<s>
Scalable	B-Operating_System
POWERparallel	I-Operating_System
(	O
SP	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
from	O
IBM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SP	O
systems	O
were	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
RISC	I-Device
System/6000	I-Device
(	O
RS/6000	B-Device
)	O
family	O
,	O
and	O
were	O
also	O
called	O
the	O
RS/6000	B-Operating_System
SP	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
model	O
,	O
the	O
SP1	O
,	O
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
February	O
1993	O
,	O
and	O
new	O
models	O
were	O
introduced	O
throughout	O
the	O
1990s	O
until	O
the	O
RS/6000	B-Device
was	O
succeeded	O
by	O
eServer	B-Device
pSeries	I-Device
in	O
October	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
SP	O
is	O
a	O
distributed	B-Operating_System
memory	I-Operating_System
system	O
,	O
consisting	O
of	O
multiple	O
RS/6000	B-Device
-based	O
nodes	O
interconnected	O
by	O
an	O
IBM-proprietary	O
switch	O
called	O
the	O
High	O
Performance	O
Switch	O
(	O
HPS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
nodes	O
are	O
clustered	O
using	O
software	O
called	O
PSSP	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
mainly	O
written	O
in	O
Perl	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	O
scientist	O
Marc	O
Snir	O
was	O
awarded	O
the	B-Device
Seymour	I-Device
Cray	I-Device
Computer	I-Device
Engineering	I-Device
Award	I-Device
by	O
the	O
Institute	O
of	O
Electrical	O
and	O
Electronics	O
Engineers	O
in	O
2013	O
for	O
his	O
contributions	O
to	O
supercomputing	B-Architecture
,	O
which	O
included	O
his	O
work	O
on	O
the	O
SP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Cornell	O
Theory	O
Center	O
had	O
a	O
512-node	O
system	O
that	O
was	O
ranked	O
as	O
the	O
sixth	O
fastest	B-Operating_System
supercomputer	I-Operating_System
in	O
the	O
world	O
by	O
the	O
November	O
1995	O
edition	O
of	O
the	O
Top500	B-Operating_System
List	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
a	O
peak	O
performance	O
of	O
136.19GFLOPS	O
,	O
it	O
obtained	O
88.40GFLOPS	O
on	O
the	O
LINPACK	B-Device
benchmark	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deep	B-General_Concept
Blue	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
first	O
computer	O
to	O
win	O
a	O
chess	O
game	O
against	O
a	O
reigning	O
world	O
champion	O
in	O
a	O
match	O
with	O
Garry	O
Kasparov	O
in	O
1996	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ASCI	B-Device
Blue	I-Device
Pacific	I-Device
is	O
a	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
604-based	O
system	O
with	O
a	O
peak	O
performance	O
of	O
3.9TFLOPS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
installed	O
at	O
the	O
Lawrence	O
Livermore	O
National	O
Laboratory	O
(	O
LLNL	O
)	O
in	O
1998	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Advanced	B-General_Concept
Strategic	I-General_Concept
Computing	I-General_Concept
Initiative	I-General_Concept
(	O
ASCI	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ASCI	B-Operating_System
White	I-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
512-node	O
system	O
with	O
a	O
peak	O
performance	O
of	O
12.3TFLOPS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
installed	O
at	O
the	O
LLNL	O
in	O
2001	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
ASCI	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
ranked	O
#1	O
in	O
the	O
Top500	B-Operating_System
List	I-Operating_System
from	O
November	O
2000	O
to	O
November	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Seaborg	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
Lawrence	O
Berkeley	O
National	O
Laboratory	O
,	O
was	O
ranked	O
as	O
the	O
fifth	O
fastest	B-Operating_System
supercomputer	I-Operating_System
in	O
the	O
world	O
when	O
it	O
debuted	O
in	O
the	O
June	O
2003	O
edition	O
of	O
the	O
Top500	B-Operating_System
List	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
a	O
peak	O
performance	O
of	O
9.98TFLOPS	O
,	O
it	O
obtained	O
7.30TFLOPS	O
on	O
the	O
LINPACK	B-Device
benchmark	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Model	O
#	O
of	O
CPUs	O
CPU	O
CPU	O
MHz	O
L2	O
Cache	O
Memory	O
Introduced	O
Discontinued	O
Thin	O
Node	O
1	O
POWER2	B-General_Concept
66	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
64	O
to	O
512	O
MB	O
1994-04-06IBM	O
Announcement	O
Letter	O
ZG94-0159	O
:	O
IBM	B-Operating_System
Scalable	I-Operating_System
POWERparallel	I-Operating_System
Systems	O
9076	O
SP2	O
and	O
Enhancements	O
for	O
SP1	O
1996-07-26IBM	O
Announcement	O
996-181	O
:	O
Hardware	O
Withdrawal	O
:	O
RISC	B-Device
System/6000	I-Device
SP	O
POWERquery	O
and	O
Selected	O
Models	O
and	O
Features	O
--	O
Replacements	O
Available	O
Thin	O
Node	O
2	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
64	O
to	O
512	O
MB	O
1995-02-07IBM	O
Announcement	O
Letter	O
ZG95-0145	O
:	O
9076	O
POWERparallel	O
SP2	O
Models	O
204	O
,	O
304	O
,	O
3B4	O
,	O
and	O
404	O
1997-06-27IBM	O
Announcement	O
Letter	O
997-078	O
:	O
Hardware	O
Withdrawal	O
:	O
Selected	O
RS/6000	B-Device
Models	O
and	O
Features	O
--	O
Replacements	O
Available	O
Wide	O
Node	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
Model#	O
of	O
CPUsCPUCPU	O
MHzCacheMemoryIntroducedDiscontinued	O
High	O
1	O
2	O
,	O
4	O
,	O
6	O
,	O
8	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
604	O
112	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
1996-07-23	O
1998-01-08	O
High	O
2	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
604e	O
200	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
Model	O
#	O
of	O
CPUs	O
CPU	O
CPU	O
MHz	O
L2	O
Cache	O
Memory	O
Introduced	O
Discontinued	O
POWER3	B-General_Concept
High	O
2	O
,	O
4	O
,	O
6	O
,	O
8	O
POWER3	B-General_Concept
222	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
1999-09-13	O
2000-12-29	O
POWER3	B-General_Concept
High	O
POWER3-II	B-General_Concept
375	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
2000-07-18	O
2002-12-27	O
POWER3	B-General_Concept
Thin	O
1	O
,	O
2	O
POWER3	B-General_Concept
200	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
1999-09-01	O
2000-06-30	O
POWER3	B-General_Concept
Thin	O
POWER3-II	B-General_Concept
375	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
2000-02-07	O
2003-04-08	O
POWER3	B-General_Concept
Thin	O
450	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
2002-01-22	O
POWER3	B-General_Concept
Wide	O
1	O
,	O
2	O
POWER3	B-General_Concept
200	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
1999-02-01	O
2000-06-30POWER3	O
Wide	O
2	O
,	O
4	O
POWER3-II	B-General_Concept
375	O
?	O
</s>
<s>
2000-02-07	O
2003-04-08	O
POWER3	B-General_Concept
Wide	O
2	O
,	O
4	O
450	O
?	O
</s>
