<s>
IBM	B-Application
Watson	I-Application
is	O
a	O
question-answering	B-Algorithm
computer	O
system	O
capable	O
of	O
answering	O
questions	O
posed	O
in	O
natural	O
language	O
,	O
developed	O
in	O
IBM	O
's	O
DeepQA	B-Application
project	O
by	O
a	O
research	O
team	O
led	O
by	O
principal	O
investigator	O
David	O
Ferrucci	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Watson	B-Application
was	O
named	O
after	O
IBM	O
's	O
founder	O
and	O
first	O
CEO	O
,	O
industrialist	O
Thomas	O
J	O
.	O
Watson	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
computer	O
system	O
was	O
initially	O
developed	O
to	O
answer	O
questions	O
on	O
the	O
quiz	B-Application
show	I-Application
Jeopardy	O
!	O
</s>
<s>
and	O
in	O
2011	O
,	O
the	O
Watson	B-Application
computer	I-Application
system	O
competed	O
on	O
Jeopardy	O
!	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2013	O
,	O
IBM	O
announced	O
that	O
Watson	B-Application
's	O
first	O
commercial	O
application	O
would	O
be	O
for	O
utilization	O
management	O
decisions	O
in	O
lung	O
cancer	O
treatment	O
at	O
Memorial	O
Sloan	O
Kettering	O
Cancer	O
Center	O
,	O
New	O
York	O
City	O
,	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
WellPoint	O
(	O
now	O
Anthem	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Watson	B-Application
was	O
created	O
as	O
a	O
question	B-Algorithm
answering	I-Algorithm
(	O
QA	O
)	O
computing	O
system	O
that	O
IBM	O
built	O
to	O
apply	O
advanced	O
natural	B-Language
language	I-Language
processing	I-Language
,	O
information	B-Library
retrieval	I-Library
,	O
knowledge	O
representation	O
,	O
automated	O
reasoning	O
,	O
and	O
machine	O
learning	O
technologies	O
to	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
open	B-Algorithm
domain	I-Algorithm
question	B-Algorithm
answering	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
stated	O
that	O
Watson	B-Application
uses	O
"	O
more	O
than	O
100	O
different	O
techniques	O
to	O
analyze	O
natural	O
language	O
,	O
identify	O
sources	O
,	O
find	O
and	O
generate	O
hypotheses	O
,	O
find	O
and	O
score	O
evidence	O
,	O
and	O
merge	O
and	O
rank	O
hypotheses.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
recent	O
years	O
,	O
Watson	B-Application
's	O
capabilities	O
have	O
been	O
extended	O
and	O
the	O
way	O
in	O
which	O
Watson	B-Application
works	O
has	O
been	O
changed	O
to	O
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
new	O
deployment	O
models	O
(	O
Watson	B-Application
on	O
IBM	O
Cloud	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
evolved	O
machine	O
learning	O
capabilities	O
,	O
and	O
optimized	O
hardware	O
available	O
to	O
developers	O
and	O
researchers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
no	O
longer	O
purely	O
a	O
question	B-Algorithm
answering	I-Algorithm
(	O
QA	O
)	O
computing	O
system	O
designed	O
from	O
Q&A	O
pairs	O
but	O
can	O
now	O
'	O
see	O
 '	O
,	O
'	O
hear	O
 '	O
,	O
'	O
read	O
 '	O
,	O
'	O
talk	O
 '	O
,	O
'	O
taste	O
 '	O
,	O
'	O
interpret	O
 '	O
,	O
'	O
learn	O
 '	O
and	O
'	O
recommend	O
 '	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Watson	B-Application
uses	O
IBM	O
's	O
DeepQA	B-Application
software	O
and	O
the	O
Apache	O
UIMA	B-Application
(	O
Unstructured	O
Information	O
Management	O
Architecture	O
)	O
framework	O
implementation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
was	O
written	O
in	O
various	O
languages	O
,	O
including	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
C++	B-Language
,	O
and	O
Prolog	B-Language
,	O
and	O
runs	O
on	O
the	O
SUSE	O
Linux	O
Enterprise	O
Server	O
11	O
operating	O
system	O
using	O
the	O
Apache	B-Application
Hadoop	I-Application
framework	O
to	O
provide	O
distributed	O
computing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
is	O
workload-optimized	O
,	O
integrating	O
massively	B-Operating_System
parallel	I-Operating_System
POWER7	B-Device
processors	O
and	O
built	O
on	O
IBM	O
's	O
DeepQA	B-Application
technology	O
,	O
which	O
it	O
uses	O
to	O
generate	O
hypotheses	O
,	O
gather	O
massive	O
evidence	O
,	O
and	O
analyze	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Watson	B-Application
employs	O
a	O
cluster	O
of	O
ninety	O
IBM	O
Power	O
750	O
servers	O
,	O
each	O
of	O
which	O
uses	O
a	O
3.5GHz	O
POWER7	B-Device
eight-core	O
processor	O
,	O
with	O
four	O
threads	O
per	O
core	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
total	O
,	O
the	O
system	O
has	O
2,880	O
POWER7	B-Device
processor	O
threads	O
and	O
16	O
terabytes	O
of	O
RAM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
John	O
Rennie	O
,	O
Watson	B-Application
can	O
process	O
500	O
gigabytes	O
(	O
the	O
equivalent	O
of	O
a	O
million	O
books	O
)	O
per	O
second	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
master	O
inventor	O
and	O
senior	O
consultant	O
Tony	O
Pearson	O
estimated	O
Watson	B-Application
's	O
hardware	O
cost	O
at	O
about	O
three	O
million	O
dollars	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
Linpack	B-Application
performance	O
stands	O
at	O
80	O
TeraFLOPs	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
about	O
half	O
as	O
fast	O
as	O
the	O
cut-off	O
line	O
for	O
the	O
Top	B-Operating_System
500	I-Operating_System
Supercomputers	I-Operating_System
list	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Rennie	O
,	O
all	O
content	O
was	O
stored	O
in	O
Watson	B-Application
's	O
RAM	O
for	O
the	O
Jeopardy	O
game	O
because	O
data	O
stored	O
on	O
hard	B-Device
drives	I-Device
would	O
be	O
too	O
slow	O
to	O
compete	O
with	O
human	O
Jeopardy	O
champions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
sources	O
of	O
information	O
for	O
Watson	B-Application
include	O
encyclopedias	O
,	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
,	O
thesauri	O
,	O
newswire	O
articles	O
and	O
literary	O
works	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Watson	B-Application
also	O
used	O
databases	O
,	O
taxonomies	O
and	O
ontologies	O
including	O
DBPedia	B-Application
,	O
WordNet	B-General_Concept
and	O
Yago	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IBM	O
team	O
provided	O
Watson	B-Application
with	O
millions	O
of	O
documents	O
,	O
including	O
dictionaries	B-Operating_System
,	O
encyclopedias	O
and	O
other	O
reference	O
material	O
,	O
that	O
it	O
could	O
use	O
to	O
build	O
its	O
knowledge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Watson	B-Application
parses	O
questions	O
into	O
different	O
keywords	O
and	O
sentence	O
fragments	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
find	O
statistically	O
related	O
phrases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Watson	B-Application
's	O
main	O
innovation	O
was	O
not	O
in	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
a	O
new	O
algorithm	O
for	O
this	O
operation	O
but	O
rather	O
its	O
ability	O
to	O
quickly	O
execute	O
hundreds	O
of	O
proven	O
language	B-General_Concept
analysis	I-General_Concept
algorithms	O
simultaneously	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
more	O
algorithms	O
that	O
find	O
the	O
same	O
answer	O
independently	O
,	O
the	O
more	O
likely	O
Watson	B-Application
is	O
to	O
be	O
correct	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
Watson	B-Application
has	O
a	O
small	O
number	O
of	O
potential	O
solutions	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
able	O
to	O
check	O
against	O
its	O
database	O
to	O
ascertain	O
whether	O
the	O
solution	O
makes	O
sense	O
or	O
not	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Watson	B-Application
's	O
basic	O
working	O
principle	O
is	O
to	O
parse	O
keywords	O
in	O
a	O
clue	O
while	O
searching	O
for	O
related	O
terms	O
as	O
responses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
gives	O
Watson	B-Application
some	O
advantages	O
and	O
disadvantages	O
compared	O
with	O
human	O
Jeopardy	O
!	O
</s>
<s>
Watson	B-Application
has	O
deficiencies	O
in	O
understanding	B-General_Concept
the	O
contexts	O
of	O
the	O
clues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Watson	B-Application
can	O
read	O
,	O
analyze	O
,	O
and	O
learn	O
from	O
natural	O
language	O
which	O
gives	O
it	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
make	O
human-like	O
decisions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
human	O
players	O
usually	O
generate	O
responses	O
faster	O
than	O
Watson	B-Application
,	O
especially	O
to	O
short	O
clues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Watson	B-Application
's	O
programming	O
prevents	O
it	O
from	O
using	O
the	O
popular	O
tactic	O
of	O
buzzing	O
before	O
it	O
is	O
sure	O
of	O
its	O
response	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
Watson	B-Application
has	O
consistently	O
better	O
reaction	O
time	O
on	O
the	O
buzzer	O
once	O
it	O
has	O
generated	O
a	O
response	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
immune	O
to	O
human	O
players	O
 '	O
psychological	O
tactics	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
jumping	O
between	O
categories	O
on	O
every	O
clue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
sequence	O
of	O
20	O
mock	O
games	O
of	O
Jeopardy	O
,	O
human	O
participants	O
were	O
able	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
six	O
to	O
seven	O
seconds	O
that	O
Watson	B-Application
needed	O
to	O
hear	O
the	O
clue	O
and	O
decide	O
whether	O
to	O
signal	O
for	O
responding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
that	O
time	O
,	O
Watson	B-Application
also	O
has	O
to	O
evaluate	O
the	O
response	O
and	O
determine	O
whether	O
it	O
is	O
sufficiently	O
confident	O
in	O
the	O
result	O
to	O
signal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
contest	O
was	O
the	O
electronic	O
circuitry	O
that	O
receives	O
the	O
"	O
ready	O
"	O
signal	O
and	O
then	O
examined	O
whether	O
Watson	B-Application
's	O
confidence	O
level	O
was	O
great	O
enough	O
to	O
activate	O
the	O
buzzer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Given	O
the	O
speed	O
of	O
this	O
circuitry	O
compared	O
to	O
the	O
speed	O
of	O
human	O
reaction	O
times	O
,	O
Watson	B-Application
's	O
reaction	O
time	O
was	O
faster	O
than	O
the	O
human	O
contestants	O
except	O
when	O
the	O
human	O
anticipated	O
(	O
instead	O
of	O
reacted	O
to	O
)	O
the	O
ready	O
signal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
signaling	O
,	O
Watson	B-Application
speaks	O
with	O
an	O
electronic	O
voice	O
and	O
gives	O
the	O
responses	O
in	O
Jeopardy	O
!	O
</s>
<s>
Watson	B-Application
's	O
voice	O
was	O
synthesized	O
from	O
recordings	O
that	O
actor	O
Jeff	O
Woodman	O
made	O
for	O
an	O
IBM	O
text-to-speech	B-Application
program	O
in	O
2004	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
staff	O
used	O
different	O
means	O
to	O
notify	O
Watson	B-Application
and	O
the	O
human	O
players	O
when	O
to	O
buzz	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
critical	O
in	O
many	O
rounds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Watson	B-Application
was	O
notified	O
by	O
an	O
electronic	O
signal	O
and	O
could	O
activate	O
the	O
buzzer	O
within	O
about	O
eight	O
milliseconds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
humans	O
tried	O
to	O
compensate	O
for	O
the	O
perception	O
delay	O
by	O
anticipating	O
the	O
light	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
variation	O
in	O
the	O
anticipation	O
time	O
was	O
generally	O
too	O
great	O
to	O
fall	O
within	O
Watson	B-Application
's	O
response	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Watson	B-Application
did	O
not	O
attempt	O
to	O
anticipate	O
the	O
notification	O
signal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
Deep	B-General_Concept
Blue	I-General_Concept
's	O
victory	O
over	O
Garry	O
Kasparov	O
in	O
chess	O
in	O
1997	O
,	O
IBM	O
had	O
been	O
on	O
the	O
hunt	O
for	O
a	O
new	O
challenge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intrigued	O
by	O
the	O
quiz	B-Application
show	I-Application
as	O
a	O
possible	O
challenge	O
for	O
IBM	O
,	O
Lickel	O
passed	O
the	O
idea	O
on	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
2005	O
,	O
IBM	O
Research	O
executive	O
Paul	O
Horn	O
supported	O
Lickel	O
,	O
pushing	O
for	O
someone	O
in	O
his	O
department	O
to	O
take	O
up	O
the	O
challenge	O
of	O
playing	O
Jeopardy	O
!	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
competitions	O
managed	O
by	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
government	O
,	O
Watson	B-Application
's	O
predecessor	O
,	O
a	O
system	O
named	O
Piquant	O
,	O
was	O
usually	O
able	O
to	O
respond	O
correctly	O
to	O
only	O
about	O
35%	O
of	O
clues	O
and	O
often	O
required	O
several	O
minutes	O
to	O
respond	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
compete	O
successfully	O
on	O
Jeopardy	O
!,	O
Watson	B-Application
would	O
need	O
to	O
respond	O
in	O
no	O
more	O
than	O
a	O
few	O
seconds	O
,	O
and	O
at	O
that	O
time	O
,	O
the	O
problems	O
posed	O
by	O
the	O
game	O
show	O
were	O
deemed	O
to	O
be	O
impossible	O
to	O
solve	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
initial	O
tests	O
run	O
during	O
2006	O
by	O
David	O
Ferrucci	O
,	O
the	O
senior	O
manager	O
of	O
IBM	O
's	O
Semantic	O
Analysis	O
and	O
Integration	O
department	O
,	O
Watson	B-Application
was	O
given	O
500	O
clues	O
from	O
past	O
Jeopardy	O
!	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
best	O
real-life	O
competitors	O
buzzed	O
in	O
half	O
the	O
time	O
and	O
responded	O
correctly	O
to	O
as	O
many	O
as	O
95%	O
of	O
clues	O
,	O
Watson	B-Application
's	O
first	O
pass	O
could	O
get	O
only	O
about	O
15%	O
correct	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
InformationWeek	O
described	O
Kelly	O
as	O
"	O
the	O
father	O
of	O
Watson	B-Application
"	O
and	O
credited	O
him	O
for	O
encouraging	O
the	O
system	O
to	O
compete	O
against	O
humans	O
on	O
Jeopardy	O
!	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2008	O
,	O
the	O
developers	O
had	O
advanced	O
Watson	B-Application
such	O
that	O
it	O
could	O
compete	O
with	O
Jeopardy	O
!	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
February	O
2010	O
,	O
Watson	B-Application
could	O
beat	O
human	O
Jeopardy	O
!	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
game	O
,	O
Watson	B-Application
had	O
access	O
to	O
200	O
million	O
pages	O
of	O
structured	O
and	O
unstructured	O
content	O
consuming	O
four	O
terabytes	O
of	O
disk	B-Device
storage	I-Device
including	O
the	O
full	O
text	O
of	O
the	O
2011	O
edition	O
of	O
Wikipedia	O
,	O
but	O
was	O
not	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
each	O
clue	O
,	O
Watson	B-Application
's	O
three	O
most	O
probable	O
responses	O
were	O
displayed	O
on	O
the	O
television	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Watson	B-Application
consistently	O
outperformed	O
its	O
human	O
opponents	O
on	O
the	O
game	O
's	O
signaling	O
device	O
,	O
but	O
had	O
trouble	O
in	O
a	O
few	O
categories	O
,	O
notably	O
those	O
having	O
short	O
clues	O
containing	O
only	O
a	O
few	O
words	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
system	O
is	O
primarily	O
an	O
IBM	O
effort	O
,	O
Watson	B-Application
's	O
development	O
involved	O
faculty	O
and	O
graduate	O
students	O
from	O
Rensselaer	O
Polytechnic	O
Institute	O
,	O
Carnegie	O
Mellon	O
University	O
,	O
University	O
of	O
Massachusetts	O
Amherst	O
,	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Southern	O
California	O
's	O
Information	O
Sciences	O
Institute	O
,	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Texas	O
at	O
Austin	O
,	O
the	O
Massachusetts	O
Institute	O
of	O
Technology	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Trento	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
students	O
from	O
New	O
York	O
Medical	O
College	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
the	O
team	O
of	O
IBM	O
programmers	O
who	O
worked	O
on	O
Watson	B-Application
was	O
Ed	O
Toutant	O
,	O
who	O
himself	O
had	O
appeared	O
on	O
Jeopardy	O
!	O
</s>
<s>
executive	O
producer	O
Harry	O
Friedman	O
about	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
having	O
Watson	B-Application
compete	O
against	O
Ken	O
Jennings	O
and	O
Brad	O
Rutter	O
,	O
two	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
successful	O
contestants	O
on	O
the	O
show	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
program	O
's	O
producers	O
agreed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Watson	B-Application
's	O
differences	O
with	O
human	O
players	O
had	O
generated	O
conflicts	O
between	O
IBM	O
and	O
Jeopardy	O
!	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
repeatedly	O
expressed	O
concerns	O
that	O
the	O
show	O
's	O
writers	O
would	O
exploit	O
Watson	B-Application
's	O
cognitive	O
deficiencies	O
when	O
writing	O
the	O
clues	O
,	O
thereby	O
turning	O
the	O
game	O
into	O
a	O
Turing	O
test	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
staff	O
also	O
showed	O
concerns	O
over	O
Watson	B-Application
's	O
reaction	O
time	O
on	O
the	O
buzzer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
Watson	B-Application
signaled	O
electronically	O
,	O
but	O
show	O
staff	O
requested	O
that	O
it	O
press	O
a	O
button	O
physically	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
human	O
contestants	O
would	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
with	O
a	O
robotic	O
"	O
finger	O
"	O
pressing	O
the	O
buzzer	O
,	O
Watson	B-Application
remained	O
faster	O
than	O
its	O
human	O
competitors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ken	O
Jennings	O
noted	O
,	O
"	O
If	O
you	O
're	O
trying	O
to	O
win	O
on	O
the	O
show	O
,	O
the	O
buzzer	O
is	O
all	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
Watson	B-Application
"	O
can	O
knock	O
out	O
a	O
microsecond-precise	O
buzz	O
every	O
single	O
time	O
with	O
little	O
or	O
no	O
variation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stephen	O
Baker	O
,	O
a	O
journalist	O
who	O
recorded	O
Watson	B-Application
's	O
development	O
in	O
his	O
book	O
Final	O
Jeopardy	O
,	O
reported	O
that	O
the	O
conflict	O
between	O
IBM	O
and	O
Jeopardy	O
!	O
</s>
<s>
contestants	O
,	O
also	O
participated	O
in	O
mock	O
games	O
against	O
Watson	B-Application
with	O
Todd	O
Alan	O
Crain	O
of	O
The	O
Onion	O
playing	O
host	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
About	O
100	O
test	O
matches	O
were	O
conducted	O
with	O
Watson	B-Application
winning	O
65%	O
of	O
the	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
provide	O
a	O
physical	O
presence	O
in	O
the	O
televised	O
games	O
,	O
Watson	B-Application
was	O
represented	O
by	O
an	O
"	O
avatar	B-Application
"	O
of	O
a	O
globe	O
,	O
inspired	O
by	O
the	O
IBM	O
"	O
smarter	B-Device
planet	I-Device
"	O
symbol	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jennings	O
described	O
the	O
computer	O
's	O
avatar	B-Application
as	O
a	O
"	O
glowing	O
blue	O
ball	O
crisscrossed	O
by	O
'	O
threads	O
 '	O
of	O
thought	O
—	O
42	O
threads	O
,	O
to	O
be	O
precise	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
stated	O
that	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
thought	O
threads	O
in	O
the	O
avatar	B-Application
was	O
an	O
in-joke	O
referencing	O
the	O
significance	O
of	O
the	O
number	O
42	O
in	O
Douglas	O
Adams	O
 '	O
Hitchhiker	B-Application
's	I-Application
Guide	I-Application
to	I-Application
the	I-Application
Galaxy	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Joshua	O
Davis	O
,	O
the	O
artist	O
who	O
designed	O
the	O
avatar	B-Application
for	O
the	O
project	O
,	O
explained	O
to	O
Stephen	O
Baker	O
that	O
there	O
are	O
36	O
trigger-able	O
states	O
that	O
Watson	B-Application
was	O
able	O
to	O
use	O
throughout	O
the	O
game	O
to	O
show	O
its	O
confidence	O
in	O
responding	O
to	O
a	O
clue	O
correctly	O
;	O
he	O
had	O
hoped	O
to	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
find	O
forty-two	O
,	O
to	O
add	O
another	O
level	O
to	O
the	O
Hitchhiker	O
's	O
Guide	O
reference	O
,	O
but	O
he	O
was	O
unable	O
to	O
pinpoint	O
enough	O
game	O
states	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
practice	O
match	O
before	O
the	O
press	O
on	O
January	O
13	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
Watson	B-Application
won	O
a	O
15-question	O
round	O
against	O
Ken	O
Jennings	O
and	O
Brad	O
Rutter	O
with	O
a	O
score	O
of	O
$	O
4,400	O
to	O
Jennings	O
's	O
$	O
3,400	O
and	O
Rutter	O
's	O
$1	O
,	O
200	O
,	O
though	O
Jennings	O
and	O
Watson	B-Application
were	O
tied	O
before	O
the	O
final	O
$	O
1,000	O
question	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Watson	B-Application
,	O
represented	O
by	O
a	O
computer	O
monitor	O
display	O
and	O
artificial	O
voice	O
,	O
responded	O
correctly	O
to	O
the	O
second	O
clue	O
and	O
then	O
selected	O
the	O
fourth	O
clue	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
category	O
,	O
a	O
deliberate	O
strategy	O
to	O
find	O
the	O
Daily	O
Double	O
as	O
quickly	O
as	O
possible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Watson	B-Application
's	O
guess	O
at	O
the	O
Daily	O
Double	O
location	O
was	O
correct	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
round	O
,	O
Watson	B-Application
was	O
tied	O
with	O
Rutter	O
at	O
$	O
5,000	O
;	O
Jennings	O
had	O
$	O
2,000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Watson	B-Application
's	O
performance	O
was	O
characterized	O
by	O
some	O
quirks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
one	O
instance	O
,	O
Watson	B-Application
repeated	O
a	O
reworded	O
version	O
of	O
an	O
incorrect	O
response	O
offered	O
by	O
Jennings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
Watson	B-Application
could	O
not	O
recognize	O
other	O
contestants	O
 '	O
responses	O
,	O
it	O
did	O
not	O
know	O
that	O
Jennings	O
had	O
already	O
given	O
the	O
same	O
response	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
another	O
instance	O
,	O
Watson	B-Application
was	O
initially	O
given	O
credit	O
for	O
a	O
response	O
of	O
"	O
What	O
is	O
a	O
leg	O
?	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
Watson	B-Application
,	O
unlike	O
a	O
human	O
,	O
could	O
not	O
have	O
been	O
responding	O
to	O
Jennings	O
's	O
mistake	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
decided	O
that	O
this	O
response	O
was	O
incorrect	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
broadcast	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
episode	O
was	O
edited	O
to	O
omit	O
Trebek	O
's	O
original	O
acceptance	O
of	O
Watson	B-Application
's	O
response	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Watson	B-Application
also	O
demonstrated	O
complex	O
wagering	O
strategies	O
on	O
the	O
Daily	O
Doubles	O
,	O
with	O
one	O
bet	O
at	O
$	O
6,435	O
and	O
another	O
at	O
$	O
1,246	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gerald	O
Tesauro	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
IBM	O
researchers	O
who	O
worked	O
on	O
Watson	B-Application
,	O
explained	O
that	O
Watson	B-Application
's	O
wagers	O
were	O
based	O
on	O
its	O
confidence	O
level	O
for	O
the	O
category	O
and	O
a	O
complex	O
regression	O
model	O
called	O
the	O
Game	O
State	O
Evaluator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Watson	B-Application
took	O
a	O
commanding	O
lead	O
in	O
Double	O
Jeopardy	O
!,	O
correctly	O
responding	O
to	O
both	O
Daily	O
Doubles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Watson	B-Application
responded	O
to	O
the	O
second	O
Daily	O
Double	O
correctly	O
with	O
a	O
32%	O
confidence	O
score	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
round	O
,	O
Watson	B-Application
was	O
the	O
only	O
contestant	O
to	O
miss	O
the	O
clue	O
in	O
the	O
category	O
U.S.	O
Cities	O
(	O
"	O
Its	O
largest	O
airport	O
was	O
named	O
for	O
a	O
World	O
War	O
II	O
hero	O
;	O
its	O
second	O
largest	O
,	O
for	O
a	O
World	O
War	O
II	O
battle	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rutter	O
and	O
Jennings	O
gave	O
the	O
correct	O
response	O
of	O
Chicago	O
,	O
but	O
Watson	B-Application
's	O
response	O
was	O
"	O
What	O
is	O
Toronto	O
?????	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Ferrucci	O
offered	O
reasons	O
why	O
Watson	B-Application
would	O
appear	O
to	O
have	O
guessed	O
a	O
Canadian	O
city	O
:	O
categories	O
only	O
weakly	O
suggest	O
the	O
type	O
of	O
response	O
desired	O
,	O
the	O
phrase	O
"	O
U.S.	O
city	O
"	O
did	O
not	O
appear	O
in	O
the	O
question	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
cities	O
named	O
Toronto	O
in	O
the	O
U.S.	O
,	O
and	O
Toronto	O
in	O
Ontario	O
has	O
an	O
American	O
League	O
baseball	O
team	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dr.	O
Chris	O
Welty	O
,	O
who	O
also	O
worked	O
on	O
Watson	B-Application
,	O
suggested	O
that	O
it	O
may	O
not	O
have	O
been	O
able	O
to	O
correctly	O
parse	O
the	O
second	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
clue	O
,	O
"	O
its	O
second	O
largest	O
,	O
for	O
a	O
World	O
War	O
II	O
battle	O
"	O
(	O
which	O
was	O
not	O
a	O
standalone	O
clause	O
despite	O
it	O
following	O
a	O
semicolon	O
,	O
and	O
required	O
context	O
to	O
understand	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
referring	O
to	O
a	O
second-largest	O
airport	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eric	O
Nyberg	O
,	O
a	O
professor	O
at	O
Carnegie	O
Mellon	O
University	O
and	O
a	O
member	O
of	O
the	O
development	O
team	O
,	O
stated	O
that	O
the	O
error	O
occurred	O
because	O
Watson	B-Application
does	O
not	O
possess	O
the	O
comparative	O
knowledge	O
to	O
discard	O
that	O
potential	O
response	O
as	O
not	O
viable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
questions	O
,	O
Watson	B-Application
's	O
second	O
choice	O
was	O
Chicago	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
Toronto	O
and	O
Chicago	O
were	O
well	O
below	O
Watson	B-Application
's	O
confidence	O
threshold	O
,	O
at	O
14%	O
and	O
11%	O
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Watson	B-Application
wagered	O
only	O
$947	O
on	O
the	O
question	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
game	O
ended	O
with	O
Jennings	O
with	O
$4	O
,	O
800	O
,	O
Rutter	O
with	O
$10	O
,	O
400	O
,	O
and	O
Watson	B-Application
with	O
$	O
35,734	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
introduction	O
,	O
Trebek	O
(	O
a	O
Canadian	O
native	O
)	O
joked	O
that	O
he	O
had	O
learned	O
Toronto	O
was	O
a	O
U.S.	O
city	O
,	O
and	O
Watson	B-Application
's	O
error	O
in	O
the	O
first	O
match	O
prompted	O
an	O
IBM	O
engineer	O
to	O
wear	O
a	O
Toronto	O
Blue	O
Jays	O
jacket	O
to	O
the	O
recording	O
of	O
the	O
second	O
match	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
first	O
round	O
,	O
Jennings	O
was	O
finally	O
able	O
to	O
choose	O
a	O
Daily	O
Double	O
clue	O
,	O
while	O
Watson	B-Application
responded	O
to	O
one	O
Daily	O
Double	O
clue	O
incorrectly	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
in	O
the	O
Double	O
Jeopardy	O
!	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
first	O
round	O
,	O
Watson	B-Application
placed	O
second	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
in	O
the	O
competition	O
after	O
Rutter	O
and	O
Jennings	O
were	O
briefly	O
successful	O
in	O
increasing	O
their	O
dollar	O
values	O
before	O
Watson	B-Application
could	O
respond	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nonetheless	O
,	O
the	O
final	O
result	O
ended	O
with	O
a	O
victory	O
for	O
Watson	B-Application
with	O
a	O
score	O
of	O
$77	O
,	O
147	O
,	O
besting	O
Jennings	O
who	O
scored	O
$	O
24,000	O
and	O
Rutter	O
who	O
scored	O
$	O
21,600	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
prizes	O
for	O
the	O
competition	O
were	O
$1	O
million	O
for	O
first	O
place	O
(	O
Watson	B-Application
)	O
,	O
$	O
300,000	O
for	O
second	O
place	O
(	O
Jennings	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
$	O
200,000	O
for	O
third	O
place	O
(	O
Rutter	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
promised	O
,	O
IBM	O
donated	O
100%	O
of	O
Watson	B-Application
's	O
winnings	O
to	O
charity	O
,	O
with	O
50%	O
of	O
those	O
winnings	O
going	O
to	O
World	O
Vision	O
and	O
50%	O
going	O
to	O
World	B-Operating_System
Community	I-Operating_System
Grid	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
acknowledgement	O
of	O
IBM	O
and	O
Watson	B-Application
's	O
achievements	O
,	O
Jennings	O
made	O
an	O
additional	O
remark	O
in	O
his	O
Final	O
Jeopardy	O
!	O
</s>
<s>
Jennings	O
later	O
wrote	O
an	O
article	O
for	O
Slate	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
he	O
stated	O
:	O
IBM	O
has	O
bragged	O
to	O
the	O
media	O
that	O
Watson	B-Application
's	O
question-answering	B-Algorithm
skills	O
are	O
good	O
for	O
more	O
than	O
annoying	O
Alex	O
Trebek	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
sees	O
a	O
future	O
in	O
which	O
fields	O
like	O
medical	O
diagnosis	O
,	O
business	B-Algorithm
analytics	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
tech	B-General_Concept
support	I-General_Concept
are	O
automated	O
by	O
question-answering	B-Algorithm
software	O
like	O
Watson	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
'	O
Quiz	B-Application
show	I-Application
contestant	O
 '	O
may	O
be	O
the	O
first	O
job	O
made	O
redundant	O
by	O
Watson	B-Application
,	O
but	O
I	O
'm	O
sure	O
it	O
wo	O
n't	O
be	O
the	O
last	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Philosopher	O
John	O
Searle	O
argues	O
that	O
Watson	B-Application
—	O
despite	O
impressive	O
capabilities	O
—	O
cannot	O
actually	O
think	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Drawing	O
on	O
his	O
Chinese	O
room	O
thought	O
experiment	O
,	O
Searle	O
claims	O
that	O
Watson	B-Application
,	O
like	O
other	O
computational	O
machines	O
,	O
is	O
capable	O
only	O
of	O
manipulating	O
symbols	O
,	O
but	O
has	O
no	O
ability	O
to	O
understand	O
the	O
meaning	O
of	O
those	O
symbols	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
Searle	O
's	O
experiment	O
has	O
its	O
detractors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
28	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
Watson	B-Application
played	O
an	O
untelevised	O
exhibition	O
match	O
of	O
Jeopardy	O
!	O
</s>
<s>
contestant	O
)	O
,	O
who	O
was	O
challenging	O
the	O
computer	O
with	O
Bill	O
Cassidy	O
(	O
R-LA	O
,	O
later	O
Senator	O
from	O
Louisiana	O
)	O
,	O
led	O
with	O
Watson	B-Application
in	O
second	O
place	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
combining	O
the	O
scores	O
between	O
all	O
matches	O
,	O
the	O
final	O
score	O
was	O
$	O
40,300	O
for	O
Watson	B-Application
and	O
$	O
30,000	O
for	O
the	O
congressional	O
players	O
combined	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
's	O
Christopher	O
Padilla	O
said	O
of	O
the	O
match	O
,	O
"	O
The	O
technology	O
behind	O
Watson	B-Application
represents	O
a	O
major	O
advancement	O
in	O
computing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
IBM	O
,	O
"	O
The	O
goal	O
is	O
to	O
have	O
computers	O
start	O
to	O
interact	O
in	O
natural	O
human	O
terms	O
across	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
applications	O
and	O
processes	O
,	O
understanding	B-General_Concept
the	O
questions	O
that	O
humans	O
ask	O
and	O
providing	O
answers	O
that	O
humans	O
can	O
understand	O
and	O
justify.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
been	O
suggested	O
by	O
Robert	O
C	O
.	O
Weber	O
,	O
IBM	O
's	O
general	O
counsel	O
,	O
that	O
Watson	B-Application
may	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
legal	O
research	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
also	O
intends	O
to	O
use	O
Watson	B-Application
in	O
other	O
information-intensive	O
fields	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
telecommunications	O
,	O
financial	O
services	O
,	O
and	O
government	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Watson	B-Application
is	O
based	O
on	O
commercially	O
available	O
IBM	O
Power	O
750	O
servers	O
that	O
have	O
been	O
marketed	O
since	O
February	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2013	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
reported	O
that	O
three	O
companies	O
were	O
working	O
with	O
IBM	O
to	O
create	O
apps	O
embedded	O
with	O
Watson	B-Application
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2013	O
,	O
IBM	O
announced	O
it	O
would	O
make	O
Watson	B-Application
's	O
API	B-General_Concept
available	O
to	O
software	O
application	O
providers	O
,	O
enabling	O
them	O
to	O
build	O
apps	O
and	O
services	O
that	O
are	O
embedded	O
in	O
Watson	B-Application
's	O
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
build	O
out	O
its	O
base	O
of	O
partners	O
who	O
create	O
applications	O
on	O
the	O
Watson	B-Application
platform	O
,	O
IBM	O
consults	O
with	O
a	O
network	O
of	O
venture	O
capital	O
firms	O
,	O
which	O
advise	O
IBM	O
on	O
which	O
of	O
their	O
portfolio	O
companies	O
may	O
be	O
a	O
logical	O
fit	O
for	O
what	O
IBM	O
calls	O
the	O
Watson	B-Application
Ecosystem	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
far	O
,	O
roughly	O
800	O
organizations	O
and	O
individuals	O
have	O
signed	O
up	O
with	O
IBM	O
,	O
with	O
interest	O
in	O
creating	O
applications	O
that	O
could	O
use	O
the	O
Watson	B-Application
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
30	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
announced	O
that	O
Rensselaer	O
Polytechnic	O
Institute	O
would	O
receive	O
a	O
successor	O
version	O
of	O
Watson	B-Application
,	O
which	O
would	O
be	O
housed	O
at	O
the	O
Institute	O
's	O
technology	O
park	O
and	O
be	O
available	O
to	O
researchers	O
and	O
students	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
summer	O
2013	O
,	O
Rensselaer	O
had	O
become	O
the	O
first	O
university	O
to	O
receive	O
a	O
Watson	B-Application
computer	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
6	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
reported	O
that	O
IBM	O
plans	O
to	O
invest	O
$100	O
million	O
in	O
a	O
10-year	O
initiative	O
to	O
use	O
Watson	B-Application
and	O
other	O
IBM	O
technologies	O
to	O
help	O
countries	O
in	O
Africa	O
address	O
development	O
problems	O
,	O
beginning	O
with	O
healthcare	O
and	O
education	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
3	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
three	O
new	O
Watson	B-Application
Ecosystem	O
partners	O
were	O
chosen	O
from	O
more	O
than	O
400	O
business	O
concepts	O
submitted	O
by	O
teams	O
spanning	O
18	O
industries	O
from	O
43	O
countries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
These	O
bright	O
and	O
enterprising	O
organizations	O
have	O
discovered	O
innovative	O
ways	O
to	O
apply	O
Watson	B-Application
that	O
can	O
deliver	O
demonstrable	O
business	O
benefits	O
"	O
,	O
said	O
Steve	O
Gold	O
,	O
vice	O
president	O
,	O
IBM	B-Application
Watson	I-Application
Group	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
July	O
9	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
Genesys	O
Telecommunications	O
Laboratories	O
announced	O
plans	O
to	O
integrate	O
Watson	B-Application
to	O
improve	O
their	O
customer	O
experience	O
platform	O
,	O
citing	O
the	O
sheer	O
volume	O
of	O
customer	O
data	O
to	O
analyze	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Watson	B-Application
has	O
been	O
integrated	O
with	O
databases	O
including	O
Bon	O
Appétit	O
magazine	O
to	O
perform	O
a	O
recipe	O
generating	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Watson	B-Application
is	O
being	O
used	O
by	O
Decibel	O
,	O
a	O
music	O
discovery	O
startup	O
,	O
in	O
its	O
app	O
MusicGeek	O
which	O
uses	O
the	O
supercomputer	O
to	O
provide	O
music	O
recommendations	O
to	O
its	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
Watson	B-Application
has	O
also	O
been	O
found	O
in	O
the	O
hospitality	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Go	O
Moment	O
uses	O
Watson	B-Application
for	O
its	O
Rev1	O
app	O
,	O
which	O
gives	O
hotel	O
staff	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
quickly	O
respond	O
to	O
questions	O
from	O
guests	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OmniEarth	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
uses	O
Watson	B-Application
computer	I-Application
vision	O
services	O
to	O
analyze	O
satellite	O
and	O
aerial	O
imagery	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
other	O
municipal	O
data	O
,	O
to	O
infer	O
water	O
usage	O
on	O
a	O
property-by-property	O
basis	O
,	O
helping	O
districts	O
in	O
California	O
improve	O
water	O
conservation	O
efforts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2016	O
,	O
Condé	O
Nast	O
started	O
using	O
Watson	B-Application
to	O
help	O
build	O
and	O
strategize	O
social	O
influencer	O
campaigns	O
for	O
brands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2017	O
,	O
Rare	O
Carat	O
,	O
a	O
New	O
York	O
City-based	O
startup	O
and	O
e-commerce	O
platform	O
for	O
buying	O
diamonds	O
and	O
diamond	O
rings	O
,	O
introduced	O
an	O
IBM	O
Watson-powered	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
chatbot	B-Application
called	O
"	O
Rocky	O
"	O
to	O
assist	O
novice	O
diamond	O
buyers	O
through	O
the	O
daunting	O
process	O
of	O
purchasing	O
a	O
diamond	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2017	O
,	O
IBM	O
partnered	O
with	O
the	O
Pebble	O
Beach	O
Company	O
to	O
use	O
Watson	B-Application
as	O
a	O
concierge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Watson	B-Application
's	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
was	O
added	O
to	O
an	O
app	O
developed	O
by	O
Pebble	O
Beach	O
and	O
was	O
used	O
to	O
guide	O
visitors	O
around	O
the	O
resort	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
mobile	O
app	O
was	O
designed	O
by	O
IBM	O
iX	O
and	O
hosted	O
on	O
the	O
IBM	O
Cloud	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
uses	O
Watson	B-Application
's	O
Conversation	O
applications	O
programming	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2017	O
,	O
in	O
Mexico	O
City	O
,	O
the	O
Experience	O
Voices	O
of	O
Another	O
Time	O
was	O
opened	O
at	O
the	O
National	O
Museum	O
of	O
Anthropology	O
using	O
IBM	B-Application
Watson	I-Application
as	O
an	O
alternative	O
to	O
visiting	O
a	O
museum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
healthcare	O
,	O
Watson	B-Application
's	O
natural	O
language	O
,	O
hypothesis	O
generation	O
,	O
and	O
evidence-based	O
learning	O
capabilities	O
are	O
being	O
investigated	O
to	O
see	O
how	O
Watson	B-Application
may	O
contribute	O
to	O
clinical	B-Application
decision	I-Application
support	I-Application
systems	I-Application
and	O
the	O
increase	O
in	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
in	I-Application
healthcare	I-Application
for	O
use	O
by	O
medical	O
professionals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
aid	O
physicians	O
in	O
the	O
treatment	O
of	O
their	O
patients	O
,	O
once	O
a	O
physician	O
has	O
posed	O
a	O
query	B-Library
to	O
the	O
system	O
describing	O
symptoms	O
and	O
other	O
related	O
factors	O
,	O
Watson	B-Application
first	O
parses	O
the	O
input	O
to	O
identify	O
the	O
most	O
important	O
pieces	O
of	O
information	O
;	O
then	O
mines	O
patient	O
data	O
to	O
find	O
facts	O
relevant	O
to	O
the	O
patient	O
's	O
medical	O
and	O
hereditary	O
history	O
;	O
then	O
examines	O
available	O
data	O
sources	O
to	O
form	O
and	O
test	O
hypotheses	O
;	O
and	O
finally	O
provides	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
individualized	O
,	O
confidence-scored	O
recommendations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
sources	O
of	O
data	O
that	O
Watson	B-Application
uses	O
for	O
analysis	O
can	O
include	O
treatment	O
guidelines	O
,	O
electronic	O
medical	O
record	O
data	O
,	O
notes	O
from	O
healthcare	O
providers	O
,	O
research	O
materials	O
,	O
clinical	O
studies	O
,	O
journal	O
articles	O
and	O
patient	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
being	O
developed	O
and	O
marketed	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
diagnosis	O
and	O
treatment	O
advisor	O
"	O
,	O
Watson	B-Application
has	O
never	O
been	O
actually	O
involved	O
in	O
the	O
medical	O
diagnosis	O
process	O
,	O
only	O
in	O
assisting	O
with	O
identifying	O
treatment	O
options	O
for	O
patients	O
who	O
have	O
already	O
been	O
diagnosed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2011	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
announced	O
that	O
IBM	O
would	O
be	O
partnering	O
with	O
Nuance	O
Communications	O
for	O
a	O
research	O
project	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
commercial	O
product	O
during	O
the	O
next	O
18	O
to	O
24	O
months	O
,	O
designed	O
to	O
exploit	O
Watson	B-Application
's	O
clinical	B-Application
decision	I-Application
support	I-Application
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Physicians	O
at	O
Columbia	O
University	O
would	O
help	O
to	O
identify	O
critical	O
issues	O
in	O
the	O
practice	O
of	O
medicine	O
where	O
the	O
system	O
's	O
technology	O
may	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
contribute	O
,	O
and	O
physicians	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Maryland	O
would	O
work	O
to	O
identify	O
the	O
best	O
way	O
that	O
a	O
technology	O
like	O
Watson	B-Application
could	O
interact	O
with	O
medical	O
practitioners	O
to	O
provide	O
the	O
maximum	O
assistance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2011	O
,	O
IBM	O
and	O
WellPoint	O
(	O
now	O
Anthem	O
)	O
announced	O
a	O
partnership	O
to	O
utilize	O
Watson	B-Application
to	O
help	O
suggest	O
treatment	O
options	O
to	O
physicians	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Then	O
,	O
in	O
February	O
2013	O
,	O
IBM	O
and	O
WellPoint	O
gave	O
Watson	B-Application
its	O
first	O
commercial	O
application	O
,	O
for	O
utilization	O
management	O
decisions	O
in	O
lung	O
cancer	O
treatment	O
at	O
Memorial	O
Sloan	O
–	O
Kettering	O
Cancer	O
Center	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
has	O
sent	O
Watson	B-Application
to	O
the	O
Cleveland	O
Clinic	O
Lerner	O
College	O
of	O
Medicine	O
of	O
Case	O
Western	O
Reserve	O
University	O
,	O
where	O
it	O
will	O
increase	O
its	O
health	O
expertise	O
and	O
assist	O
medical	O
professionals	O
in	O
treating	O
patients	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
medical	O
facility	O
will	O
utilize	O
Watson	B-Application
's	O
ability	O
to	O
store	O
and	O
process	O
large	O
quantities	O
of	O
information	O
to	O
help	O
speed	O
up	O
and	O
increase	O
the	O
accuracy	O
of	O
the	O
treatment	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Cleveland	O
Clinic	O
's	O
collaboration	O
with	O
IBM	O
is	O
exciting	O
because	O
it	O
offers	O
us	O
the	O
opportunity	O
to	O
teach	O
Watson	B-Application
to	O
'	O
think	O
 '	O
in	O
ways	O
that	O
have	O
the	O
potential	O
to	O
make	O
it	O
a	O
powerful	O
tool	O
in	O
medicine	O
"	O
,	O
said	O
C	O
.	O
Martin	O
Harris	O
,	O
MD	O
,	O
chief	O
information	O
officer	O
of	O
Cleveland	O
Clinic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
8	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
IBM	O
announced	O
that	O
oncologists	O
at	O
the	O
Maine	O
Center	O
for	O
Cancer	O
Medicine	O
and	O
Westmed	O
Medical	O
Group	O
in	O
New	O
York	O
have	O
started	O
to	O
test	O
Watson	B-Application
in	O
an	O
effort	O
to	O
recommend	O
treatment	O
for	O
lung	O
cancer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
July	O
29	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
IBM	O
and	O
Manipal	O
Hospitals	O
(	O
a	O
leading	O
hospital	O
chain	O
in	O
India	O
)	O
announced	O
the	O
launch	O
of	O
IBM	B-Application
Watson	I-Application
for	O
Oncology	O
,	O
for	O
cancer	O
patients	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
7	O
,	O
2017	O
,	O
IBM	O
and	O
Fukoku	O
Mutual	O
Life	O
Insurance	O
entered	O
into	O
a	O
contract	O
for	O
IBM	O
to	O
deliver	O
analysis	O
to	O
compensation	O
payouts	O
via	O
its	O
IBM	B-Application
Watson	I-Application
Explorer	O
AI	B-Application
,	O
which	O
resulted	O
in	O
the	O
loss	O
of	O
34	O
jobs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
startups	O
in	O
the	O
healthcare	O
space	O
have	O
been	O
effectively	O
using	O
seven	O
business	O
model	O
archetypes	O
to	O
take	O
solutions	O
based	O
on	O
IBM	B-Application
Watson	I-Application
to	O
the	O
marketplace	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2022	O
,	O
IBM	B-Application
Watson	I-Application
Health	O
was	O
generating	O
about	O
a	O
billion	O
dollars	O
in	O
annual	O
gross	O
revenue	O
,	O
but	O
was	O
facing	O
a	O
lack	O
of	O
profitability	O
and	O
increased	O
competition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
2021	O
post	O
from	O
the	O
Association	O
for	O
Computing	O
Machinery	O
(	O
ACM	O
)	O
titled	O
"	O
What	O
Happened	O
To	O
Watson	B-Application
Health	O
?	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
described	O
the	O
portfolio	O
management	O
challenges	O
of	O
IBM	B-Application
Watson	I-Application
Health	O
given	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
acquisitions	O
involved	O
in	O
the	O
Watson	B-Application
Health	O
division	O
creation	O
in	O
2015	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
technical	O
limitations	O
that	O
existed	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
regarding	O
where	O
the	O
Watson	B-Application
AI	B-Application
framework	O
could	O
be	O
deployed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
21	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
IBM	O
announced	O
the	O
sell-off	O
of	O
its	O
Watson	B-Application
Health	O
unit	O
to	O
Francisco	O
Partners	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
9	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
IBM	O
announced	O
it	O
was	O
creating	O
a	O
business	O
unit	O
around	O
Watson	B-Application
,	O
led	O
by	O
senior	O
vice	O
president	O
Michael	O
Rhodin	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	B-Application
Watson	I-Application
Group	O
will	O
have	O
headquarters	O
in	O
New	O
York	O
's	O
Silicon	O
Alley	O
and	O
will	O
employ	O
2,000	O
people	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Watson	B-Application
Group	O
will	O
develop	O
three	O
new	O
cloud-delivered	O
services	O
:	O
Watson	B-Application
Discovery	O
Advisor	O
,	O
Watson	B-Application
Engagement	O
Advisor	O
,	O
and	O
Watson	B-Application
Explorer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Watson	B-Application
Discovery	O
Advisor	O
will	O
focus	O
on	O
research	O
and	O
development	O
projects	O
in	O
pharmaceutical	O
industry	O
,	O
publishing	O
,	O
and	O
biotechnology	O
,	O
Watson	B-Application
Engagement	O
Advisor	O
will	O
focus	O
on	O
self-service	O
applications	O
using	O
insights	O
on	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
natural	O
language	O
questions	O
posed	O
by	O
business	O
users	O
,	O
and	O
Watson	B-Application
Explorer	O
will	O
focus	O
on	O
helping	O
enterprise	O
users	O
uncover	O
and	O
share	O
data-driven	O
insights	O
based	O
on	O
federated	O
search	O
more	O
easily	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
IBM	O
,	O
the	O
cloud-delivered	O
enterprise-ready	O
Watson	B-Application
has	O
seen	O
its	O
speed	O
increase	O
24	O
times	O
over	O
—	O
a	O
2,300	O
percent	O
improvement	O
in	O
performance	O
and	O
its	O
physical	O
size	O
shrank	O
by	O
90	O
percent	O
—	O
from	O
the	O
size	O
of	O
a	O
master	O
bedroom	O
to	O
three	O
stacked	O
pizza	O
boxes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
CEO	O
Virginia	O
Rometty	O
said	O
she	O
wants	O
Watson	B-Application
to	O
generate	O
$10	O
billion	O
in	O
annual	O
revenue	O
within	O
ten	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
,	O
IBM	O
and	O
MIT	O
established	O
a	O
new	O
joint	O
research	O
venture	O
in	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
invested	O
$240	O
million	O
to	O
create	O
the	O
MIT	O
–	O
IBM	B-Application
Watson	I-Application
AI	B-Application
Lab	O
in	O
partnership	O
with	O
MIT	O
,	O
which	O
brings	O
together	O
researchers	O
in	O
academia	O
and	O
industry	O
to	O
advance	O
AI	B-Application
research	I-Application
,	O
with	O
projects	O
ranging	O
from	O
computer	O
vision	O
and	O
NLP	B-Language
to	O
devising	O
new	O
ways	O
to	O
ensure	O
that	O
AI	B-Application
systems	O
are	O
fair	O
,	O
reliable	O
and	O
secure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2018	O
,	O
IBM	O
's	O
CEO	O
Ginni	O
Rometty	O
proposed	O
"	O
Watson	B-Application
's	O
Law	O
,	O
"	O
the	O
"	O
use	O
of	O
and	O
application	O
of	O
business	O
,	O
smart	O
cities	O
,	O
consumer	O
applications	O
and	O
life	O
in	O
general.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Watson	B-Application
helped	O
a	O
team	O
of	O
chefs	O
create	O
five	O
new	O
poutines	O
for	O
the	O
2015	O
La	O
Poutine	O
Week	O
food	O
festival	O
in	O
Toronto	O
and	O
Montreal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
and	O
Bon	O
Appétit	O
magazine	O
co-created	O
an	O
AI	B-Application
cooking	O
app	O
known	O
as	O
Chef	O
Watson	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Watson	B-Application
is	O
being	O
used	O
via	O
IBM	O
partner	O
program	O
as	O
a	O
chatbot	B-Application
to	O
provide	O
the	O
conversation	O
for	O
children	O
's	O
toys	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GoFetchCode	O
applies	O
Watson	B-Application
's	O
natural	B-Language
language	I-Language
processing	I-Language
and	O
question-answering	B-Algorithm
capabilities	O
to	O
the	O
International	O
Code	O
Council	O
's	O
model	O
building	O
codes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	B-Application
Watson	I-Application
is	O
being	O
used	O
for	O
several	O
projects	O
relating	O
to	O
education	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
entered	O
partnerships	O
with	O
Pearson	O
Education	O
,	O
Blackboard	O
,	O
Sesame	O
Workshop	O
and	O
Apple	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
its	O
partnership	O
with	O
Pearson	O
,	O
Watson	B-Application
is	O
being	O
made	O
available	O
inside	O
electronic	O
text	O
books	O
to	O
provide	O
natural	O
language	O
,	O
one-on-one	O
tutoring	O
to	O
students	O
on	O
the	O
reading	O
material	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
an	O
individual	O
using	O
the	O
free	O
Watson	B-Application
APIs	B-General_Concept
available	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
,	O
Ashok	O
Goel	O
,	O
a	O
professor	O
at	O
Georgia	O
Tech	O
,	O
used	O
Watson	B-Application
to	O
create	O
a	O
virtual	B-Protocol
teaching	I-Protocol
assistant	I-Protocol
to	O
assist	O
students	O
in	O
his	O
class	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
research	O
group	O
of	O
Sabri	O
Pllana	O
developed	O
an	O
assistant	O
for	O
learning	O
parallel	O
programming	O
using	O
the	O
IBM	B-Application
Watson	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2016	O
,	O
IBM	O
announced	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
using	O
Watson	B-Application
for	O
weather	O
forecasting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specifically	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
announced	O
they	O
would	O
use	O
Watson	B-Application
to	O
analyze	O
data	O
from	O
over	O
200,000	O
Weather	O
Underground	O
personal	O
weather	O
stations	O
,	O
and	O
data	O
from	O
other	O
sources	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
Project	O
Deep	B-Device
Thunder	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
[121]project	O
Deep	B-Device
Thunder	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	B-Application
Watson	I-Application
together	O
with	O
Marchesa	O
designed	O
a	O
dress	O
that	O
changed	O
the	O
colour	O
of	O
the	O
fabric	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
mood	O
of	O
the	O
audience	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tweets	O
were	O
passed	O
through	O
a	O
Watson	B-Application
tone	O
analyzer	O
and	O
then	O
sent	O
back	O
to	O
a	O
small	O
computer	O
inside	O
the	O
waist	O
of	O
the	O
dress	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
5	O
–	O
6	O
,	O
2017	O
,	O
tax	O
preparation	O
company	O
H&R	O
Block	O
began	O
nationwide	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
Watson-based	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2017	O
,	O
IBM	O
announced	O
that	O
with	O
its	O
acquisition	O
of	O
The	O
Weather	O
Company	O
's	O
advertising	O
sales	O
division	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
partnership	O
with	O
advertising	O
neural	O
network	O
Cognitiv	O
,	O
Watson	B-Application
will	O
provide	O
AI-powered	O
advertising	O
solutions	O
.	O
</s>
