<s>
The	O
IBM	B-Device
701	I-Device
Electronic	O
Data	O
Processing	O
Machine	O
,	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
Defense	B-Device
Calculator	I-Device
while	O
in	O
development	O
,	O
was	O
IBM	O
’s	O
first	O
commercial	O
scientific	O
computer	O
and	O
its	O
first	O
series	O
production	O
mainframe	O
computer	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
announced	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
on	O
May	O
21	O
,	O
1952	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
invented	O
and	O
developed	O
by	O
Jerrier	O
Haddad	O
and	O
Nathaniel	O
Rochester	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
IAS	B-Device
machine	I-Device
at	O
Princeton	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IBM	B-Device
701	I-Device
was	O
the	O
first	O
computer	O
in	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
700/7000	I-Device
series	I-Device
,	O
which	O
were	O
IBM	O
’s	O
high-end	O
computers	O
until	O
the	O
arrival	O
of	O
the	O
IBM	B-Application
System/360	I-Application
in	O
1964	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
business-oriented	O
sibling	O
of	O
the	O
701	O
was	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
702	I-Device
and	O
a	O
lower-cost	O
general-purpose	O
sibling	O
was	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
650	I-Device
,	O
which	O
gained	O
fame	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
mass-produced	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	B-Device
701	I-Device
competed	O
with	O
Remington	O
Rand	O
's	O
UNIVAC	B-Device
1103	I-Device
in	O
the	O
scientific	O
computation	O
market	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
been	O
developed	O
for	O
the	O
NSA	O
,	O
so	O
it	O
was	O
held	O
secret	O
until	O
permission	O
to	O
market	O
it	O
was	O
obtained	O
in	O
1951	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nineteen	O
IBM	B-Device
701	I-Device
systems	O
were	O
installed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
Lawrence	O
Livermore	O
National	O
Laboratory	O
,	O
having	O
an	O
IBM	B-Device
701	I-Device
meant	O
that	O
scientists	O
could	O
run	O
nuclear	O
explosives	O
computations	O
faster	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Watson	O
Jr.	O
was	O
describing	O
the	O
market	O
acceptance	O
of	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
701	I-Device
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
successor	O
of	O
the	O
701	O
was	O
the	O
index	O
register-equipped	O
IBM	B-Device
704	I-Device
,	O
introduced	O
4	O
years	O
after	O
the	O
701	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
704	O
was	O
not	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
701	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
704	O
increased	O
the	O
size	O
of	O
instructions	B-General_Concept
from	O
18	O
bits	O
to	O
36	O
bits	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
extra	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
704	O
also	O
marked	O
the	O
transition	O
to	O
magnetic	O
core	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
7	O
,	O
1954	O
,	O
the	O
team	O
developed	O
an	O
experimental	O
software	O
program	O
that	O
allowed	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
701	I-Device
computer	O
to	O
translate	O
from	O
Russian	O
to	O
English	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1954	O
,	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
scientists	O
ran	O
millions	O
of	O
simulated	O
hands	O
of	O
blackjack	O
on	O
an	O
IBM	B-Device
701	I-Device
looking	O
to	O
determine	O
the	O
best	O
playing	O
decision	O
for	O
every	O
combination	O
of	O
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IBM	B-Device
701	I-Device
has	O
a	O
claim	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
first	O
computer	O
displaying	O
the	O
potential	O
of	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
in	O
Arthur	O
Samuel	O
's	O
checkers-playing	O
program	O
on	O
February	O
24	O
,	O
1956	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
program	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
developed	O
for	O
play	O
on	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
701	I-Device
,	O
was	O
demonstrated	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
on	O
television	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
still	O
considered	O
a	O
milestone	O
for	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
and	O
it	O
offered	O
the	O
public	O
during	O
the	O
early	O
1960s	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
the	O
capabilities	O
of	O
an	O
electronic	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
University	O
of	O
California	O
Radiation	O
Laboratory	O
at	O
Livermore	O
developed	O
a	O
language	O
compilation	O
and	O
runtime	O
system	O
called	O
the	O
KOMPILER	B-Language
for	O
their	O
IBM	B-Device
701	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Speedcode	B-Language
was	O
the	O
first	O
high-level	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
created	O
for	O
an	O
IBM	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
language	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
John	O
Backus	O
in	O
1953	O
for	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
701	I-Device
to	O
support	O
computation	O
with	O
floating-point	B-Algorithm
numbers	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Fortran	B-Application
compiler	O
also	O
developed	O
by	O
Backus	O
was	O
not	O
released	O
by	O
IBM	O
until	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
704	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IBM	B-Device
701	I-Device
system	O
was	O
composed	O
of	O
the	O
following	O
units	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	B-Device
711	I-Device
-	O
Punched	B-Architecture
Card	I-Architecture
Reader	O
(	O
150	O
Cards/min	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	B-Device
716	I-Device
-	O
Printer	O
(	O
150	O
Lines/min	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
721	O
-	O
Punched	B-Architecture
Card	I-Architecture
Recorder	O
(	O
100	O
Cards/min	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
used	O
vacuum	O
tube	O
logic	O
circuitry	O
and	O
electrostatic	O
storage	O
,	O
consisting	O
of	O
72	O
Williams	B-General_Concept
tubes	I-General_Concept
with	O
a	O
capacity	O
of	O
1024	O
bits	O
each	O
,	O
giving	O
a	O
total	O
memory	O
of	O
2048	O
words	O
of	O
36	O
bits	O
each	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
of	O
the	O
72	O
Williams	B-General_Concept
tubes	I-General_Concept
was	O
3	O
inches	O
in	O
diameter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Memory	O
could	O
be	O
expanded	O
to	O
a	O
maximum	O
of	O
4096	O
words	O
of	O
36	O
bits	O
by	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
a	O
second	O
set	O
of	O
72	O
Williams	B-General_Concept
tubes	I-General_Concept
or	O
(	O
later	O
)	O
by	O
replacing	O
the	O
entire	O
memory	O
with	O
magnetic-core	O
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Williams	B-General_Concept
tube	I-General_Concept
memory	O
and	O
later	O
core	B-General_Concept
memory	I-General_Concept
each	O
had	O
a	O
memory	O
cycle	O
time	O
of	O
12	O
microseconds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Williams	B-General_Concept
tube	I-General_Concept
memory	O
required	O
periodic	O
refreshing	O
,	O
mandating	O
the	O
insertion	O
of	O
refresh	B-General_Concept
cycles	I-General_Concept
into	O
the	O
701	O
's	O
timing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
addition	O
operation	O
required	O
five	O
12-microsecond	O
cycles	O
,	O
two	O
of	O
which	O
were	O
refresh	B-General_Concept
cycles	I-General_Concept
,	O
while	O
a	O
multiplication	O
or	O
division	O
operation	O
required	O
38	O
cycles	O
(	O
456	O
microseconds	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instructions	B-General_Concept
were	O
18	O
bits	O
long	O
,	O
single	O
address	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Numbers	O
were	O
either	O
36	O
bits	O
or	O
18	O
bits	O
long	O
,	O
signed	B-Algorithm
magnitude	I-Algorithm
,	O
fixed	O
point	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IBM	B-Device
701	I-Device
had	O
only	O
two	O
programmer	O
accessible	O
registers	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
accumulator	B-General_Concept
was	O
38	O
bits	O
long	O
(	O
adding	O
two	O
overflow	O
bits	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cuthbert	O
Hurd	O
(	O
editor	O
)	O
,	O
Special	O
Issue	O
:	O
The	O
IBM	B-Device
701	I-Device
Thirtieth	O
Anniversary	O
-	O
IBM	O
Enters	O
the	O
Computing	O
Field	O
,	O
Annals	O
of	O
the	O
History	O
of	O
Computing''	O
,	O
Vol	O
.	O
</s>
