<s>
The	O
IBM	B-Device
7090	I-Device
is	O
a	O
second-generation	O
transistorized	B-Device
version	O
of	O
the	O
earlier	O
IBM	B-Device
709	I-Device
vacuum	O
tube	O
mainframe	B-Architecture
computer	I-Architecture
that	O
was	O
designed	O
for	O
"	O
large-scale	O
scientific	O
and	O
technological	O
applications	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
operates	O
with	O
a	O
basic	O
memory	O
cycle	O
of	O
2.18	O
μs	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
7302	I-Device
Core	O
Storage	O
core	O
memory	O
technology	O
from	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
7030	I-Device
(	O
Stretch	O
)	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hence	O
,	O
IBM	O
redeployed	O
its	O
709	O
engineering	O
group	O
to	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
a	O
transistorized	B-Device
successor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
project	O
became	O
called	O
the	O
709-T	O
(	O
for	O
transistorized	B-Device
)	O
,	O
which	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
sound	O
when	O
spoken	O
,	O
quickly	O
shifted	O
to	O
the	O
nomenclature	O
7090	O
(	O
i.e.	O
,	O
seven	O
-	O
oh	O
-	O
ninety	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
seven	O
index	B-General_Concept
registers	I-General_Concept
,	O
instead	O
of	O
three	O
on	O
the	O
earlier	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
7094	O
console	O
has	O
a	O
distinctive	O
box	O
on	O
top	O
that	O
displays	O
lights	O
for	O
the	O
four	O
new	O
index	B-General_Concept
registers	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
7094	O
introduced	O
double-precision	O
floating	B-Algorithm
point	I-Algorithm
and	O
additional	O
instructions	B-General_Concept
,	O
but	O
is	O
largely	O
backward	B-General_Concept
compatible	I-General_Concept
with	O
the	O
7090	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
7094	O
has	O
4	O
more	O
index	B-General_Concept
registers	I-General_Concept
than	O
the	O
709	O
and	O
7090	O
,	O
at	O
power-on	O
time	O
it	O
is	O
in	O
multiple	O
tag	O
mode	O
,	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
709	O
and	O
7090	O
,	O
and	O
requires	O
a	O
Leave	O
Multiple	O
Tag	O
Mode	O
instruction	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
enter	O
seven	O
index	B-General_Concept
register	I-General_Concept
mode	O
and	O
use	O
all	O
7	O
index	B-General_Concept
registers	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
multiple	O
tag	O
mode	O
,	O
when	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
bit	O
is	O
set	O
in	O
the	O
tag	O
field	O
,	O
the	O
contents	O
of	O
the	O
two	O
or	O
three	O
selected	O
index	B-General_Concept
registers	I-General_Concept
are	O
logically	O
ORed	O
,	O
not	O
added	O
,	O
together	O
,	O
before	O
the	O
decrement	O
takes	O
place	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
seven	O
index	B-General_Concept
register	I-General_Concept
mode	O
,	O
if	O
the	O
three-bit	O
tag	O
field	O
is	O
not	O
zero	O
,	O
it	O
selects	O
just	O
one	O
of	O
seven	O
index	B-General_Concept
registers	I-General_Concept
,	O
however	O
,	O
the	O
program	O
can	O
return	O
to	O
multiple	O
tag	O
mode	O
with	O
the	O
instruction	O
Enter	O
Multiple	O
Tag	O
Mode	O
,	O
restoring	O
7090	O
compatibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
1964	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
7094	O
II	O
was	O
installed	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
almost	O
twice	O
as	O
much	O
general	O
speed	O
as	O
the	O
7094	O
due	O
to	O
a	O
faster	O
clock	O
cycle	O
,	O
dual	O
memory	O
banks	O
and	O
improved	O
overlap	O
of	O
instruction	O
execution	O
,	O
an	O
early	O
instance	O
of	O
pipelined	B-General_Concept
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1963	O
,	O
IBM	O
introduced	O
two	O
new	O
,	O
lower	O
cost	O
machines	O
called	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
7040	I-Device
and	O
7044	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
have	O
a	O
36-bit	O
architecture	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
7090	O
,	O
but	O
with	O
some	O
instructions	B-General_Concept
omitted	O
or	O
optional	O
,	O
and	O
simplified	O
input/output	B-General_Concept
that	O
allows	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
more	O
modern	O
,	O
higher	O
performance	O
peripherals	O
from	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
1400	I-Device
series	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
7094/7044	O
Direct	O
Coupled	O
System	O
(	O
DCS	O
)	O
was	O
initially	O
developed	O
by	O
an	O
IBM	O
customer	O
,	O
the	O
Aerospace	O
Corporation	O
,	O
seeking	O
greater	O
cost	O
efficiency	O
and	O
scheduling	O
flexibility	O
than	O
IBM	O
's	O
IBSYS	B-Operating_System
tape	O
operating	O
system	O
provided	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DCS	O
used	O
a	O
less	O
expensive	O
IBM	B-Device
7044	I-Device
to	O
handle	O
input/output	B-General_Concept
(	O
I/O	B-General_Concept
)	O
with	O
the	O
7094	O
performing	O
mostly	O
computation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aerospace	O
developed	O
the	O
Direct	O
Couple	O
operating	O
system	O
,	O
an	O
extension	O
to	O
IBSYS	B-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
was	O
shared	O
with	O
other	O
IBM	O
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
7090	O
used	O
the	O
Standard	B-Device
Modular	I-Device
System	I-Device
(	O
SMS	O
)	O
cards	O
using	O
current-mode	B-General_Concept
logic	I-General_Concept
some	O
using	O
diffused	O
junction	O
drift	O
transistors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
basic	O
instruction	O
format	O
were	O
the	O
same	O
as	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
709	I-Device
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
tag	O
field	O
might	O
describe	O
an	O
index	B-General_Concept
register	I-General_Concept
to	O
be	O
operated	O
on	O
,	O
or	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
described	O
below	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Double-precision	O
floating-point	B-Algorithm
numbers	I-Algorithm
,	O
introduced	O
on	O
the	O
7094	O
,	O
had	O
a	O
magnitude	O
sign	O
,	O
an	O
eight-bit	O
excess-128	O
exponent	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
54-bit	O
magnitude	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
7090	O
series	O
features	O
a	O
data	O
channel	O
architecture	O
for	O
input	B-General_Concept
and	I-General_Concept
output	I-General_Concept
,	O
a	O
forerunner	O
of	O
modern	O
direct	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
access	I-General_Concept
I/O	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Up	O
to	O
eight	O
data	O
channels	O
can	O
be	O
attached	O
,	O
with	O
up	O
to	O
ten	O
IBM	B-Device
729	I-Device
tape	O
drives	O
attached	O
to	O
each	O
channel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Printing	O
and	O
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
I/O	B-General_Concept
,	O
however	O
,	O
employed	O
the	O
same	O
modified	O
unit	O
record	O
equipment	O
introduced	O
with	O
the	O
704	O
and	O
was	O
slow	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
became	O
common	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
less	O
expensive	O
IBM	B-Device
1401	I-Device
computer	O
to	O
read	O
cards	O
onto	O
magnetic	O
tape	O
for	O
transfer	O
to	O
the	O
7090/94	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Output	O
would	O
be	O
written	O
onto	O
tape	O
and	O
transferred	O
to	O
the	O
1401	O
for	O
printing	O
or	O
card	O
punching	O
using	O
its	O
much	O
faster	O
peripherals	O
,	O
notably	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
1403	I-Device
line	O
printer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
there	O
was	O
a	O
very	O
active	O
user	O
community	O
within	O
the	O
user	O
organization	O
,	O
SHARE	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBSYS	B-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
"	O
heavy	O
duty	O
"	O
production	O
operating	O
system	O
with	O
numerous	O
subsystem	O
and	O
language	O
support	O
options	O
,	O
among	O
them	O
FORTRAN	B-Application
,	O
COBOL	B-Application
,	O
SORT/MERGE	O
,	O
the	O
MAP	O
assembler	O
,	O
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FMS	O
,	O
the	O
Fortran	B-Application
Monitor	I-Application
System	I-Application
,	O
was	O
a	O
more	O
lightweight	O
but	O
still	O
very	O
effective	O
system	O
optimized	O
for	O
batch	O
FORTRAN	B-Application
and	O
assembler	O
programming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
assembler	O
provided	O
,	O
FAP	O
,	O
(	O
FORTRAN	B-Application
Assembly	O
Program	O
)	O
,	O
was	O
somewhat	O
less	O
complete	O
than	O
MAP	O
,	O
but	O
provided	O
excellent	O
capabilities	O
for	O
the	O
era	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FMS	O
also	O
incorporated	O
a	O
considerably	O
enhanced	O
derivative	O
of	O
the	O
FORTRAN	B-Application
compiler	O
originally	O
written	O
for	O
the	O
704	O
by	O
Backus	O
and	O
his	O
team	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Compatible	B-Operating_System
Time-Sharing	I-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
(	O
CTSS	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
general	O
purpose	O
time-sharing	B-General_Concept
operating	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
developed	O
at	O
MIT	O
's	O
Computation	O
Center	O
on	O
three	O
successive	O
computers	O
,	O
an	O
IBM	B-Device
709	I-Device
,	O
7090	O
and	O
7094	O
with	O
RPQs	O
for	O
additional	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
early	O
Apollo	O
Program	O
,	O
a	O
7094	O
was	O
kept	O
operational	O
to	O
run	O
flight	O
planning	O
software	O
that	O
had	O
not	O
yet	O
been	O
ported	O
to	O
mission	O
control	O
's	O
newer	O
System/360	B-Application
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Erhard	O
Glatzel	O
used	O
an	O
IBM	B-Device
7090	I-Device
to	O
assist	O
in	O
calculations	O
for	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
the	O
Carl	O
Zeiss	O
Planar	O
50mm	O
f/0.7	O
lens	O
commissioned	O
by	O
NASA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
IBM	B-Device
7090	I-Device
was	O
installed	O
at	O
LASL	O
,	O
Los	O
Alamos	O
Scientific	O
Laboratory	O
(	O
Now	O
Los	O
Alamos	O
National	O
Laboratory	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
13	O
,	O
1961	O
,	O
an	O
IBM	B-Device
7090	I-Device
was	O
installed	O
at	O
the	O
Woomera	O
Long	O
Range	O
Weapons	O
Establishment	O
in	O
Southern	O
Australia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1962	O
,	O
a	O
pair	O
of	O
7090s	O
in	O
Briarcliff	O
Manor	O
,	O
New	O
York	O
,	O
were	O
the	O
basis	O
for	O
the	O
original	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
SABRE	B-Application
airlines	O
reservation	O
system	O
introduced	O
by	O
American	O
Airlines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
composer	O
Iannis	O
Xenakis	O
wrote	O
his	O
piece	O
"	O
Atrées	O
"	O
using	O
an	O
IBM	B-Device
7090	I-Device
at	O
Place	O
Vendôme	O
,	O
Paris	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1962	O
,	O
Daniel	O
Shanks	O
and	O
John	O
Wrench	O
used	O
an	O
IBM	B-Device
7090	I-Device
to	O
compute	O
the	O
first	O
100,000	O
digits	O
of	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1963	O
,	O
three	O
7090	O
systems	O
were	O
imported	O
into	O
and	O
installed	O
in	O
Japan	O
,	O
one	O
each	O
at	O
Mitsubishi	O
Nuclear	O
Power	O
Co	O
.	O
(	O
whose	O
DP	O
division	O
later	O
merged	O
with	O
Mitsubishi	O
Research	O
Institute	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
)	O
,	O
IBM	O
Japan	O
's	O
data	B-Operating_System
center	I-Operating_System
in	O
Tokyo	O
,	O
and	O
Toshiba	O
in	O
Kawasaki	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1964	O
,	O
an	O
early	O
version	O
of	O
TRACE	B-Application
,	O
a	O
high-precision	O
orbit	O
determination	O
and	O
orbit	O
propagation	O
program	O
,	O
was	O
used	O
on	O
an	O
IBM	B-Device
7090	I-Device
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mathews	O
 '	O
algorithm	O
using	O
an	O
IBM	B-Device
7090	I-Device
to	O
synthesize	O
Shepard	B-Application
tones	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
US	O
Air	O
Force	O
retired	O
its	O
last	O
7090s	O
in	O
service	O
from	O
the	O
Ballistic	B-Architecture
Missile	I-Architecture
Early	I-Architecture
Warning	I-Architecture
System	I-Architecture
(	O
"	O
BMEWS	B-Architecture
"	O
)	O
in	O
the	O
1980s	O
after	O
almost	O
30	O
years	O
of	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Not	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
applications	O
had	O
been	O
to	O
its	O
a	O
dual-processor	O
CDC	B-Device
Cyber	I-Device
175	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
IBM	B-Device
7090	I-Device
is	O
featured	O
in	O
the	O
2016	O
American	O
biographical	O
film	O
Hidden	O
Figures	O
.	O
</s>
