<s>
ICAD	B-Application
(	O
Corporate	O
history	O
:	O
ICAD	B-Application
,	O
Inc.	O
,	O
Concentra	O
(	O
name	O
change	O
at	O
IPO	O
in	O
1995	O
)	O
,	O
KTI	O
(	O
name	O
change	O
in	O
1998	O
)	O
,	O
Dassault	O
Systemes	O
(	O
purchase	O
in	O
2001	O
)	O
(	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
knowledge-based	O
engineering	O
(	O
KBE	O
)	O
system	O
that	O
enables	O
users	O
to	O
encode	O
design	O
knowledge	O
using	O
a	O
semantic	O
representation	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
evaluated	O
for	O
Parasolid	B-Application
output	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ICAD	B-Application
has	O
an	O
open	O
architecture	O
that	O
can	O
utilize	O
all	O
the	O
power	O
and	O
flexibility	O
of	O
the	O
underlying	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
KBE	O
,	O
as	O
implemented	O
via	O
ICAD	B-Application
,	O
received	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
attention	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
remarkable	O
results	O
that	O
appeared	O
to	O
take	O
little	O
effort	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ICAD	B-Application
allowed	O
one	O
example	O
of	O
end-user	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
that	O
in	O
a	O
sense	O
is	O
unparalleled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
ICAD	B-Application
developers	O
were	O
degreed	O
engineers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Systems	O
developed	O
by	O
ICAD	B-Application
users	O
were	O
non-trivial	O
and	O
consisted	O
of	O
highly	O
complicated	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
sense	O
of	O
end-user	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
,	O
ICAD	B-Application
was	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
allow	O
the	O
power	O
of	O
a	O
domain	O
tool	O
to	O
be	O
in	O
the	O
hands	O
of	O
the	O
user	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
being	O
open	O
to	O
allow	O
extensions	O
as	O
identified	O
and	O
defined	O
by	O
the	O
domain	O
expert	O
or	O
subject-matter	O
expert	O
(	O
SME	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
implementation	O
of	O
ICAD	B-Application
was	O
on	O
a	O
Lisp	B-Operating_System
machine	I-Operating_System
(	O
Symbolics	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ICAD	B-Application
started	O
on	O
special-purpose	O
Symbolics	O
Lisp	B-Language
hardware	O
and	O
was	O
then	O
ported	O
to	O
Unix	B-Application
when	O
Common	B-Language
Lisp	I-Language
became	O
portable	O
to	O
general-purpose	O
workstations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
domain	O
for	O
ICAD	B-Application
was	O
mechanical	O
design	O
with	O
many	O
application	O
successes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
ICAD	B-Application
has	O
found	O
use	O
in	O
other	O
domains	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
electrical	O
design	O
,	O
shape	O
modeling	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Further	O
examples	O
can	O
be	O
found	O
in	O
the	O
presentations	O
at	O
the	O
annual	O
IIUG	O
(	O
International	O
ICAD	B-Application
Users	O
Group	O
)	O
that	O
have	O
been	O
published	O
in	O
the	O
(	O
1999	O
through	O
2002	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Boeing	O
and	O
Airbus	O
used	O
ICAD	B-Application
extensively	O
to	O
develop	O
various	O
components	O
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
and	O
early	O
21st	O
century	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2003	O
,	O
ICAD	B-Application
was	O
featured	O
strongly	O
in	O
several	O
areas	O
as	O
evidenced	O
by	O
the	O
presentation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
2003	O
,	O
ICAD	B-Application
use	O
diminished	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
were	O
eventually	O
bought	O
out	O
by	O
Dassault	O
who	O
effectively	O
scuppered	O
the	O
ICAD	B-Application
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ICAD	B-Application
system	O
was	O
very	O
expensive	O
,	O
relatively	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
in	O
the	O
price	O
range	O
of	O
high-end	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Market	O
dynamics	O
could	O
n't	O
support	O
this	O
as	O
there	O
may	O
not	O
have	O
been	O
sufficient	O
differentiating	O
factors	O
between	O
ICAD	B-Application
and	O
the	O
lower-end	O
systems	O
(	O
or	O
the	O
promises	O
from	O
Dassault	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
KTI	O
was	O
absorbed	O
by	O
Dassault	O
Systemes	O
and	O
ICAD	B-Application
is	O
no	O
longer	O
considered	O
the	O
go-forward	O
tool	O
for	O
knowledge-based	O
engineering	O
(	O
KBE	O
)	O
applications	O
by	O
that	O
company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dassault	O
Systemes	O
is	O
promoting	O
a	O
suite	O
of	O
tools	O
oriented	O
around	O
version	O
5	O
of	O
their	O
popular	O
CATIA	O
CAD	O
application	O
,	O
with	O
Knowledgeware	O
the	O
replacement	O
for	O
ICAD	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
product	O
(	O
including	O
kernel	O
technology	O
from	O
)	O
is	O
the	O
nearest	O
functional	O
equivalent	O
to	O
ICAD	B-Application
currently	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ICAD	B-Application
provided	O
a	O
declarative	O
language	O
(	O
IDL	O
)	O
using	O
New	B-Language
Flavors	I-Language
(	O
never	O
converted	O
to	O
Common	B-Application
Lisp	I-Application
Object	I-Application
System	I-Application
(	O
CLOS	B-Application
)	O
)	O
that	O
supported	O
a	O
mechanism	O
for	O
relating	O
parts	O
(	O
defpart	O
)	O
via	O
a	O
hierarchical	O
set	O
of	O
relationships	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Technically	O
,	O
the	O
ICAD	B-Application
Defpart	O
was	O
a	O
Lisp	B-Language
macro	O
;	O
the	O
ICAD	B-Application
defpart	O
list	O
was	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
generic	O
classes	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
instantiated	O
with	O
specific	O
properties	O
depending	O
upon	O
what	O
was	O
represented	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Along	O
with	O
the	O
part-subpart	O
relations	O
,	O
ICAD	B-Application
supported	O
generic	O
relations	O
via	O
the	O
object	O
modeling	O
abilities	O
of	O
Lisp	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Example	O
applications	O
of	O
ICAD	B-Application
range	O
from	O
a	O
small	O
collection	O
of	O
defparts	O
that	O
represents	O
a	O
part	O
or	O
component	O
to	O
a	O
larger	O
collection	O
that	O
represents	O
an	O
assembly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
terms	O
of	O
power	O
,	O
an	O
ICAD	B-Application
system	O
,	O
when	O
fully	O
specified	O
,	O
can	O
generate	O
thousands	O
of	O
instances	O
of	O
parts	O
on	O
a	O
major	O
assembly	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
role	O
for	O
ICAD	B-Application
may	O
be	O
serving	O
as	O
the	O
defining	O
prototype	O
for	O
KBE	O
which	O
would	O
require	O
that	O
we	O
know	O
more	O
about	O
what	O
occurred	O
the	O
past	O
15	O
years	O
(	O
much	O
information	O
is	O
tied	O
up	O
behind	O
corporate	O
firewalls	O
and	O
under	O
proprietary	O
walls	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
rise	O
of	O
functional	B-Language
programming	I-Language
languages	I-Language
(	O
an	O
example	O
is	O
Haskell	B-Language
)	O
in	O
the	O
markets	O
,	O
perhaps	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
power	O
attributable	O
to	O
Lisp	B-Language
may	O
be	O
replicated	O
.	O
</s>
