<s>
IBM	B-Device
Z	I-Device
is	O
a	O
family	O
name	O
used	O
by	O
IBM	O
for	O
all	O
of	O
its	O
z/Architecture	B-Device
mainframe	B-Architecture
computers	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2017	O
,	O
with	O
another	O
generation	O
of	O
products	O
,	O
the	O
official	O
family	O
was	O
changed	O
to	O
IBM	B-Device
Z	I-Device
from	O
IBM	B-Device
z	I-Device
Systems	I-Device
;	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
Z	I-Device
family	O
now	O
includes	O
the	O
newest	O
model	O
,	O
the	O
IBM	O
z16	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
z15	O
,	O
the	O
z14	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
z13	O
(	O
released	O
under	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
z	I-Device
Systems/IBM	O
System	O
z	O
names	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
zEnterprise	I-Device
models	O
(	O
in	O
common	O
use	O
the	O
zEC12	O
and	O
z196	B-Device
)	O
,	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
System	I-Device
z10	I-Device
models	O
(	O
in	O
common	O
use	O
the	O
z10	O
EC	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
System	I-Device
z9	I-Device
models	O
(	O
in	O
common	O
use	O
the	O
z9EC	O
)	O
and	O
IBM	B-Application
eServer	I-Application
zSeries	O
models	O
(	O
in	O
common	O
use	O
refers	O
only	O
to	O
the	O
z900	O
and	O
z990	O
generations	O
of	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
zSeries	O
,	O
zEnterprise	O
,	O
System	B-Device
z	I-Device
and	O
IBM	B-Device
Z	I-Device
families	O
were	O
named	O
for	O
their	O
availability	O
–	O
z	O
stands	O
for	O
zero	O
downtime	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
systems	O
are	O
built	O
with	O
spare	O
components	O
capable	O
of	O
hot	O
failovers	B-General_Concept
to	O
ensure	O
continuous	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IBM	B-Device
Z	I-Device
family	O
maintains	O
full	O
backward	B-General_Concept
compatibility	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
effect	O
,	O
current	O
systems	O
are	O
the	O
direct	O
,	O
lineal	O
descendants	O
of	O
the	O
System/360	B-Application
,	O
announced	O
in	O
1964	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
System/370	B-Device
from	O
the	O
1970s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
applications	O
written	O
for	O
these	O
systems	O
can	O
still	O
run	O
unmodified	O
on	O
the	O
newest	O
IBM	B-Device
Z	I-Device
system	I-Device
over	O
five	O
decades	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Virtualization	B-General_Concept
is	O
required	O
by	O
default	O
on	O
IBM	B-Device
Z	I-Device
systems	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
First	O
layer	O
virtualization	B-General_Concept
is	O
provided	O
by	O
the	O
Processor	O
Resource	O
and	O
System	O
Manager	O
(	O
PR/SM	B-Device
)	O
to	O
deploy	O
one	O
or	O
more	O
Logical	B-Device
Partitions	I-Device
(	O
LPARs	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
LPAR	B-Device
supports	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
operating	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
hypervisor	B-Operating_System
called	O
z/VM	B-Application
can	O
also	O
be	O
run	O
as	O
the	O
second	O
layer	O
virtualization	B-General_Concept
in	O
LPARs	B-Device
to	O
create	O
as	O
many	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machines	I-Architecture
(	O
VMs	O
)	O
as	O
there	O
are	O
resources	O
assigned	O
to	O
the	O
LPARs	B-Device
to	O
support	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
layer	O
of	O
IBM	B-Device
Z	I-Device
virtualization	B-General_Concept
(	O
PR/SM	B-Device
)	O
allows	O
a	O
z	O
machine	O
to	O
run	O
a	O
limited	O
number	O
of	O
LPARs	B-Device
(	O
up	O
to	O
80	O
on	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
z13	I-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
can	O
be	O
considered	O
virtual	O
"	O
bare	O
metal	O
"	O
servers	O
because	O
PR/SM	B-Device
allows	O
CPUs	O
to	O
be	O
dedicated	O
to	O
individual	O
LPARs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
z/VM	B-Application
LPARs	B-Device
allocated	O
within	O
PR/SM	B-Device
LPARs	B-Device
can	O
run	O
a	O
very	O
large	O
number	O
of	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machines	I-Architecture
as	O
long	O
as	O
there	O
are	O
adequate	O
CPU	O
,	O
memory	O
,	O
and	O
I/O	O
resources	O
configured	O
with	O
the	O
system	O
for	O
the	O
desired	O
performance	O
,	O
capacity	O
,	O
and	O
throughput	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	B-Device
Z	I-Device
's	O
PR/SM	B-Device
and	O
hardware	O
attributes	O
allow	O
compute	O
resources	O
to	O
be	O
dynamically	O
changed	O
to	O
meet	O
workload	O
demands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CPU	O
and	O
memory	O
resources	O
can	O
be	O
non-disruptively	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
system	O
and	O
dynamically	O
assigned	O
,	O
recognized	O
,	O
and	O
used	O
by	O
LPARs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
are	O
virtualized	B-General_Concept
and	O
shared	O
across	O
all	O
LPARs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
LPAR	B-Device
can	O
be	O
configured	O
to	O
either	O
"	O
see	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
not	O
see	O
"	O
the	O
virtualized	B-General_Concept
I/O	O
ports	O
to	O
establish	O
desired	O
"	O
shareness	O
"	O
or	O
isolation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
virtualization	B-General_Concept
capability	O
allows	O
significant	O
reduction	O
in	O
I/O	O
resources	O
because	O
of	O
its	O
ability	O
to	O
share	O
them	O
and	O
drive	O
up	O
utilization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PR/SM	B-Device
on	O
IBM	B-Device
Z	I-Device
has	O
earned	O
Common	O
Criteria	O
Evaluation	O
Assurance	O
Level	O
(	O
EAL	O
)	O
5+	O
security	O
certification	O
,	O
and	O
z/VM	B-Application
has	O
earned	O
Common	O
Criteria	O
EAL4+	O
certification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
KVM	B-Application
hypervisor	B-Operating_System
from	O
Linux	B-Application
has	O
also	O
been	O
ported	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
move	O
away	O
from	O
the	O
System/390	B-Device
name	O
,	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
IBM	B-Device
Z	I-Device
models	O
have	O
been	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IBM	O
z16	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
,	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Telum	B-Device
processor	I-Device
,	O
was	O
introduced	O
on	O
April	O
5	O
,	O
2022	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
instructions	O
for	O
AI	B-Application
and	O
neural	B-Architecture
nets	I-Architecture
are	O
described	O
in	O
a	O
new	O
edition	O
of	O
the	O
z/Architecture	B-Device
Principles	O
of	O
Operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	B-Device
z15	I-Device
(	O
8561	O
)	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
based	O
on	O
the	O
z15	B-Device
chip	I-Device
was	O
introduced	O
on	O
September	O
12	O
,	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
dual	O
frame	O
z14	O
,	O
launched	O
in	O
July	O
2017	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
single	O
frame	O
launched	O
in	O
April	O
2018	O
,	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
z14	B-Device
chip	I-Device
,	O
a	O
5.2GHz	O
10-core	O
processor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
z14	O
system	O
can	O
have	O
a	O
maximum	O
of	O
240	O
Processing	O
Unit	O
(	O
PU	O
)	O
cores	O
,	O
170	O
of	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
configured	O
to	O
the	O
customer	O
's	O
specification	O
to	O
run	O
applications	O
and	O
operating	O
systems	O
,	O
and	O
up	O
to	O
32TB	O
usable	O
redundant	B-Error_Name
array	I-Error_Name
of	I-Error_Name
independent	I-Error_Name
memory	I-Error_Name
(	O
RAIM	O
)	O
,	O
some	O
of	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
configured	O
as	O
Virtual	O
Flash	O
Memory	O
(	O
VFM	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
PU	O
can	O
be	O
characterized	O
as	O
a	O
Central	B-Device
Processor	I-Device
(	O
CP	O
)	O
,	O
Integrated	O
Firmware	O
Processor	O
(	O
IFP	O
)	O
,	O
Integrated	B-Application
Facility	I-Application
for	I-Application
Linux	I-Application
(	O
IFL	B-Application
)	O
processor	O
,	O
Integrated	B-Device
Information	I-Device
Processor	I-Device
(	O
zIIP	B-Device
)	O
,	O
Internal	B-Device
Coupling	I-Device
Facility	I-Device
(	O
ICF	O
)	O
processor	O
,	O
additional	O
System	B-Device
Assist	I-Device
Processor	I-Device
(	O
SAP	O
)	O
or	O
as	O
a	O
spare	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
focus	O
of	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
Z	I-Device
systems	I-Device
are	O
pervasive	O
encryption	O
as	O
the	O
z14	O
processor	O
has	O
plenty	O
of	O
hardware	O
assisted	O
cryptography	O
features	O
(	O
AES	B-Algorithm
,	O
DES	B-Algorithm
,	O
TDES	O
,	O
SHA	O
,	O
Random	O
number	O
generator	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Launched	O
on	O
January	O
13	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
the	O
z13	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
z13	B-Device
chip	I-Device
,	O
a	O
5GHz	O
8-core	O
processor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
z13	O
system	O
can	O
have	O
a	O
maximum	O
of	O
168	O
Processing	O
Unit	O
(	O
PU	O
)	O
cores	O
,	O
141	O
of	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
configured	O
to	O
the	O
customer	O
's	O
specification	O
to	O
run	O
applications	O
and	O
operating	O
systems	O
,	O
and	O
up	O
to	O
10144GiB	O
(	O
usable	O
)	O
of	O
redundant	B-Error_Name
array	I-Error_Name
of	I-Error_Name
independent	I-Error_Name
memory	I-Error_Name
(	O
RAIM	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
PU	O
can	O
be	O
characterized	O
as	O
a	O
Central	B-Device
Processor	I-Device
(	O
CP	O
)	O
,	O
Integrated	O
Firmware	O
Processor	O
(	O
IFP	O
)	O
,	O
Integrated	B-Application
Facility	I-Application
for	I-Application
Linux	I-Application
(	O
IFL	B-Application
)	O
processor	O
,	O
z	B-Device
Integrated	I-Device
Information	I-Device
Processor	I-Device
(	O
zIIP	B-Device
)	O
,	O
Internal	B-Device
Coupling	I-Device
Facility	I-Device
(	O
ICF	O
)	O
processor	O
,	O
additional	O
System	B-Device
Assist	I-Device
Processor	I-Device
(	O
SAP	O
)	O
or	O
as	O
a	O
spare	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
z	B-Language
Application	I-Language
Assist	I-Language
Processor	I-Language
(	O
zAAP	B-Language
)	O
feature	O
of	O
previous	O
zArchitecture	B-Device
processors	O
is	O
now	O
an	O
integrated	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
z13	O
's	O
zIIP	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
z13	O
and	O
z13s	O
introduce	O
a	O
new	O
vector	O
architecture	O
and	O
are	O
the	O
last	O
z	B-Device
Systems	I-Device
servers	O
to	O
support	O
running	O
an	O
operating	O
system	O
in	O
ESA/390	O
architecture	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
8	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
in	O
honor	O
of	O
the	O
50th	O
anniversary	O
of	O
the	O
System/360	B-Application
mainframe	B-Architecture
,	O
IBM	O
announced	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
its	O
first	O
converged	B-General_Concept
infrastructure	I-General_Concept
solution	O
based	O
on	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dubbed	O
the	O
IBM	O
Enterprise	O
Cloud	O
System	O
,	O
this	O
new	O
offering	O
combines	O
IBM	B-Device
mainframe	I-Device
hardware	O
,	O
software	O
,	O
and	O
storage	O
into	O
a	O
single	O
system	O
and	O
is	O
designed	O
to	O
compete	O
with	O
competitive	O
offerings	O
from	O
VCE	O
,	O
HP	O
,	O
and	O
Oracle	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
IBM	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
the	O
most	O
scalable	O
Linux	B-Application
server	O
available	O
with	O
support	O
for	O
up	O
to	O
6,000	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machines	I-Architecture
in	O
a	O
single-footprint	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
's	O
designed	O
to	O
serve	O
the	O
mid-range	O
business	O
segment	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
configured	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
Linux	B-Application
virtualization	B-General_Concept
server	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
version	O
called	O
the	O
Enterprise	O
Linux	B-Application
Server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
is	O
offering	O
a	O
special	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
zBC12	O
called	O
the	O
Enterprise	O
Linux	B-Application
Server	O
,	O
running	O
only	O
Linux	B-Application
hosts	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
its	O
z/VM	B-Application
hypervisor	B-Operating_System
,	O
targeting	O
large	O
migrations	O
from	O
x86-based	O
Linux	B-Application
installations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Introduced	O
in	O
August	O
2012	O
,	O
the	O
zEnterprise	O
EC12	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
zEC12	B-Device
chip	I-Device
,	O
a	O
5.5GHz	O
8-core	O
out-of-order	B-General_Concept
CISC-based	O
zArchitecture	B-Device
processor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
H20	O
has	O
up	O
to	O
20	O
cores	O
orderable	O
for	O
direct	O
customer	O
use	O
,	O
plus	O
spare	O
and	O
a	O
special	O
I/O	B-Device
processor	I-Device
core	O
type	O
,	O
the	O
System	B-Device
Assist	I-Device
Processor	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
core	O
can	O
be	O
characterized	O
as	O
a	O
Central	B-Device
Processor	I-Device
(	O
CP	O
)	O
,	O
Integrated	B-Application
Facility	I-Application
for	I-Application
Linux	I-Application
(	O
IFL	B-Application
)	O
processor	O
,	O
z	B-Language
Application	I-Language
Assist	I-Language
Processor	I-Language
(	O
zAAP	B-Language
)	O
,	O
z10	B-Device
Integrated	I-Device
Information	I-Device
Processor	I-Device
(	O
zIIP	B-Device
)	O
,	O
Internal	B-Device
Coupling	I-Device
Facility	I-Device
(	O
ICF	O
)	O
processor	O
,	O
or	O
additional	O
System	B-Device
Assist	I-Device
Processor	I-Device
(	O
SAP	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
zEnterprise	O
EC12	O
allows	O
up	O
to	O
3TB	O
(	O
usable	O
)	O
of	O
redundant	B-Error_Name
array	I-Error_Name
of	I-Error_Name
independent	I-Error_Name
memory	I-Error_Name
(	O
RAIM	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
EC12	O
has	O
50%	O
higher	O
total	O
capacity	O
than	O
the	O
z196	B-Device
(	O
up	O
to	O
78,000	O
MIPS	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
supports	O
Transactional	B-Operating_System
Execution	I-Operating_System
and	O
Flash	O
Express	O
–	O
integrated	O
SSDs	B-Device
which	O
improve	O
paging	O
and	O
certain	O
other	O
I/O	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
zEnterprise	O
,	O
announced	O
in	O
July	O
2010	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
z196	B-Device
model	O
,	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
offer	O
both	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
and	O
distributed	O
server	O
technologies	O
in	O
an	O
integrated	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
First	O
is	O
a	O
System	B-Device
z	I-Device
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Second	O
is	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
zEnterprise	I-Device
BladeCenter	B-General_Concept
Extension	O
(	O
zBX	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Last	O
is	O
the	O
management	O
layer	O
,	O
IBM	B-Device
zEnterprise	I-Device
Unified	O
Resource	O
Manager	O
(	O
zManager	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
provides	O
a	O
single	O
management	O
view	O
of	O
zEnterprise	O
resources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
zEnterprise	O
is	O
designed	O
to	O
extend	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
capabilities	O
–	O
management	O
efficiency	O
,	O
dynamic	O
resource	O
allocation	O
,	O
serviceability	O
–	O
to	O
other	O
systems	O
and	O
workloads	O
running	O
on	O
AIX	O
on	O
POWER7	B-Device
,	O
and	O
Microsoft	O
Windows	O
or	O
Linux	B-Application
on	O
x86	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
zEnterprise	O
BladeCenter	B-General_Concept
Extension	O
(	O
zBX	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
infrastructure	O
component	O
that	O
hosts	O
both	O
general	O
purpose	O
IBM	B-General_Concept
BladeCenter	I-General_Concept
servers	O
and	O
appliance-like	O
workload	O
optimizers	O
which	O
can	O
all	O
be	O
managed	O
as	O
if	O
they	O
were	O
a	O
single	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IBM	B-Device
zEnterprise	I-Device
Unified	O
Resource	O
Manager	O
integrates	O
the	O
System	B-Device
z	I-Device
and	O
zBX	O
resources	O
as	O
a	O
single	O
virtualized	B-General_Concept
system	O
and	O
provides	O
unified	O
and	O
integrated	O
management	O
across	O
the	O
zEnterprise	O
System	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
the	O
z196	B-Device
,	O
the	O
z114	O
is	O
fully	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
zBX	O
and	O
the	O
URM	O
and	O
also	O
features	O
the	O
mission-critical	O
server	O
design	O
elements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
z114	O
is	O
physically	O
approximately	O
half	O
the	O
size	O
of	O
the	O
z196	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
model	O
can	O
contains	O
up	O
to	O
14	O
z196	B-Device
out-of-order	B-General_Concept
CISC-based	O
zArchitecture	B-Device
processors	O
running	O
at	O
3.8GHz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
core	O
can	O
be	O
characterized	O
as	O
a	O
Central	B-Device
Processor	I-Device
(	O
CP	O
)	O
,	O
Integrated	B-Application
Facility	I-Application
for	I-Application
Linux	I-Application
(	O
IFL	B-Application
)	O
processor	O
,	O
z	B-Language
Application	I-Language
Assist	I-Language
Processor	I-Language
(	O
zAAP	B-Language
)	O
,	O
z10	B-Device
Integrated	I-Device
Information	I-Device
Processor	I-Device
(	O
zIIP	B-Device
)	O
,	O
Internal	B-Device
Coupling	I-Device
Facility	I-Device
(	O
ICF	O
)	O
processor	O
,	O
or	O
additional	O
System	B-Device
Assist	I-Device
Processor	I-Device
(	O
SAP	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
z114	O
supports	O
up	O
to	O
248GB	O
(	O
usable	O
)	O
of	O
redundant	B-Error_Name
array	I-Error_Name
of	I-Error_Name
independent	I-Error_Name
memory	I-Error_Name
(	O
RAIM	O
)	O
.zEnterprise	O
196	O
-	O
The	O
z196	B-Device
is	O
a	O
high-end	O
dual-rack	O
solution	O
,	O
and	O
available	O
in	O
five	O
hardware	O
models	O
:	O
M15	O
,	O
M32	O
,	O
M49	O
,	O
M66	O
and	O
M80	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
196	O
's	O
microprocessor	O
is	O
the	O
z196	B-Device
chip	I-Device
,	O
a	O
5.2GHz	O
quad-core	O
out-of-order	B-General_Concept
CISC-based	O
z/Architecture	B-Device
processor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
z196	B-Device
can	O
have	O
a	O
maximum	O
of	O
24	O
processors	O
giving	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
96	O
cores	O
,	O
80	O
of	O
which	O
are	O
directly	O
available	O
to	O
run	O
operating	O
systems	O
and	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
number	O
of	O
cores	O
available	O
in	O
a	O
particular	O
model	O
of	O
the	O
z196	B-Device
is	O
denoted	O
by	O
the	O
model	O
name	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
core	O
can	O
be	O
characterized	O
as	O
a	O
Central	B-Device
Processor	I-Device
(	O
CP	O
)	O
,	O
Integrated	B-Application
Facility	I-Application
for	I-Application
Linux	I-Application
(	O
IFL	B-Application
)	O
processor	O
,	O
z	B-Language
Application	I-Language
Assist	I-Language
Processor	I-Language
(	O
zAAP	B-Language
)	O
,	O
z10	B-Device
Integrated	I-Device
Information	I-Device
Processor	I-Device
(	O
zIIP	B-Device
)	O
,	O
Internal	B-Device
Coupling	I-Device
Facility	I-Device
(	O
ICF	O
)	O
processor	O
,	O
or	O
additional	O
System	B-Device
Assist	I-Device
Processor	I-Device
(	O
SAP	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
zEnterprise	O
also	O
supports	O
x86	B-Operating_System
or	O
Power	B-Architecture
ISA	I-Architecture
blades	B-Architecture
attached	O
via	O
the	O
zEnterprise	O
BladeCenter	B-General_Concept
Extension	O
(	O
zBX	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
zEnterprise	O
196	O
allows	O
up	O
to	O
3TB	O
(	O
usable	O
)	O
of	O
redundant	B-Error_Name
array	I-Error_Name
of	I-Error_Name
independent	I-Error_Name
memory	I-Error_Name
(	O
RAIM	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
zEnterprise	O
z196	B-Device
has	O
twice	O
the	O
memory	O
capacity	O
of	O
the	O
z10	O
,	O
and	O
60%	O
higher	O
total	O
capacity	O
than	O
the	O
z10	O
(	O
up	O
to	O
52,000	O
MIPS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
supports	O
the	O
BladeCenter	B-General_Concept
Extension	O
(	O
zBX	O
)	O
and	O
Unified	O
Resource	O
Manager	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
4.4GHz	O
processor	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
address	O
CPU	O
intensive	O
workloads	O
and	O
support	O
large	O
scale	O
server	O
consolidation	O
on	O
the	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
defined	O
conditions	O
are	O
met	O
,	O
z/OS	B-Application
can	O
suggest	O
capacity	O
changes	O
for	O
manual	O
activation	O
from	O
a	O
z/OS	B-Application
console	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
system	O
can	O
add	O
or	O
remove	O
temporary	O
capacity	O
automatically	O
and	O
without	O
operator	O
intervention	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2005	O
,	O
IBM	O
announced	O
a	O
new	O
family	O
of	O
servers	O
–	O
the	O
System	B-Device
z9	I-Device
family	O
–	O
with	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
System	I-Device
z9	I-Device
Enterprise	O
Class	O
(	O
z9EC	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
System	I-Device
z9	I-Device
Business	O
Class	O
(	O
z9BC	O
)	O
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
System	B-Device
z9	I-Device
servers	O
offered	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
zIIP	B-Device
engines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
zIIP	B-Device
is	O
designed	O
so	O
that	O
a	O
program	O
can	O
work	O
with	O
z/OS	B-Application
to	O
have	O
all	O
or	O
a	O
portion	O
of	O
its	O
Service	B-Application
Request	I-Application
Block	I-Application
(	O
SRB	O
)	O
dispatched	O
work	O
directed	O
to	O
the	O
zIIP	B-Device
to	O
help	O
free	O
up	O
capacity	O
on	O
the	O
general	O
purpose	O
processor	O
which	O
may	O
make	O
it	O
available	O
for	O
use	O
by	O
other	O
workloads	O
running	O
on	O
the	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
designed	O
to	O
improve	O
performance	O
for	O
native	O
FICON	B-Architecture
applications	O
that	O
use	O
extended	O
format	O
datasets	O
(	O
including	O
DB2	O
and	O
VSAM	O
)	O
by	O
helping	O
to	O
improve	O
channel	O
utilization	O
,	O
reduce	O
channel	O
overhead	O
,	O
and	O
improve	O
I/O	O
response	O
times	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CP	O
Assist	O
for	O
Cryptographic	O
Functions	O
(	O
CPACF	O
)	O
is	O
shipped	O
on	O
every	O
CP	O
and	O
IFL	B-Application
processor	O
in	O
support	O
of	O
clear	O
key	O
encryption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CPACF	O
was	O
enhanced	O
for	O
System	B-Device
z9	I-Device
processors	O
to	O
include	O
support	O
of	O
the	O
Advanced	B-Algorithm
Encryption	I-Algorithm
Standard	I-Algorithm
(	O
AES	B-Algorithm
)	O
for	O
128-bit	O
keys	O
,	O
Secure	O
Hash	O
Algorithm-256	O
(	O
SHA-256	O
)	O
,	O
CPACF	O
offers	O
DES	B-Algorithm
,	O
Triple	O
DES	B-Algorithm
and	O
SHA-1	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Announced	O
on	O
October	O
3	O
,	O
2000	O
and	O
available	O
on	O
December	O
18	O
,	O
the	O
eServer	B-Application
zSeries	O
900	O
(	O
z900	O
for	O
short	O
)	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
feature	O
the	O
64-bit	B-Device
z/Architecture	B-Device
extension	O
of	O
the	O
S/360	B-Device
architecture	I-Device
,	O
still	O
retaining	O
the	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
31-bit	O
and	O
24-bit	O
addressing	B-General_Concept
programs	O
back	O
to	O
1964	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
's	O
12	O
or	O
20	O
Blue	O
Flame	O
processors	O
,	O
of	O
which	O
up	O
to	O
16	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
Central	O
Processors	O
,	O
are	O
contained	O
in	O
a	O
multi-chip	B-Algorithm
module	I-Algorithm
with	O
101	O
glass-ceramic	O
layers	O
and	O
4226	O
I/O	O
pins	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compared	O
to	O
the	O
preceding	O
S/390	B-Device
G6	O
,	O
the	O
Blue	O
Flame	O
's	O
L1	O
cache	O
is	O
doubled	O
by	O
splitting	O
it	O
256+256	O
KB	O
I+D	O
and	O
the	O
L2	O
cache	O
is	O
doubled	O
to	O
32	O
MB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Featuring	O
a	O
7-stage	O
pipeline	O
,	O
the	O
Blue	O
Flame	O
initially	O
attained	O
769	O
MHz	O
with	O
a	O
bulk	O
180nm	O
process	O
,	O
and	O
upon	O
the	O
change	O
to	O
silicon	B-Algorithm
on	I-Algorithm
insulator	I-Algorithm
in	O
May	O
2002	O
reached	O
917	O
MHz	O
,	O
at	O
which	O
it	O
consumes	O
38	O
Watts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2002	O
IBM	O
launched	O
the	O
z800	O
,	O
a	O
lower-end	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
featuring	O
five	O
Blue	O
Flames	O
clocked	O
at	O
625	O
MHz	O
,	O
of	O
which	O
up	O
to	O
four	O
can	O
be	O
Central	O
Processors	O
,	O
all	O
sharing	O
an	O
8	O
MB	O
L2	O
cache	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
fully	O
redesigned	O
z990	O
mainframes	B-Architecture
for	O
the	O
mid-range	O
and	O
high-end	O
became	O
available	O
in	O
June	O
and	O
October	O
2003	O
,	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Featuring	O
IBM	O
's	O
first	O
superscalar	B-General_Concept
CMOS	B-Device
mainframe	B-Architecture
processors	O
,	O
a	O
dual-core	O
chip	O
contained	O
121	O
million	O
transistors	O
across	O
266	O
mm2	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
manufactured	O
in	O
a	O
130nm	O
process	O
,	O
drawing	O
55	O
Watts	O
at	O
1.2	O
GHz	O
in	O
the	O
z990	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
core	O
contained	O
a	O
cryptographic	O
coprocessor	O
supporting	O
the	O
Data	B-Algorithm
Encryption	I-Algorithm
Standard	I-Algorithm
and	O
SHA-1	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
support	O
this	O
increase	O
,	O
the	O
z990	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
IBM	B-Device
mainframe	I-Device
with	O
a	O
non-uniform	B-Operating_System
memory	I-Operating_System
access	I-Operating_System
,	O
as	O
its	O
processors	O
and	O
memory	O
were	O
grouped	O
into	O
up	O
to	O
four	O
"	O
book	O
"	O
-modules	O
,	O
each	O
book	O
also	O
containing	O
a	O
32	O
MB	O
L2	O
cache	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
also	O
the	O
first	O
to	O
be	O
capable	O
of	O
speculative	O
memory	B-Architecture
disambiguation	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
maximum	O
I/O	O
bandwidth	O
and	O
memory	O
capacity	O
were	O
both	O
quadrupled	O
,	O
to	O
96	O
GB/s	O
and	O
256	O
GB	O
respectively	O
,	O
as	O
was	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
I/O	B-Device
channels	I-Device
through	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
quad-Logical	O
Channel	O
SubSystems	O
(	O
LCSS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
number	O
of	O
logical	B-Device
partitions	I-Device
was	O
doubled	O
to	O
30	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
maximum	O
distance	O
of	O
Parallel	B-Operating_System
Sysplex	I-Operating_System
rose	O
to	O
100	O
km	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
took	O
some	O
time	O
for	O
a	O
single	O
OS	O
to	O
fully	O
utilize	O
the	O
z990	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
z/OS	B-Application
and	O
z/VM	B-Application
only	O
gained	O
support	O
for	O
24	O
processors	O
in	O
September	O
2004	O
,	O
and	O
for	O
32	O
processors	O
in	O
June	O
2005	O
for	O
the	O
z/OS	B-Application
and	O
June	O
2007	O
for	O
the	O
z/VM	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2004	O
IBM	O
extended	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
lower-cost	O
restricted	O
processors	O
(	O
first	O
introduced	O
in	O
2000	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
IFL	B-Application
,	O
for	O
use	O
by	O
Linux	B-Application
on	I-Application
IBM	I-Application
Z	I-Application
only	O
)	O
that	O
are	O
not	O
permitted	O
to	O
run	O
the	O
traditional	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
OSes	O
(	O
z/OS	B-Application
,	O
z/VM	B-Application
,	O
z/VSE	B-Application
,	O
and	O
z/TPF	B-Operating_System
)	O
,	O
by	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
z	B-Language
Application	I-Language
Assist	I-Language
Processor	I-Language
dedicated	O
to	O
Java	B-Device
and	O
XML	B-Protocol
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IFL	B-Application
and	O
zAAP	B-Language
are	O
physically	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
the	O
Central	O
Processors	O
,	O
but	O
IBM	O
charges	O
lower	O
fees	O
for	O
their	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2006	O
another	O
restricted	O
processor	O
type	O
,	O
the	O
z	B-Device
Integrated	I-Device
Information	I-Device
Processor	I-Device
,	O
was	O
added	O
in	O
the	O
System	B-Device
z9	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IBM	O
zSeries	O
systems	O
were	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
z/Architecture	B-Device
chips	O
-	O
the	O
out-of-order	B-General_Concept
CISC-based	O
zArchitecture	B-Device
multi-core	O
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
H20	O
has	O
up	O
to	O
20	O
cores	O
orderable	O
for	O
direct	O
customer	O
use	O
,	O
plus	O
spare	O
and	O
a	O
special	O
I/O	B-Device
processor	I-Device
core	O
type	O
,	O
the	O
System	B-Device
Assist	I-Device
Processor	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
core	O
can	O
be	O
characterized	O
as	O
a	O
Central	B-Device
Processor	I-Device
(	O
CP	O
)	O
,	O
Integrated	B-Application
Facility	I-Application
for	I-Application
Linux	I-Application
(	O
IFL	B-Application
)	O
processor	O
,	O
z	B-Language
Application	I-Language
Assist	I-Language
Processor	I-Language
(	O
zAAP	B-Language
)	O
,	O
z10	B-Device
Integrated	I-Device
Information	I-Device
Processor	I-Device
(	O
zIIP	B-Device
)	O
,	O
Internal	B-Device
Coupling	I-Device
Facility	I-Device
(	O
ICF	O
)	O
processor	O
,	O
or	O
additional	O
System	B-Device
Assist	I-Device
Processor	I-Device
(	O
SAP	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
processor	O
book	O
is	O
a	O
modular	O
card	O
in	O
IBM	B-Device
mainframes	I-Device
that	O
contains	O
processors	O
,	O
memory	O
,	O
and	O
I/O	O
connections	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
multi-chip	B-Algorithm
module	I-Algorithm
is	O
welded	O
onto	O
each	O
processor	O
book	O
for	O
the	O
z196	B-Device
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
typical	O
ordering	O
process	O
of	O
modern	O
IBM	B-Device
Z	I-Device
mainframe	B-Architecture
looks	O
like	O
a	O
buying	O
of	O
service	O
or	O
looks	O
like	O
a	O
leasing	O
;	O
the	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
is	O
a	O
program/hardware	O
complex	O
with	O
rent	O
for	O
a	O
system	O
workload	O
,	O
and	O
(	O
in	O
the	O
most	O
cases	O
)	O
additional	O
system	O
capabilities	O
can	O
be	O
unlocked	O
after	O
additional	O
payment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
z15	O
,	O
z14	O
,	O
z13	O
,	O
zEC12	O
,	O
zBC12	O
,	O
z114	O
and	O
z196	B-Device
support	O
the	O
IBM	O
operating	O
systems	O
:	O
z/OS	B-Application
,	O
z/VM	B-Application
,	O
z/VSE	B-Application
,	O
and	O
z/TPF	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
operating	O
systems	O
available	O
include	O
Linux	B-Application
on	I-Application
IBM	I-Application
Z	I-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
Red	O
Hat	O
Enterprise	O
Linux	B-Application
6	O
and	O
SUSE	O
Linux	B-Application
Enterprise	O
Server	O
11	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
IBM	O
introduced	O
Microsoft	B-Device
Windows	I-Device
Server	I-Device
2008	I-Device
support	O
via	O
x86	B-Operating_System
processor-based	O
blades	B-Architecture
that	O
plug	O
into	O
IBM	O
's	O
zEnterprise	O
BladeCenter	B-General_Concept
Extension	O
(	O
zBX	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
zEnterprise	O
System	O
supports	O
an	O
optional	O
zEnterprise	O
BladeCenter	B-General_Concept
Extension	O
(	O
zBX	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
add-on	O
infrastructure	O
supports	O
redundant	O
top-of-Rack	O
switches	O
,	O
redundant	O
power	O
supplies	O
,	O
extra	O
blowers	O
,	O
and	O
IBM	B-General_Concept
BladeCenter	I-General_Concept
chassis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
add-on	O
chassis	O
allows	O
POWER7	B-Device
and	O
x86	B-Operating_System
blade	B-Architecture
servers	I-Architecture
to	O
be	O
integrated	O
with	O
and	O
managed	O
from	O
the	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
gameframe	B-Protocol
installation	O
at	O
Hoplon	O
Infotainment	O
is	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
a	O
hybrid	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
zBX	O
and	O
the	O
System	B-Device
Z	I-Device
server	O
are	O
connected	O
by	O
a	O
redundant	O
,	O
secure	O
10	O
Gigabit	O
Ethernet	O
connection	O
,	O
providing	O
a	O
private	O
data	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
zEnterprise	O
Unified	O
Resource	O
Manager	O
(	O
zManager	O
)	O
allows	O
the	O
supported	O
zBX	O
platforms	O
to	O
be	O
virtualized	B-General_Concept
into	O
a	O
single	O
system	O
for	O
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
zEC12	O
and	O
z196	B-Device
support	O
external	O
liquid	O
cooling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Customers	O
have	O
the	O
option	O
of	O
purchasing	O
their	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
with	O
a	O
water-cooled	O
heat	O
exchanger	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CP	O
:	O
Central	B-Device
processor	I-Device
;	O
The	O
standard	O
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IFL	B-Application
:	O
Integrated	B-Application
Facility	I-Application
for	I-Application
Linux	I-Application
;	O
Exploited	O
by	O
Linux	B-Application
and	O
for	O
z/VM	B-Application
processing	O
in	O
support	O
of	O
Linux	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
not	O
possible	O
to	O
IPL	O
operating	O
systems	O
other	O
than	O
z/VM	B-Application
or	O
Linux	B-Application
on	O
an	O
IFL	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
zAAP	B-Language
:	O
Application	B-Language
Assist	I-Language
Processor	I-Language
;	O
Exploited	O
under	O
z/OS	B-Application
for	O
designated	O
workloads	O
,	O
which	O
include	O
the	O
IBM	O
JVM	O
and	O
XML	B-Protocol
System	O
Services	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
zIIP	B-Device
:	O
Integrated	B-Device
Information	I-Device
Processor	I-Device
;	O
Exploited	O
under	O
z/OS	B-Application
for	O
designated	O
workloads	O
,	O
which	O
include	O
various	O
XML	B-Protocol
System	O
Services	O
,	O
IPSec	O
offload	O
,	O
certain	O
parts	O
of	O
IBM	O
DB2	O
DRDA	O
,	O
star	O
schema	O
,	O
IBM	O
HiperSockets	B-Device
for	O
large	O
messages	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
IBM	O
GBS	O
Scalable	O
Architecture	O
for	O
Financial	O
Reporting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ICF	O
:	O
Internal	B-Device
Coupling	I-Device
Facility	I-Device
;	O
Used	O
for	O
z/OS	B-Application
clustering	O
,	O
running	O
exclusively	O
the	O
Coupling	B-Device
Facility	I-Device
Control	O
Code	O
(	O
CFCC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAP	O
:	O
System	B-Device
Assist	I-Device
Processor	I-Device
;	O
Offloads	O
and	O
manages	O
I/O	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Spares	O
:	O
exclusively	O
reserved	O
to	O
provide	O
failover	B-General_Concept
in	O
the	O
event	O
of	O
a	O
processor	O
(	O
CP	O
,	O
IFL	B-Application
,	O
zAAP	B-Language
,	O
zIIP	B-Device
,	O
ICF	O
,	O
SAP	O
or	O
IFP	O
)	O
failure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
it	O
's	O
possible	O
to	O
run	O
a	O
zAAP-eligible	O
workload	O
on	O
zIIPs	B-Device
if	O
no	O
zAAPs	B-Language
are	O
enabled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
dispatched	O
on	O
zAAP	B-Language
and	O
zIIP	B-Device
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
addition	O
of	O
IFLs	O
,	O
zAAPs	B-Language
,	O
zIIPs	B-Device
,	O
ICFs	O
,	O
SAPs	O
or	O
IFPs	O
does	O
not	O
change	O
the	O
system	O
capacity	O
setting	O
or	O
its	O
MSU	O
rating	O
,	O
only	O
CPs	O
do	O
.	O
</s>
