<s>
The	O
IEEE	B-Device
1902.1-2009	I-Device
standard	O
is	O
a	O
wireless	O
data	O
communication	O
protocol	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
RuBee	B-Device
,	O
operates	O
within	O
the	O
Low	B-Algorithm
Frequency	I-Algorithm
radio	O
wave	O
range	O
of	O
30	O
–	O
900kHz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
standard	O
is	O
aimed	O
at	O
the	O
conception	O
of	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
of	O
sensors	O
and	O
actuators	O
in	O
industrial	O
and	O
military	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RuBee	B-Device
tags	O
emit	O
virtually	O
no	O
RF	O
and	O
do	O
not	O
produce	O
any	O
Compromising	O
Emanations	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
high	O
security	O
facilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RuBee	B-Device
tags	O
are	O
safe	O
and	O
in	O
use	O
near	O
and	O
on	O
high	O
explosive	O
facilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IEEE	B-Device
1902.1	I-Device
is	O
an	O
alternative	O
to	O
other	O
higher-power	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
of	O
sensors	O
and	O
actuators	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
standard	O
IEEE	O
802.15.4	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Zigbee	B-Protocol
and	O
6LoWPAN	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
concurrent	O
standards	O
also	O
exist	O
:	O
ISO/IEC	B-Device
18000-7	I-Device
DASH7	I-Device
,	O
infrared	O
networking	O
and	O
ultra-wide	O
band	O
networking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IEEE	B-Device
1902.1	I-Device
is	O
unique	O
as	O
it	O
uses	O
a	O
very	O
low	B-Algorithm
frequency	I-Algorithm
and	O
magnetic	O
field	O
modulation	O
(	O
created	O
by	O
a	O
magnetic	O
dipole	O
antenna	O
in	O
the	O
near-field	B-Algorithm
)	O
as	O
the	O
physical	O
mean	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
its	O
low	B-Algorithm
frequency	I-Algorithm
,	O
RuBee	B-Device
has	O
negligible	O
multipath	O
reflections	O
so	O
the	O
signal	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
geolocate	O
assets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IEEE	O
Working	O
Group	O
on	O
1902.1	O
named	O
itself	O
RuBee	B-Device
,	O
after	O
the	O
gem	O
and	O
insect	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RuBee	B-Device
stands	O
in	O
contrast	O
to	O
the	O
well-known	O
network	O
certification	O
Zigbee	B-Protocol
,	O
a	O
related	O
but	O
completely	O
different	O
networking	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IEEE	B-Device
1902.1	I-Device
supports	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
networks	O
constituted	O
by	O
two	O
devices	O
:	O
Controllers	O
and	O
Responders	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
simplified	O
IEEE	O
MAC	B-Protocol
data	I-Protocol
layer	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
power	O
limits	O
the	O
area	O
of	O
the	O
network	O
to	O
a	O
piconet	B-General_Concept
,	O
between	O
and	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
modulation	O
,	O
the	O
IEEE	B-Device
1902.1	I-Device
recommends	O
two	O
encoding	O
methods	O
:	O
BMC	O
,	O
Bi-phase	B-Protocol
Marc	I-Protocol
Coding	I-Protocol
,	O
known	O
as	O
a	O
Manchester	B-Protocol
Encoding	I-Protocol
technique	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
protocol	O
is	O
simple	O
:	O
the	O
Controller	O
originates	O
the	O
signal	O
and	O
sends	O
out	O
a	O
protocol	B-Protocol
data	I-Protocol
unit	I-Protocol
(	O
PDU	O
)	O
to	O
a	O
Responder	O
along	O
with	O
its	O
address	O
and	O
the	O
command	O
to	O
be	O
processed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
support	O
an	O
application	B-Application
protocol	I-Application
that	O
the	O
specific	O
implementation	O
must	O
define	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
frame	B-Protocol
check	I-Protocol
sequence	I-Protocol
is	O
responsible	O
for	O
error	O
checking	O
,	O
which	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
system	O
's	O
simplicity	O
,	O
must	O
be	O
done	O
on	O
the	O
application	B-Application
layer	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
protocol	O
uses	O
heuristics	B-Algorithm
-	O
measures	O
that	O
generally	O
work	O
but	O
do	O
not	O
absolutely	O
guarantee	O
their	O
reception	O
or	O
accuracy	O
-	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
be	O
most	O
efficient	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
responder	O
groups	O
,	O
multicast	O
or	O
broadcast	B-Operating_System
,	O
help	O
to	O
better	O
manage	O
battery	O
life	O
for	O
the	O
Responders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
optimization	O
for	O
the	O
cost	O
and	O
sleeping	O
period	O
of	O
the	O
Request	O
PDUs	O
must	O
be	O
done	O
on	O
the	O
application	B-Application
layer	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
nice	O
feature	O
proposed	O
in	O
the	O
standard	O
is	O
a	O
frequency	O
available	O
to	O
broadcast	B-Operating_System
energy	O
and	O
supply	O
the	O
Responders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IEEE	B-Device
1902.1	I-Device
recommends	O
devices	O
to	O
have	O
an	O
average	O
power	O
of	O
less	O
than	O
10	O
milli-Watts	O
(	O
mW	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
traditional	O
"	O
volume	B-Architecture
multiplexing	I-Architecture
"	O
concept	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
the	O
Controllers	O
would	O
be	O
placed	O
nearby	O
their	O
Responders	O
and	O
answer	O
only	O
to	O
the	O
nearest	O
Controller	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
the	O
lowest	O
power	O
,	O
frequency	O
and	O
rate	O
wireless	B-General_Concept
network	I-General_Concept
available	O
for	O
industrial	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
an	O
inductive	O
signal	O
enables	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
a	O
small	O
piconet	B-General_Concept
for	O
sensors	O
and	O
actuators	O
that	O
become	O
completely	O
insensitive	O
to	O
metal	O
,	O
water	O
and	O
surrounding	O
obstacles	O
,	O
unlike	O
the	O
well	O
known	O
IEEE	O
802.15.4	O
,	O
on	O
which	O
other	O
standards	O
are	O
based	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
LRWPAN	O
,	O
the	O
Low	O
Rate	O
Wireless	O
Personal	O
Area	O
Network	O
,	O
like	O
Zigbee	B-Protocol
,	O
uses	O
the	O
2.4GHz	O
frequency	O
that	O
is	O
very	O
sensitive	O
to	O
multipath	O
,	O
radio	O
reflection	O
,	O
obstacles	O
,	O
water	O
,	O
and	O
metals	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
baud	O
rate	O
of	O
IEEE	B-Device
1902.1	I-Device
is	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
250	O
times	O
less	O
than	O
that	O
of	O
IEEE	O
802.15.4	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
distinguishing	O
factor	O
of	O
the	O
IEEE	B-Device
1902.1	I-Device
standard	O
:	O
«	O
RuBee	B-Device
is	O
the	O
only	O
wireless	O
technology	O
to	O
ever	O
be	O
approved	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
secure	O
facilities	O
by	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Department	O
of	O
Energy	O
(	O
DoE	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RuBee	B-Device
has	O
also	O
been	O
approved	O
by	O
DoE	O
and	O
HERO	O
tests	O
by	O
the	O
Department	O
of	O
Defense	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
high	O
explosive	O
areas	O
with	O
a	O
Safe	O
Separation	O
Distance	O
(	O
SSD	O
)	O
and	O
intrinsic	O
safety	O
of	O
zero»	O
.Explanation	O
:	O
RuBee	B-Device
uses	O
very	O
low	B-Algorithm
frequency	I-Algorithm
modulation	O
and	O
is	O
not	O
so	O
absorbed	O
by	O
matter	O
than	O
more	O
used	O
standards	O
of	O
IEEE	O
802	O
like	O
WiFi	O
,	O
Zigbee	B-Protocol
,	O
Bluetooth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
So	O
,	O
RuBee	B-Device
heats	O
less	O
matter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RuBee	B-Device
"	O
Tags	O
"	O
may	O
be	O
detected	O
with	O
high	O
sensitivity	O
through	O
doors	O
,	O
even	O
if	O
the	O
asset	O
is	O
hidden	O
in	O
a	O
steel	O
briefcase	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
in	O
vehicles	O
through	O
gates	O
using	O
antennas	O
buried	O
in	O
a	O
road	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Highly	O
sensitive	O
assets	O
can	O
be	O
secured	O
by	O
Rubee	B-Device
's	O
Tags	O
with	O
the	O
particular	O
advantage	O
that	O
obstacles	O
,	O
conductive	O
barriers	O
,	O
or	O
walls	O
will	O
not	O
create	O
false	O
alarms	O
or	O
diminish	O
the	O
range	O
of	O
detection	O
of	O
the	O
Tag	O
.	O
</s>
