protecting	O
digital	O
rights	O
management	O
(	O
DRM	O
)	O
mechanisms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
countries	O
do	O
not	O
have	O
such	O
laws	O
,	O
and	O
some	O
countries	O
have	O
laws	O
including	O
exceptions	O
for	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
International	O
treaties	O
have	O
influenced	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
laws	O
affecting	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
American	O
implementation	O
is	O
the	O
Digital	O
Millennium	O
Copyright	O
Act	O
(	O
DMCA	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
includes	O
a	O
process	O
for	O
establishing	O
exemptions	O
for	O
non-copyright-infringing	O
purposes	O
such	O
as	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Copyright	O
Directive	O
includes	O
exceptions	O
to	O
allow	O
breaking	O
those	O
measures	O
for	O
non-copyright-infringing	O
purposes	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
to	O
run	O
alternative	O
software	O
,	O
but	O
member	O
states	O
vary	O
on	O
the	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
directive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
Apple	O
technically	O
does	O
not	O
support	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
as	O
a	O
violation	O
of	O
its	O
EULA	O
,	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
communities	O
have	O
generally	O
not	O
been	O
legally	O
threatened	O
by	O
Apple	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
has	O
also	O
regularly	O
credited	O
jailbreak	B-Application
developers	O
with	O
detecting	O
security	O
holes	O
in	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
release	O
notes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
's	O
support	O
article	O
concerning	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
claims	O
that	O
they	O
"	O
may	O
deny	O
service	O
for	O
an	O
iPhone	B-Device
,	O
iPad	B-Device
,	O
or	O
iPod	B-Operating_System
Touch	I-Operating_System
that	O
has	O
installed	O
any	O
unauthorized	O
software	O
,	O
"	O
which	O
includes	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
Electronic	O
Frontiers	O
Australia	O
said	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
unclear	O
whether	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
is	O
legal	O
in	O
Australia	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
anti-circumvention	O
laws	O
may	O
apply	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jailbreaking	B-Application
a	O
device	O
to	O
run	O
alternative	O
software	O
is	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
circumventing	O
digital	B-Application
locks	I-Application
for	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
software	O
interoperability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
had	O
been	O
several	O
efforts	O
from	O
2008	O
–	O
2011	O
to	O
amend	O
the	O
Copyright	O
Act	O
(	O
Bill	O
C-60	O
,	O
Bill	O
C-61	O
,	O
and	O
Bill	O
C-32	O
)	O
to	O
prohibit	O
tampering	O
with	O
digital	B-Application
locks	I-Application
,	O
along	O
with	O
initial	O
proposals	O
for	O
C-11	O
that	O
were	O
more	O
restrictive	O
,	O
but	O
those	O
bills	O
were	O
set	O
aside	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
,	O
Michael	O
Geist	O
,	O
a	O
Canadian	O
copyright	O
scholar	O
,	O
cited	O
iPhone	B-Application
jailbreaking	I-Application
as	O
a	O
non-copyright-related	O
activity	O
that	O
overly-broad	O
Copyright	O
Act	O
amendments	O
could	O
prohibit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jailbreaking	B-Application
might	O
be	O
legal	O
in	O
Singapore	O
if	O
done	O
to	O
provide	O
interoperability	O
and	O
not	O
circumvent	O
copyright	O
,	O
but	O
that	O
has	O
not	O
been	O
tested	O
in	O
court	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jailbreaking	B-Application
may	O
be	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
circumvention	O
covered	O
by	O
that	O
law	O
,	O
but	O
this	O
has	O
not	O
been	O
tested	O
in	O
court	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
law	O
that	O
affects	O
the	O
legality	O
of	O
iOS	B-Application
jailbreaking	I-Application
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
is	O
the	O
1998	O
Digital	O
Millennium	O
Copyright	O
Act	O
(	O
DMCA	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
says	O
"	O
no	O
person	O
shall	O
circumvent	O
a	O
technological	O
measure	O
that	O
effectively	O
controls	O
access	O
to	O
a	O
work	O
protected	O
under	O
"	O
the	O
DMCA	O
,	O
since	O
this	O
may	O
apply	O
to	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Copyright	O
Office	O
approved	O
exemptions	O
that	O
allowed	O
smartphone	O
users	O
to	O
jailbreak	B-Application
their	O
devices	O
legally	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
2015	O
the	O
Copyright	O
Office	O
approved	O
an	O
expanded	O
exemption	O
that	O
also	O
covers	O
other	O
all-purpose	O
mobile	O
computing	O
devices	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
tablets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
still	O
possible	O
Apple	O
may	O
employ	O
technical	O
countermeasures	O
to	O
prevent	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
or	O
prevent	O
jailbroken	B-Application
phones	O
from	O
functioning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
unclear	O
whether	O
it	O
is	O
legal	O
to	O
traffic	O
in	O
the	O
tools	O
used	O
to	O
make	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
easy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
Apple	O
announced	O
that	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
"	O
can	O
violate	O
the	O
warranty	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2007	O
,	O
Tim	O
Wu	O
,	O
a	O
professor	O
at	O
Columbia	O
Law	O
School	O
,	O
argued	O
that	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
"	O
Apple	O
's	O
superphone	O
is	O
legal	O
,	O
ethical	O
,	O
and	O
just	O
plain	O
fun.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Copyright	O
Office	O
explicitly	O
recognized	O
an	O
exemption	O
to	O
the	O
DMCA	O
to	O
permit	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
in	O
order	O
to	O
allow	O
iPhone	B-Device
owners	O
to	O
use	O
their	O
phones	O
with	O
applications	O
that	O
are	O
not	O
available	O
from	O
Apple	O
's	O
store	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
unlock	O
their	O
iPhones	B-Device
for	O
use	O
with	O
unapproved	O
carriers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
had	O
previously	O
filed	O
comments	O
opposing	O
this	O
exemption	O
and	O
indicated	O
that	O
it	O
had	O
considered	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
to	O
be	O
a	O
violation	O
of	O
copyright	O
(	O
and	O
by	O
implication	O
prosecutable	O
under	O
the	O
DMCA	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
's	O
request	O
to	O
define	O
copyright	O
law	O
to	O
include	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
as	O
a	O
violation	O
was	O
denied	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
2009	O
DMCA	O
rulemaking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
their	O
ruling	O
,	O
the	O
Library	O
of	O
Congress	O
affirmed	O
on	O
July	O
26	O
,	O
2010	O
,	O
that	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
is	O
exempt	O
from	O
DMCA	O
rules	O
with	O
respect	O
to	O
circumventing	O
digital	B-Application
locks	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
of	O
smartphones	O
continued	O
to	O
be	O
legal	O
"	O
where	O
circumvention	O
is	O
accomplished	O
for	O
the	O
sole	O
purpose	O
of	O
enabling	O
interoperability	O
of	O
[	O
lawfully	O
obtained	O
software ]	O
applications	O
with	O
computer	O
programs	O
on	O
the	O
telephone	O
handset.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Copyright	O
office	O
refused	O
to	O
extend	O
this	O
exemption	O
to	O
tablets	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
iPads	B-Device
,	O
arguing	O
that	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
tablets	O
"	O
is	O
broad	O
and	O
ill-defined	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
exemption	O
to	O
this	O
class	O
of	O
devices	O
could	O
have	O
unintended	O
side	O
effects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BigBoss	O
(	O
previously	O
TheBigBoss.org	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
software	B-Application
repository	I-Application
and	O
blog	O
for	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
repositories	O
to	O
exist	O
for	O
the	O
Cydia	B-Device
package	B-Application
manager	I-Application
,	O
launched	O
in	O
April	O
2008	O
by	O
Sleepers	O
Repository	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
comes	O
preinstalled	O
with	O
all	O
copies	O
of	O
Cydia	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
the	O
packages	O
are	O
for	O
older	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
versions	O
,	O
it	O
still	O
receives	O
a	O
steady	O
flow	O
of	O
new	O
packages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
news	O
and	O
software	O
hosting	O
website	O
,	O
BigBoss	O
also	O
distributed	O
many	O
utilities	O
that	O
ran	O
on	O
jailbroken	B-Application
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
March	O
8	B-Operating_System
,	O
2009	O
,	O
Cydia	B-Device
Store	O
launched	O
,	O
allowing	O
users	O
to	O
purchase	O
software	O
products	O
from	O
the	O
repository	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2017	O
,	O
other	O
significant	O
early	O
Cydia	B-Device
Store	O
repositories	O
,	O
ModMyi	O
and	O
ZodTTD	O
,	O
shut	O
down	O
,	O
making	O
BigBoss	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
last	O
original	O
repositories	O
standing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2018	O
,	O
the	O
Cydia	B-Device
Store	O
shut	O
down	O
,	O
meaning	O
that	O
no	O
new	O
packages	O
could	O
be	O
purchased	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
iPhone	B-Device
worm	O
,	O
iKee	B-Operating_System
,	O
appeared	O
in	O
early	O
November	O
2009	O
,	O
created	O
by	O
a	O
21-year-old	O
Australian	O
student	O
in	O
the	O
town	O
of	O
Wollongong	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
told	O
Australian	O
media	O
that	O
he	O
created	O
the	O
worm	O
to	O
raise	O
awareness	O
of	O
security	O
issues	O
:	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
allows	O
users	O
to	O
install	O
an	O
SSH	B-Protocol
service	O
,	O
which	O
those	O
users	O
can	O
leave	O
in	O
the	O
default	O
insecure	O
state	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
same	O
month	O
,	O
F-Secure	O
reported	O
on	O
a	O
new	O
malicious	O
worm	O
compromising	O
bank	O
transactions	O
from	O
jailbroken	B-Application
phones	O
in	O
the	O
Netherlands	O
,	O
similarly	O
affecting	O
devices	O
where	O
the	O
owner	O
had	O
installed	O
SSH	B-Protocol
without	O
changing	O
the	O
default	O
password	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
blogger	O
John	O
Gruber	O
,	O
who	O
is	O
close	O
to	O
Apple	O
,	O
said	O
that	O
users	O
misunderstood	O
some	O
jailbreak	B-Application
exploits	O
and	O
that	O
they	O
were	O
more	O
serious	O
than	O
they	O
appear	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
commented	O
that	O
"	O
it	O
's	O
odd	O
how	O
the	O
press	O
is	O
mostly	O
covering	O
this	O
as	O
'	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
now	O
more	O
convenient	O
 '	O
rather	O
than	O
'	O
remote	O
code	O
exploit	O
now	O
in	O
the	O
wild	O
 '	O
"	O
,	O
pointing	O
out	O
that	O
the	O
exploit	O
allowed	O
the	O
creator	O
of	O
a	O
malicious	O
website	O
to	O
take	O
control	O
of	O
iPhones	B-Device
accessing	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Restoring	O
a	O
device	O
with	O
iTunes	O
removes	O
a	O
jailbreak	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
doing	O
so	O
generally	O
updates	O
the	O
device	O
to	O
the	O
latest	O
,	O
and	O
possibly	O
non-jailbreakable	O
,	O
version	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
Apple	O
's	O
use	O
of	O
SHSH	B-Operating_System
blobs	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
many	O
applications	O
that	O
aim	O
to	O
prevent	O
this	O
,	O
by	O
restoring	O
the	O
devices	O
to	O
the	O
same	O
version	O
they	O
are	O
currently	O
running	O
whilst	O
removing	O
the	O
jailbreaks	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
are	O
,	O
Succession	O
,	O
Semi-Restore	O
and	O
Cydia	B-Device
Eraser	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
Forbes	O
staff	O
analyzed	O
a	O
UCSB	O
study	O
on	O
1,407	O
free	O
programs	O
available	O
from	O
Apple	O
and	O
a	O
third-party	O
source	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Of	O
the	O
1,407	O
free	O
apps	B-Application
investigated	O
,	O
825	O
were	O
downloaded	O
from	O
Apple	B-Application
's	I-Application
App	I-Application
Store	I-Application
using	O
the	O
website	O
App	O
Tracker	O
,	O
and	O
526	O
from	O
BigBoss	O
(	O
Cydia	B-Device
's	O
default	O
repository	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
21%	O
of	O
official	O
apps	B-Application
tested	O
leaked	O
device	O
ID	O
and	O
4%	O
leaked	O
location	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unofficial	O
apps	B-Application
leaked	O
4%	O
and	O
0.2	O
%	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
0.2	O
%	O
of	O
apps	B-Application
from	O
Cydia	B-Device
leaked	O
photos	O
and	O
browsing	O
history	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
App	B-Application
Store	I-Application
leaked	O
none	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unauthorized	O
apps	B-Application
tended	O
to	O
respect	O
privacy	O
better	O
than	O
official	O
ones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
a	O
program	O
available	O
in	O
Cydia	B-Device
called	O
PrivaCy	O
allows	O
user	O
to	O
control	O
the	O
upload	O
of	O
usage	O
statistics	O
to	O
remote	O
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2015	O
,	O
the	O
KeyRaider	O
malware	O
was	O
discovered	O
,	O
affecting	O
only	O
jailbroken	B-Application
iPhones	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
recent	O
years	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
technical	O
complexity	O
and	O
often	O
rarity	O
of	O
legitimate	O
jailbreaking	B-Application
software	O
(	O
especially	O
untethered	O
jailbreaks	B-Application
)	O
there	O
has	O
been	O
an	O
increase	O
in	O
websites	O
offering	O
fake	O
iOS	B-Application
jailbreaks	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
websites	O
often	O
ask	O
for	O
payment	O
or	O
make	O
heavy	O
use	O
of	O
advertising	O
,	O
but	O
have	O
no	O
actual	O
jailbreak	B-Application
to	O
offer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Others	O
install	O
a	O
fake	O
,	O
lookalike	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Cydia	B-Device
package	B-Application
manager	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
cases	O
,	O
users	O
have	O
been	O
asked	O
to	O
download	O
free-to-play	O
apps	B-Application
or	O
fill	O
out	O
surveys	O
to	O
complete	O
a	O
(	O
non-existent	O
)	O
jailbreak	B-Application
.	O
</s>
