<s>
INT	B-Device
10h	I-Device
,	O
INT	B-Device
10H	I-Device
or	O
INT	B-Device
16	O
is	O
shorthand	O
for	O
BIOS	B-Device
interrupt	I-Device
call	I-Device
10hex	O
,	O
the	O
17th	O
interrupt	B-General_Concept
vector	I-General_Concept
in	O
an	O
x86-based	O
computer	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
BIOS	B-Operating_System
typically	O
sets	O
up	O
a	O
real	B-Application
mode	I-Application
interrupt	B-General_Concept
handler	I-General_Concept
at	O
this	O
vector	O
that	O
provides	O
video	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
services	O
include	O
setting	O
the	O
video	O
mode	O
,	O
character	O
and	O
string	O
output	O
,	O
and	O
graphics	O
primitives	O
(	O
reading	O
and	O
writing	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
in	O
graphics	O
mode	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
INT	B-Device
10h	I-Device
is	O
fairly	O
slow	O
,	O
so	O
many	O
programs	O
bypass	O
this	O
BIOS	B-Operating_System
routine	O
and	O
access	O
the	O
display	O
hardware	O
directly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Setting	O
the	O
video	O
mode	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
done	O
infrequently	O
,	O
can	O
be	O
accomplished	O
by	O
using	O
the	O
BIOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
while	O
drawing	O
graphics	O
on	O
the	O
screen	O
in	O
a	O
game	O
needs	O
to	O
be	O
done	O
quickly	O
,	O
so	O
direct	O
access	O
to	O
video	O
RAM	O
is	O
more	O
appropriate	O
than	O
making	O
a	O
BIOS	B-Device
call	I-Device
for	O
every	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
on	O
a	O
modern	O
x86	B-Operating_System
system	O
,	O
BIOS	B-Device
calls	I-Device
can	O
only	O
be	O
performed	O
in	O
Real	B-Application
mode	I-Application
,	O
or	O
Virtual	B-Application
8086	I-Application
mode	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
v8086	O
is	O
not	O
an	O
option	O
in	O
Long	B-Application
mode	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
means	O
that	O
a	O
modern	O
operating	O
system	O
,	O
which	O
operates	O
in	O
Protected	B-Application
mode	I-Application
(	O
32	O
bit	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
Long	B-Application
mode	I-Application
(	O
64	O
bit	O
)	O
,	O
would	O
need	O
to	O
switch	O
into	O
real	B-Application
mode	I-Application
and	O
back	O
to	O
call	O
the	O
BIOS	B-Operating_System
-	O
a	O
hugely	O
expensive	O
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
most	O
modern	O
systems	O
typically	O
use	O
device	O
drivers	O
that	O
directly	O
set	O
the	O
video	O
mode	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
feasible	O
for	O
hobbyist	O
systems	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
device	O
driver	O
for	O
every	O
video	O
card	O
-	O
a	O
problem	O
that	O
also	O
plagues	O
older	O
,	O
unsupported	O
systems	O
such	O
as	O
Windows	B-Device
98	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
systems	O
instead	O
can	O
drop	O
into	O
Real	B-Application
mode	I-Application
to	O
switch	O
the	O
video	O
mode	O
,	O
then	O
draw	O
to	O
the	O
framebuffer	O
directly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
EFI	B-Architecture
1.x	O
systems	O
,	O
the	O
INT	B-Device
10H	I-Device
and	O
the	O
VESA	B-Device
BIOS	I-Device
Extensions	I-Device
(	O
VBE	B-Device
)	O
are	O
replaced	O
by	O
the	O
EFI	B-Architecture
UGA	O
protocol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
widely	O
used	O
UEFI	B-Architecture
2.x	O
systems	O
,	O
the	O
INT	B-Device
10H	I-Device
and	O
the	O
VBE	B-Device
are	O
replaced	O
by	O
the	O
UEFI	B-Architecture
GOP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
list	O
is	O
incomplete	O
;	O
use	O
Ralf	B-Device
Brown	I-Device
's	O
list	O
for	O
comprehensive	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
00h	O
through	O
0fh	O
are	O
CGA	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
CX	O
=	O
0706h	O
)	O
Set	O
cursor	O
position	O
AH	O
=	O
02h	O
BH	O
=	O
Page	O
Number	O
,	O
DH	O
=	O
Row	O
,	O
DL	O
=	O
Column	O
Get	O
cursor	O
position	O
and	O
shape	O
AH	O
=	O
03h	O
BH	O
=	O
Page	O
Number	O
AX	O
=	O
0	O
,	O
CH	O
=	O
Start	O
scan	O
line	O
,	O
CL	O
=	O
End	O
scan	O
line	O
,	O
DH	O
=	O
Row	O
,	O
DL	O
=	O
Column	O
Read	O
light	B-Device
pen	I-Device
position	O
(	O
Does	O
not	O
work	O
on	O
VGA	B-Protocol
systems	O
)	O
AH	O
=	O
04h	O
AH	O
=	O
Status	O
(	O
0	O
=	O
not	O
triggered	O
,	O
1	O
=	O
triggered	O
)	O
,	O
BX	O
=	O
Pixel	B-Algorithm
X	O
,	O
CH	O
=	O
Pixel	B-Algorithm
Y	O
,	O
CX	O
=	O
Pixel	B-Algorithm
line	O
number	O
for	O
modes	O
0Fh-10h	O
,	O
DH	O
=	O
Character	O
Y	O
,	O
DL	O
=	O
Character	O
X	O
Select	O
active	O
display	O
page	O
AH	O
=	O
05h	O
AL	O
=	O
Page	O
Number	O
Scroll	O
up	O
window	O
AH	O
=	O
06h	O
AL	O
=	O
lines	O
to	O
scroll	O
(	O
0	O
=	O
clear	O
,	O
CH	O
,	O
CL	O
,	O
DH	O
,	O
DL	O
are	O
used	O
)	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
BH	O
=	O
Background	O
Color	B-Device
and	O
Foreground	O
color	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
BH	O
=	O
43h	O
,	O
means	O
that	O
background	O
color	B-Device
is	O
red	O
and	O
foreground	O
color	B-Device
is	O
cyan	O
.	O
</s>
