<s>
The	O
Integrated	O
Database	B-Application
Management	I-Application
System	I-Application
(	O
IDMS	B-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
network	B-General_Concept
model	I-General_Concept
(	O
CODASYL	B-Language
)	O
database	B-Application
management	I-Application
system	I-Application
for	O
mainframes	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
first	O
developed	O
at	O
B.F.	O
Goodrich	O
and	O
later	O
marketed	O
by	O
Cullinane	O
Database	B-Application
Systems	I-Application
(	O
renamed	O
Cullinet	O
in	O
1983	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
1989	O
the	O
product	O
has	O
been	O
owned	O
by	O
Computer	O
Associates	O
(	O
now	O
CA	O
Technologies	O
)	O
,	O
who	O
renamed	O
it	O
Advantage	O
CA-IDMS	B-Application
and	O
later	O
simply	O
to	O
CA	O
IDMS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
roots	O
of	O
IDMS	B-Application
go	O
back	O
to	O
the	O
pioneering	O
database	B-Application
management	I-Application
system	I-Application
called	O
Integrated	B-Application
Data	I-Application
Store	I-Application
(	O
IDS	O
)	O
,	O
developed	O
at	O
General	O
Electric	O
by	O
a	O
team	O
led	O
by	O
Charles	O
Bachman	O
and	O
first	O
released	O
in	O
1964	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ISL	O
was	O
designed	O
as	O
a	O
portable	O
system	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
able	O
to	O
produce	O
code	O
for	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
target	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Chemical	O
Division	O
computer	O
group	O
had	O
given	O
some	O
thought	O
to	O
selling	O
copies	O
of	O
IDMS	B-Application
to	O
other	O
companies	O
,	O
but	O
was	O
told	O
by	O
management	O
that	O
they	O
were	O
not	O
in	O
the	O
software	O
products	O
business	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
Cullinane	O
was	O
required	O
to	O
remit	O
royalties	O
back	O
to	O
B.F.	O
Goodrich	O
,	O
all	O
add-on	O
products	O
were	O
listed	O
and	O
billed	O
as	O
separate	O
products	O
–	O
even	O
if	O
they	O
were	O
mandatory	O
for	O
the	O
core	O
IDMS	B-Application
product	O
to	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
platforms	O
were	O
the	O
GE	B-Device
235	I-Device
computer	O
and	O
GE	O
DATANET-30	B-Device
message	O
switching	O
computer	O
:	O
later	O
the	O
product	O
was	O
ported	O
to	O
IBM	B-Device
mainframes	I-Device
and	O
to	O
DEC	O
and	O
ICL	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IBM-ported	O
version	O
runs	O
on	O
IBM	B-Device
mainframe	I-Device
systems	O
(	O
System/360	B-Application
,	O
System/370	B-Device
,	O
System/390	B-Device
,	O
zSeries	O
,	O
System	B-Device
z9	I-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
mid-1980s	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
claimed	O
that	O
some	O
2,500	O
IDMS	B-Application
licenses	O
had	O
been	O
sold	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1976	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
was	O
licensed	O
to	O
ICL	O
,	O
who	O
ported	O
the	O
software	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
their	O
2900	B-Device
series	I-Device
mainframes	B-Architecture
,	O
and	O
subsequently	O
also	O
on	O
the	O
older	O
1900	B-Device
range	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
ICL	O
continued	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
independently	O
of	O
Cullinane	O
,	O
selling	O
the	O
original	O
ported	O
product	O
under	O
the	O
name	O
ICL	B-Device
2900	I-Device
IDMS	B-Application
and	O
an	O
enhanced	O
version	O
as	O
IDMSX	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
early	O
to	O
mid-1980s	O
,	O
relational	B-Application
database	I-Application
management	I-Application
systems	I-Application
started	O
to	O
become	O
more	O
popular	O
,	O
encouraged	O
by	O
increasing	O
hardware	O
power	O
and	O
the	O
move	O
to	O
minicomputers	B-Architecture
and	O
client	B-Operating_System
–	I-Operating_System
server	I-Operating_System
architecture	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Relational	O
databases	B-Application
offered	O
improved	O
development	O
productivity	O
over	O
CODASYL	B-Language
systems	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
traditional	O
objections	O
based	O
on	O
poor	O
performance	O
were	O
slowly	O
diminishing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cullinet	O
attempted	O
to	O
continue	O
competing	O
against	O
IBM	O
's	O
DB2	B-Application
and	O
other	O
relational	O
databases	B-Application
by	O
developing	O
a	O
relational	O
front-end	O
and	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
productivity	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
included	O
Automatic	O
System	O
Facility	O
(	O
ASF	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
made	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
pre-existing	O
IDMS	B-Application
feature	O
called	O
LRF	O
(	O
Logical	O
Record	O
Facility	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Those	O
users	O
who	O
stayed	O
with	O
IDMS	B-Application
were	O
primarily	O
interested	O
in	O
its	O
high	O
performance	O
,	O
not	O
in	O
its	O
relational	O
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
widely	O
recognized	O
(	O
helped	O
by	O
a	O
high-profile	O
campaign	O
by	O
E	O
.	O
F	O
.	O
Codd	O
,	O
the	O
father	O
of	O
the	O
relational	B-Architecture
model	I-Architecture
)	O
that	O
there	O
was	O
a	O
significant	O
difference	O
between	O
a	O
relational	O
database	O
and	O
a	O
network	B-General_Concept
database	I-General_Concept
with	O
a	O
relational	O
veneer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1989	O
Computer	O
Associates	O
continued	O
after	O
Cullinet	O
acquisition	O
with	O
the	O
development	O
and	O
released	O
Release	O
12.0	O
with	O
full	O
SQL	B-Language
in	O
1992	O
–	O
93	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CA	O
Technologies	O
continued	O
to	O
market	O
and	O
support	O
the	O
CA	O
IDMS	B-Application
and	O
enhanced	O
IDMS	B-Application
in	O
subsequent	O
releases	O
by	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
support	O
,	O
two	B-General_Concept
phase	I-General_Concept
commit	I-General_Concept
support	O
,	O
XML	B-Protocol
publishing	O
,	O
zIIP	B-Device
specialty	O
processor	O
support	O
,	O
Web-enabled	O
access	O
in	O
combination	O
with	O
CA	O
IDMS	B-Application
Server	O
,	O
SQL	B-Language
Option	O
and	O
GUI	O
database	O
administration	O
via	O
CA	O
IDMS	B-Application
Visual	O
DBA	O
tool	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CA-IDMS	B-Application
systems	O
are	O
today	O
still	O
running	O
businesses	O
worldwide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
customers	O
have	O
opted	O
to	O
web-enable	O
their	O
applications	O
via	O
the	O
CA-IDMS	B-Application
SQL	B-Language
Option	O
which	O
is	O
part	O
of	O
CA	O
Technologies	O
 '	O
Dual	O
Database	O
Strategy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
sophisticated	O
features	O
of	O
IDMS	B-Application
was	O
its	O
built-in	O
Integrated	O
data	B-Application
dictionary	I-Application
(	O
IDD	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
itself	O
an	O
IDMS	B-Application
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DBAs	O
(	O
database	O
administrators	O
)	O
and	O
other	O
users	O
interfaced	O
with	O
the	O
IDD	O
using	O
a	O
language	O
called	O
Data	B-Application
Dictionary	I-Application
Definition	O
Language	O
(	O
DDDL	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IDD	O
was	O
also	O
used	O
to	O
store	O
definitions	O
and	O
code	O
for	O
other	O
products	O
in	O
the	O
IDMS	B-Application
family	O
such	O
as	O
ADS/Online	O
and	O
IDMS-DC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
data	O
model	O
offered	O
to	O
users	O
is	O
the	O
CODASYL	B-Language
network	B-General_Concept
model	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Records	O
essentially	O
follow	O
the	O
COBOL	B-Application
pattern	O
,	O
consisting	O
of	O
fields	O
of	O
different	O
types	O
:	O
this	O
allows	O
complex	O
internal	O
structure	O
such	O
as	O
repeating	O
items	O
and	O
repeating	O
groups	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
distinctive	O
structuring	O
concept	O
in	O
the	O
Codasyl	B-Language
model	O
is	O
the	O
set	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Not	O
to	O
be	O
confused	O
with	O
a	O
mathematical	O
set	O
,	O
a	O
Codasyl	B-Language
set	O
represents	O
a	O
one-to-many	O
relationship	O
between	O
records	O
:	O
one	O
owner	O
,	O
many	O
members	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
fact	O
that	O
a	O
record	O
can	O
be	O
a	O
member	O
in	O
many	O
different	O
sets	O
is	O
the	O
key	O
factor	O
that	O
distinguishes	O
the	O
network	B-General_Concept
model	I-General_Concept
from	O
the	O
earlier	O
hierarchical	B-General_Concept
model	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
IDMS	B-Application
,	O
as	O
in	O
most	O
other	O
Codasyl	B-Language
implementations	O
,	O
the	O
database	O
key	O
is	O
directly	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
physical	O
address	O
of	O
the	O
record	O
on	O
disk	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
close	O
correspondence	O
between	O
the	O
logical	O
model	O
and	O
the	O
physical	O
implementation	O
(	O
which	O
is	O
not	O
a	O
strictly	O
necessary	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Codasyl	B-Language
model	O
,	O
but	O
was	O
a	O
characteristic	O
of	O
all	O
successful	O
implementations	O
)	O
is	O
responsible	O
for	O
the	O
efficiency	O
of	O
database	O
retrieval	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
makes	O
operations	O
such	O
as	O
database	O
loading	O
and	O
restructuring	O
rather	O
expensive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
the	O
only	O
direct	O
access	O
was	O
through	O
hashing	O
,	O
a	O
mechanism	O
known	O
in	O
the	O
Codasyl	B-Language
model	O
as	O
CALC	O
access	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
IDMS	B-Application
,	O
CALC	O
access	O
is	O
implemented	O
through	O
an	O
internal	O
set	O
,	O
linking	O
all	O
records	O
that	O
share	O
the	O
same	O
hash	O
value	O
to	O
an	O
owner	O
record	O
that	O
occupies	O
the	O
first	O
few	O
bytes	O
of	O
every	O
disk	O
page	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
subsequent	O
years	O
,	O
some	O
versions	O
of	O
IDMS	B-Application
added	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
access	O
records	O
using	O
BTree-like	O
indexes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IDMS	B-Application
organizes	O
its	O
databases	B-Application
as	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IDMS	B-Application
intersperses	O
special	O
space-allocation	O
pages	O
throughout	O
the	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Four	O
methods	O
are	O
available	O
for	O
storing	O
records	O
in	O
an	O
IDMS	B-Application
database	O
:	O
Direct	O
,	O
Sequential	O
,	O
CALC	O
,	O
and	O
VIA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CALC	O
provides	O
extremely	O
efficient	O
storage	O
and	O
retrieval	O
:	O
IDMS	B-Application
can	O
retrieve	O
a	O
CALC	O
record	O
in	O
1.1	O
I/O	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
VIA	O
allows	O
records	O
to	O
be	O
stored	O
in	O
a	O
different	O
IDMS	B-Application
area	O
so	O
that	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
stored	O
separately	O
from	O
the	O
owner	O
,	O
yet	O
remain	O
clustered	O
together	O
for	O
efficiency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
versions	O
of	O
IDMS	B-Application
subsequently	O
included	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
define	O
indexes	O
:	O
either	O
record	O
indexes	O
,	O
allowing	O
records	O
to	O
be	O
located	O
from	O
knowledge	O
of	O
a	O
secondary	O
key	O
,	O
or	O
set	O
indexes	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
members	O
of	O
a	O
set	O
to	O
be	O
retrieved	O
by	O
key	O
value	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Release	O
version	O
Release	O
date	O
Example	O
features	O
R12	O
1992	O
24-hour	O
processing	O
,	O
logical	O
physical	O
separation	O
,	O
catalog	O
management	O
,	O
deadlock	B-Operating_System
management	O
,	O
centralized	O
security	O
facility	O
,	O
SQL	B-Language
R14	O
1999-01-09findarticles.com	O
Parallel	B-Operating_System
sysplex	I-Operating_System
exploitation	O
,	O
multitasking	O
R15	O
2001-04-25Computer	O
Associates	O
announces	O
CA-IDMS	B-Application
release	O
15.0	O
for	O
OS390	O
and	O
zOS	B-Application
Advanced	O
availability	O
and	O
scalability	O
features	O
support	O
increased	O
customer	O
demands	O
for	O
eBusiness	O
transactions	O
...	O
</s>
<s>
Improved	O
performance	O
,	O
data	O
sharing	O
R16	O
2004-04-13CAs	O
Advantage	O
CA-IDMS	B-Application
Database	O
r16	O
for	O
zOS	B-Application
Optimizes	O
Performance	O
Ease	O
of	O
Use	O
and	O
Flexibility	O
BTs	O
1.7	O
Terabyte	O
Customer	O
Database	O
Processes	O
10	O
Billion	O
Transactions	O
Annually	O
With	O
...	O
Two	B-General_Concept
phase	I-General_Concept
commit	I-General_Concept
,	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
,	O
Parallel	O
Access	O
Volumes	O
exploitation	O
,	O
XML	B-Protocol
publishing	O
R17	O
2008-10-30CA	O
IDMS	B-Application
r17	O
exploits	O
zIIP	B-Device
engine	O
to	O
deliver	O
greater	O
capacity	O
Latest	O
database	O
release	O
highlights	O
CAs	O
leadership	O
in	O
utilization	O
of	O
IBM	B-Device
mainframe	I-Device
specialty	O
processors	O
Enhanced	O
ar	O
...	O
</s>
<s>
IDMS	B-Application
has	O
non-profit	O
user	O
associations	O
who	O
use	O
or	O
support	O
CA	O
IDMS	B-Application
or	O
related	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
