<s>
Other	O
devices	O
included	O
here	O
for	O
that	O
same	O
function	O
include	O
the	O
gang	O
punch	B-Device
,	O
the	O
pantograph	O
punch	B-Device
,	O
and	O
the	O
stamp	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
was	O
also	O
used	O
for	O
similar	O
machines	O
used	O
by	O
humans	O
to	O
transcribe	O
data	B-General_Concept
onto	O
punched	O
tape	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
Jacquard	O
looms	O
,	O
the	O
resulting	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
were	O
joined	O
together	O
to	O
form	O
a	O
paper	O
tape	O
,	O
called	O
a	O
"	O
chain	O
"	O
,	O
containing	O
a	O
program	B-General_Concept
that	O
,	O
when	O
read	O
by	O
a	O
loom	O
,	O
directed	O
its	O
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
Hollerith	O
machines	O
and	O
other	O
unit	O
record	O
machines	O
the	O
resulting	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
contained	O
data	B-General_Concept
to	O
be	O
processed	O
by	O
those	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
computers	O
equipped	O
with	O
a	O
punched	B-Device
card	I-Device
input/output	I-Device
device	O
the	O
resulting	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
were	O
either	O
data	B-General_Concept
or	O
programs	O
directing	O
the	O
computer	O
's	O
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
often	O
resembled	O
small	O
desks	O
with	O
keyboards	B-Device
similar	O
to	O
those	O
on	O
typewriters	O
and	O
were	O
equipped	O
with	O
hoppers	O
for	O
blank	O
cards	O
and	O
stackers	O
for	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
small	O
pieces	O
punched	O
out	O
by	O
a	O
keypunch	O
fell	O
into	O
a	O
chad	B-Device
box	I-Device
,	O
or	O
(	O
at	O
IBM	O
)	O
chip	B-Device
box	I-Device
,	O
or	O
bit	B-Device
bucket	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
many	O
data	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
applications	O
,	O
the	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
were	O
verified	O
by	O
keying	O
exactly	O
the	O
same	O
data	B-General_Concept
a	O
second	O
time	O
,	O
checking	O
to	O
see	O
if	O
the	O
second	O
keying	O
and	O
the	O
punched	O
data	B-General_Concept
were	O
the	O
same	O
(	O
known	O
as	O
two	B-Device
pass	I-Device
verification	I-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
was	O
a	O
great	O
demand	O
for	O
keypunch	O
operators	O
,	O
usually	O
women	O
,	O
who	O
worked	O
full-time	O
on	O
keypunch	O
and	O
verifier	O
machines	O
,	O
often	O
in	O
large	O
keypunch	O
departments	O
with	O
dozens	O
or	O
hundreds	O
of	O
other	O
operators	O
,	O
all	O
performing	O
data	B-General_Concept
input	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1950s	O
,	O
Remington	O
Rand	O
introduced	O
the	O
UNITYPER	B-Device
,	O
which	O
enabled	O
data	B-General_Concept
entry	I-General_Concept
directly	O
to	O
magnetic	O
tape	O
for	O
UNIVAC	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mohawk	O
Data	B-General_Concept
Sciences	O
subsequently	O
produced	O
an	O
improved	O
magnetic	O
tape	O
encoder	O
in	O
1965	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
somewhat	O
successfully	O
marketed	O
as	O
a	O
keypunch	O
replacement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
rise	O
of	O
microprocessors	O
and	O
inexpensive	O
computer	B-General_Concept
terminals	I-General_Concept
led	O
to	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
additional	O
key-to-tape	O
and	O
key-to-disk	O
systems	O
from	O
smaller	O
companies	O
such	O
as	O
Inforex	B-Device
and	O
Pertec	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Keypunches	O
and	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
were	O
still	O
commonly	O
used	O
for	O
both	O
data	B-General_Concept
and	O
program	B-General_Concept
entry	O
through	O
the	O
1970s	O
but	O
were	O
rapidly	O
made	O
obsolete	O
by	O
changes	O
in	O
the	O
entry	O
paradigm	O
and	O
by	O
the	O
availability	O
of	O
inexpensive	O
CRT	O
computer	B-General_Concept
terminals	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eliminating	O
the	O
step	O
of	O
transferring	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
to	O
tape	O
or	O
disk	O
(	O
with	O
the	O
added	O
benefit	O
of	O
saving	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
the	O
cards	O
themselves	O
)	O
allowed	O
for	O
improved	O
checking	O
and	O
correction	O
during	O
the	O
entry	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
video	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
terminals	I-General_Concept
,	O
interactive	O
timeshared	O
systems	O
and	O
,	O
later	O
,	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
allowed	O
those	O
who	O
originated	O
the	O
data	B-General_Concept
or	O
program	B-General_Concept
to	O
enter	O
it	O
directly	O
instead	O
of	O
writing	O
it	O
on	O
forms	O
to	O
be	O
entered	O
by	O
keypunch	O
operators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
improvement	O
was	O
to	O
place	O
the	O
card	O
between	O
two	O
perforated	O
metal	O
plates	O
(	O
hinged	O
together	O
)	O
,	O
insert	O
punches	B-Device
according	O
to	O
the	O
desired	O
pattern	O
,	O
then	O
pass	O
the	O
assembly	O
through	O
a	O
press	O
to	O
cut	O
the	O
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
essentially	O
manual	O
processes	O
were	O
replaced	O
by	O
machines	O
;	O
piano	O
machines	O
(	O
the	O
name	O
taken	O
from	O
the	O
keys	O
)	O
,	O
operated	O
by	O
keyboards	B-Device
and	O
comparable	O
in	O
function	O
to	O
unit	O
record	O
keypunches	O
,	O
becoming	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Herman	O
Hollerith	O
's	O
first	O
device	O
for	O
punching	O
cards	O
from	O
the	O
1890s	O
was	O
any	O
...	O
ordinary	O
ticket	O
punch	B-Device
,	O
cutting	O
a	O
round	O
hole	O
3/16	O
of	O
an	O
inch	O
in	O
diameter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Use	O
of	O
such	O
a	O
punch	B-Device
was	O
facilitated	O
by	O
placing	O
the	O
holes	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
near	O
the	O
edges	O
of	O
the	O
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hollerith	O
soon	O
developed	O
a	O
more	O
accurate	O
and	O
simpler	O
to	O
use	O
Keyboard	B-Device
Punch	B-Device
,	O
using	O
a	O
pantograph	O
to	O
link	O
a	O
punch	B-Device
mechanism	O
to	O
a	O
guide	O
pointer	O
that	O
an	O
operator	O
would	O
place	O
over	O
the	O
appropriate	O
mark	O
in	O
a	O
12	O
by	O
20	O
matrix	O
to	O
line	O
up	O
a	O
manual	O
punch	B-Device
over	O
the	O
correct	O
hole	O
in	O
one	O
of	O
20	O
columns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1901	O
Hollerith	O
patented	O
a	O
mechanism	O
where	O
an	O
operator	O
pressed	O
one	O
of	O
12	O
keys	O
to	O
punch	B-Device
a	O
hole	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
card	O
automatically	O
advancing	O
to	O
the	O
next	O
column	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1923	O
The	O
Tabulating	O
Machine	O
Company	O
introduced	O
the	O
first	O
electric	O
keypunch	O
,	O
the	O
Type	O
011	O
Electric	O
Keypunch	O
,	O
a	O
similar	O
looking	O
device	O
where	O
each	O
key	O
closed	O
an	O
electrical	O
contact	O
that	O
activated	O
a	O
solenoid	B-Algorithm
which	O
punched	O
the	O
hole	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
80	B-Architecture
column	I-Architecture
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
format	O
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
1928	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
Hollerith	O
keypunches	O
included	O
the	O
Type	O
016	O
Motor-Driven	O
Electric	O
Duplicating	O
Keypunch	O
(	O
1929	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
Type	O
31	O
Alphabetical	O
Duplicating	O
Punch	B-Device
(	O
1933	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Type	O
32	O
Alphabetical	O
Printing	O
Punch	B-Device
(	O
1933	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Alphabetical	O
duplicating	O
keypunches	O
recorded	O
alphabetic	O
information	O
in	O
tabulating	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
so	O
that	O
complete	O
words	O
and	O
names	O
,	O
together	O
with	O
numerical	O
data	B-General_Concept
,	O
could	O
be	O
later	O
printed	O
by	O
an	O
alphabetical	O
accounting	O
machine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Type	O
31	O
Alphabetical	O
Duplicating	O
Punch	B-Device
was	O
introduced	O
by	O
IBM	O
in	O
1933	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
automatically	O
ejected	O
one	O
card	O
and	O
fed	O
another	O
in	O
0.65	O
second	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
machines	O
were	O
equipped	O
with	O
separate	O
alphabetical	O
and	O
numerical	O
keyboards	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
alphabetical	O
keyboard	B-Device
was	O
similar	O
to	O
a	O
conventional	O
manual	O
typewriter	O
except	O
that	O
the	O
shift	O
,	O
tab	O
,	O
backspace	B-Device
and	O
character	O
keys	O
were	O
eliminated	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
skip	O
,	O
release	O
,	O
stacker	O
and	O
'	O
1	O
 '	O
key	O
were	O
provided.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
IBM	O
keypunch	O
and	O
verifiers	O
used	O
a	O
common	O
electrical/mechanical	O
design	O
in	O
their	O
keyboards	B-Device
to	O
encode	O
the	O
mechanical	O
keystrokes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
key	O
was	O
depressed	O
,	O
a	O
link	O
on	O
the	O
keystem	O
tripped	O
a	O
corresponding	O
set	O
of	O
bails	O
at	O
the	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
keyboard	B-Device
assembly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
machine	O
had	O
a	O
tendency	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
"	O
feel	O
"	O
of	O
its	O
own	O
based	O
on	O
several	O
variables	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
wear	O
,	O
dirt	O
,	O
and	O
clearance	O
of	O
the	O
bail	O
contacts	O
within	O
the	O
keyboard	B-Device
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
factors	O
in	O
the	O
base	O
machine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
keyboards	B-Device
,	O
however	O
,	O
had	O
no	O
provision	O
for	O
adjusting	O
the	O
"	O
feel	O
"	O
other	O
than	O
the	O
correct	O
adjustment	O
of	O
the	O
contacts	O
on	O
the	O
restore	O
bail	O
contacts	O
and	O
the	O
encoding	O
bail	O
contacts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
keypunches	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
024	O
,	O
026	O
,	O
and	O
029	O
provided	O
for	O
the	O
mounting	O
of	O
a	O
program	B-General_Concept
card	O
that	O
controlled	O
various	O
functions	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
tabbing	O
and	O
automatic	O
duplication	O
of	O
fields	O
from	O
the	O
previous	O
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IBM	O
024	O
Card	B-Device
Punch	I-Device
and	O
IBM	B-Device
026	I-Device
Printing	O
Card	B-Device
Punch	I-Device
were	O
announced	O
in	O
1949	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
heart	O
of	O
the	O
024	O
and	O
026	O
keypunches	O
was	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
twelve	O
precision	O
punches	B-Device
,	O
one	O
per	O
card	O
row	O
,	O
each	O
with	O
an	O
actuator	O
of	O
relatively	O
high	O
power	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Punch	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
were	O
stepped	O
across	O
the	O
punch	B-Device
one	O
column	O
at	O
a	O
time	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
appropriate	O
punches	B-Device
were	O
activated	O
to	O
create	O
the	O
holes	O
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
a	O
distinctive	O
"	O
chunk	O
,	O
chunk	O
"	O
sound	O
as	O
columns	O
were	O
punched	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1964	O
there	O
were	O
ten	O
versions	O
with	O
slightly	O
different	O
character	B-General_Concept
sets	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
scientific	O
versions	O
printed	O
parentheses	O
,	O
equal	O
sign	O
and	O
plus	O
sign	O
in	O
place	O
of	O
four	O
less	O
frequently	O
used	O
characters	O
in	O
the	O
commercial	O
character	B-General_Concept
sets	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
tube	O
circuits	O
used	O
150VDC	O
,	O
but	O
this	O
voltage	O
was	O
only	O
used	O
to	O
operate	O
the	O
punch-clutch	O
magnet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Characters	O
were	O
printed	O
using	O
a	O
5	O
×	O
7	O
dot	B-General_Concept
matrix	I-General_Concept
array	O
of	O
wires	O
;	O
the	O
device	O
from	O
which	O
it	O
derived	O
the	O
shape	O
of	O
the	O
character	O
was	O
a	O
metal	O
plate	O
,	O
called	O
the	O
"	O
code	O
plate	O
,	O
"	O
with	O
space	O
for	O
1960	O
pins	O
(	O
35	O
pins	O
times	O
56	O
printable	O
characters	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
correctly	O
positioning	O
the	O
plate	O
and	O
pressing	O
it	O
against	O
one	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
array	O
of	O
printing	O
wires	O
,	O
only	O
the	O
correct	O
wires	O
were	O
pressed	O
against	O
the	O
ribbon	O
and	O
then	O
the	O
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
printing	O
mechanism	O
was	O
prone	O
to	O
be	O
damaged	O
if	O
a	O
user	O
attempted	O
to	O
duplicate	O
"	O
binary	O
"	O
cards	O
with	O
non-standard	O
punch	B-Device
patterns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Turning	O
off	O
printing	O
did	O
not	O
actually	O
prevent	O
the	O
damage	O
,	O
as	O
many	O
people	O
assumed	O
,	O
because	O
the	O
code-plate	O
mechanism	O
remained	O
engaged	O
with	O
the	O
punch	B-Device
unit	O
and	O
shifted	O
the	O
code	O
plate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Raymond	O
Loewy	O
,	O
industrial	O
designer	O
of	O
"	O
streamlined	O
"	O
motifs	O
who	O
also	O
designed	O
railway	O
passenger	O
cars	O
of	O
the	O
1930s	O
and	O
1940s	O
,	O
did	O
the	O
award-winning	O
external	O
design	O
of	O
the	O
026/024	O
Card	B-Device
Punches	I-Device
for	O
IBM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IBM	O
056	O
was	O
the	O
verifier	O
companion	O
to	O
the	O
024	O
Card	B-Device
Punch	I-Device
and	O
026	O
Printing	O
Card	B-Device
Punch	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
verifier	O
operator	O
entered	O
exactly	O
the	O
same	O
data	B-General_Concept
as	O
the	O
keypunch	O
operator	O
and	O
the	O
verifier	O
machine	O
then	O
checked	B-Device
to	O
see	O
if	O
the	O
punched	O
data	B-General_Concept
matched	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IBM	O
056	O
verifier	O
used	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
mechanical	O
and	O
electrical	O
components	O
as	O
the	O
024/026	O
keypunches	O
with	O
the	O
exception	O
of	O
the	O
punch	B-Device
unit	O
and	O
print	O
head	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
punch	B-Device
unit	O
had	O
sensing	O
pins	O
in	O
place	O
of	O
the	O
punches	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
had	O
a	O
solenoid	B-Algorithm
which	O
drove	O
the	O
notching	O
mechanism	O
,	O
and	O
another	O
that	O
selected	O
the	O
top	O
notch	O
punch	B-Device
or	O
end	O
of	O
card	B-Device
punch	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
an	O
operator	O
keying	O
data	B-General_Concept
to	O
be	O
verified	O
encountered	O
an	O
error	O
,	O
the	O
operator	O
was	O
given	O
a	O
second	O
and	O
third	O
try	O
to	O
re-enter	O
the	O
data	B-General_Concept
that	O
was	O
supposed	O
to	O
be	O
in	O
the	O
field	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
third	O
try	O
was	O
incorrect	O
an	O
error	O
notch	O
was	O
put	O
on	O
the	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
card	O
over	O
the	O
column	O
with	O
the	O
error	O
and	O
the	O
"	O
OK	O
"	O
punch	B-Device
at	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
card	O
was	O
not	O
enabled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
data	B-General_Concept
on	O
the	O
card	O
could	O
actually	O
be	O
correct	O
,	O
since	O
the	O
verifier	O
operator	O
was	O
just	O
as	O
likely	O
to	O
make	O
an	O
error	O
as	O
the	O
keypunch	O
operator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cards	O
with	O
error	O
notches	O
were	O
re-punched	O
(	O
using	O
an	O
024	O
or	O
026	O
)	O
usually	O
by	O
"	O
duplicating	O
"	O
up	O
to	O
the	O
column	O
in	O
error	O
,	O
then	O
entering	O
the	O
correct	O
data	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
duplicating	O
function	O
was	O
accomplished	O
by	O
feeding	O
the	O
card	O
through	O
the	O
punch	B-Device
station	O
without	O
punching	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
next	O
station	O
sensing	O
pins	O
read	O
the	O
holes	O
present	O
in	O
the	O
original	O
card	O
and	O
transferred	O
the	O
data	B-General_Concept
to	O
the	O
punching	O
station	O
and	O
onto	O
a	O
blank	O
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
corrected	O
card	O
was	O
then	O
verified	O
to	O
check	O
the	O
data	B-General_Concept
again	O
and	O
be	O
"	O
OK	O
notched	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
combination	O
of	O
card	B-Device
punch	I-Device
and	O
typewriter	O
,	O
permitting	O
selected	O
text	O
to	O
be	O
typed	O
and	O
punched	O
,	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
Powers	O
company	O
in	O
1925	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IBM	O
824	O
Typewriter	O
Card	B-Device
Punch	I-Device
was	O
an	O
IBM	O
024	O
where	O
the	O
024	O
keyboard	B-Device
was	O
replaced	O
by	O
an	O
IBM	O
electric	O
typewriter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
the	O
IBM	O
826	O
used	O
an	O
IBM	B-Device
026	I-Device
Keypunch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Introduced	O
with	O
System/360	B-Application
in	O
1964	O
,	O
the	O
029	O
had	O
new	O
character	B-General_Concept
codes	I-General_Concept
for	O
parentheses	O
,	O
equal	O
and	O
plus	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
other	O
new	O
symbols	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
EBCDIC	B-Language
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IBM	O
029	O
was	O
mechanically	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
IBM	B-Device
026	I-Device
and	O
printed	O
the	O
punched	O
character	O
on	O
the	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
card	O
using	O
the	O
same	O
kind	O
of	O
mechanism	O
as	O
the	O
026	O
,	O
although	O
it	O
used	O
a	O
larger	O
code	O
plate	O
with	O
2240	O
printing-pin	O
sites	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
larger	O
set	O
of	O
characters	O
in	O
EBCDIC	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
029	O
's	O
logic	O
consisted	O
of	O
wire	O
contact	O
relays	O
on	O
later	O
models	O
and	O
reed	O
relays	O
and	O
diodes	O
on	O
SMS	B-Device
cards	I-Device
for	O
early	O
ones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
delivered	O
by	O
an	O
additional	O
set	O
of	O
four	O
SMS	B-Device
cards	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
field	O
was	O
programmed	O
for	O
leading	O
zeros	O
using	O
the	O
program	B-General_Concept
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IBM	O
5924	O
Key	O
Punch	B-Device
was	O
the	O
029	O
model	O
T01	O
attached	O
with	O
a	O
special	O
keyboard	B-Device
in	O
IBM	O
's	O
1971	O
announcement	O
of	O
the	O
IBM	O
Kanji	O
System	O
,	O
the	O
keypunch	O
operator	O
's	O
left	O
hand	O
selecting	O
one	O
of	O
15	O
shift	O
keys	O
and	O
the	O
right	O
hand	O
selecting	O
one	O
of	O
240	O
Kanji	O
characters	O
for	O
that	O
shift	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
introduced	O
the	O
computer	O
processing	O
of	O
Chinese	O
,	O
Japanese	O
and	O
Korean	O
languages	O
that	O
typically	O
used	O
large	O
character	B-General_Concept
sets	I-General_Concept
over	O
10,000	O
characters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IBM	B-Device
059	I-Device
was	O
the	O
Verifier	O
companion	O
to	O
the	O
IBM	O
029	O
Card	B-Device
Punch	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
were	O
known	O
to	O
compensate	O
by	O
hitting	O
the	O
keys	O
harder	O
,	O
sometimes	O
actually	O
wearing	O
out	O
keyboard	B-Device
parts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Introduced	O
with	O
the	O
System/370	B-Device
in	O
1971	O
,	O
the	O
IBM	O
129	O
was	O
capable	O
of	O
punching	O
,	O
verifying	O
,	O
and	O
use	O
as	O
an	O
auxiliary	O
,	O
on	O
line	O
,	O
80	B-Architecture
column	I-Architecture
card	O
reader/punch	O
for	O
some	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
switch	O
on	O
the	O
keyboard	B-Device
console	O
provided	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
toggle	O
between	O
the	O
punch	B-Device
and	O
verify	O
modes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
transistorized	O
IBM	O
129	O
Card	O
Data	B-General_Concept
Recorder	O
's	O
primary	O
advantage	O
over	O
other	O
IBM	O
keypunches	O
was	O
that	O
it	O
featured	O
an	O
electronic	O
80-column	O
buffer	O
to	O
hold	O
the	O
card	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
using	O
earlier	O
IBM	O
keypunches	O
,	O
a	O
keystroke	O
error	O
required	O
the	O
card	O
to	O
be	O
ejected	O
by	O
pressing	O
the	O
Release	O
and	O
Register	O
keys	O
,	O
the	O
error	O
corrected	O
by	O
pressing	O
the	O
Duplicate	O
key	O
until	O
the	O
error	O
column	O
was	O
reached	O
,	O
typing	O
the	O
correct	O
data	B-General_Concept
for	O
the	O
rest	O
of	O
that	O
card	O
,	O
then	O
pressing	O
the	O
Release	O
key	O
and	O
manually	O
removing	O
the	O
bad	O
card	O
from	O
the	O
output	O
card	O
stacker	O
before	O
it	O
was	O
placed	O
in	O
the	O
deck	O
(	O
this	O
required	O
some	O
practice	O
,	O
but	O
quickly	O
became	O
an	O
automatic	O
action	O
that	O
you	O
no	O
longer	O
had	O
to	O
think	O
about	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
129	O
,	O
a	O
keystroke	O
error	O
could	O
be	O
erased	O
by	O
pressing	O
the	O
Backspace	B-Device
key	I-Device
and	O
re-keyed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Logic	O
was	O
in	O
SLT	B-Algorithm
modules	O
on	O
a	O
swing	O
out	O
,	O
wire-wrapped	O
backplane	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
earlier	O
keypunch	O
machines	O
,	O
the	O
program	B-General_Concept
cards	O
were	O
read	O
into	O
memory	O
via	O
the	O
regular	O
card-feed	O
path	O
,	O
and	O
were	O
not	O
wrapped	O
around	O
a	O
"	O
program	B-General_Concept
drum	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thanks	O
to	O
its	O
use	O
of	O
electronic	O
memory	O
,	O
the	O
129	O
did	O
not	O
have	O
a	O
separate	O
"	O
read	O
station	O
"	O
with	O
a	O
pin-sense	O
unit	O
to	O
enable	O
duplication	O
of	O
data	B-General_Concept
from	O
one	O
card	O
to	O
the	O
next	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cards	O
could	O
also	O
be	O
"	O
read-in	O
"	O
through	O
an	O
optical	O
read	O
unit	O
integrated	O
into	O
the	O
punch	B-Device
station	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
024	O
,	O
026	O
,	O
and	O
029	O
keypunches	O
and	O
their	O
companion	O
verifiers	O
,	O
the	O
056	O
and	O
059	O
,	O
could	O
be	O
programmed	O
to	O
a	O
limited	O
extent	O
using	O
a	O
Program	B-General_Concept
Card	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
a	O
drum	O
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Program	B-General_Concept
cards	O
were	O
an	O
improvement	O
over	O
the	O
Skip	O
Bar	O
used	O
in	O
some	O
earlier	O
keypunches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
program	B-General_Concept
was	O
encoded	O
on	O
a	O
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
and	O
could	O
be	O
prepared	O
on	O
any	O
keypunch	O
(	O
a	O
keypunch	O
would	O
operate	O
even	O
if	O
no	O
program	B-General_Concept
card	O
was	O
in	O
place	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
program	B-General_Concept
card	O
was	O
wrapped	O
around	O
the	O
program	B-General_Concept
drum	O
,	O
and	O
clamped	O
in	O
place	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
holes	O
in	O
the	O
program	B-General_Concept
card	O
were	O
sensed	O
by	O
an	O
array	O
of	O
starwheels	O
that	O
would	O
cause	O
levers	O
to	O
rise	O
and	O
fall	O
as	O
the	O
holes	O
in	O
the	O
program	B-General_Concept
card	O
passed	O
beneath	O
the	O
starwheels	O
,	O
activating	O
electrical	O
contacts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
program	B-General_Concept
was	O
encoded	O
in	O
the	O
top	O
six	O
rows	O
 [ 12 , 11 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 ] 	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
optional	O
Second	O
Program	B-General_Concept
feature	O
was	O
installed	O
,	O
another	O
program	B-General_Concept
could	O
be	O
encoded	O
in	O
the	O
bottom	O
six	O
rows	O
 [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ] 	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
switch	O
let	O
the	O
operator	O
select	O
which	O
program	B-General_Concept
to	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
central	O
cover	O
on	O
the	O
keypunch	O
could	O
be	O
tilted	O
open	O
toward	O
the	O
operator	O
and	O
a	O
locking	O
lever	O
released	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
program	B-General_Concept
drum	O
to	O
be	O
removed	O
and	O
replaced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
program	B-General_Concept
card	O
was	O
punched	O
with	O
characters	O
that	O
controlled	O
its	O
function	O
as	O
follows	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
programming	O
languages	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
FORTRAN	B-Application
,	O
RPG	B-Language
,	O
and	O
the	O
IBM	O
Assembler	B-Language
,	O
coded	O
operations	O
in	O
specific	O
card	O
columns	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
1	O
,	O
10	O
,	O
16	O
,	O
36	O
,	O
and	O
72	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
program	B-General_Concept
card	O
for	O
such	O
a	O
setup	O
might	O
be	O
coded	O
as	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
a	O
program	B-General_Concept
code	O
of	O
blank	O
is	O
followed	O
by	O
"	O
Field	O
Definition	O
"	O
(	O
12	O
)	O
(	O
or	O
(	O
4	O
)	O
for	O
program	B-General_Concept
2	O
)	O
,	O
it	O
defines	O
a	O
"	O
Numeric	O
Shift	O
"	O
field	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
example	O
above	O
,	O
columns	O
72-80	O
are	O
defined	O
in	O
the	O
program	B-General_Concept
as	O
a	O
Numeric	O
Shift	O
field	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
program	B-General_Concept
2	O
codes	O
were	O
punched	O
,	O
invalid	O
characters	O
could	O
be	O
generated	O
that	O
the	O
printer	O
did	O
not	O
know	O
how	O
to	O
print	O
,	O
some	O
of	O
which	O
could	O
even	O
damage	O
the	O
printer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Program	B-General_Concept
cards	O
could	O
automate	O
certain	O
tasks	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
"	O
gang	O
punching	O
"	O
,	O
the	O
insertion	O
of	O
a	O
constant	O
field	O
into	O
each	O
card	O
of	O
a	O
deck	O
of	O
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
amusement	O
,	O
program	B-General_Concept
cards	O
could	O
even	O
be	O
set	O
up	O
to	O
play	O
music	O
by	O
gang-punching	O
"	O
noisy	O
"	O
characters	O
(	O
characters	O
represented	O
by	O
many	O
holes	O
,	O
usually	O
special	O
characters	O
)	O
and	O
"	O
quiet	O
"	O
numbers	O
and	O
letters	O
in	O
rhythmic	O
patterns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1969	O
,	O
IBM	O
introduced	O
the	O
System/3	B-Device
family	O
of	O
low-end	O
business	O
computers	O
which	O
featured	O
a	O
new	O
,	O
smaller-sized	O
,	O
96	O
column	O
punched	B-Architecture
card	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IBM	O
5496	O
Data	B-General_Concept
Recorder	O
,	O
a	O
keypunch	O
with	O
print	O
and	O
verify	O
functions	O
,	O
and	O
IBM	O
5486	O
Card	O
Sorter	O
were	O
made	O
for	O
these	O
96-column	O
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Remington	O
Rand	O
keypunches	O
included	O
:	O
UNIVAC	O
Card	O
Code	O
Punch	B-Device
Type	O
306-5	O
,	O
90	O
Column	O
Alphabetical	O
(	O
Types	O
306-2	O
,	O
306-3	O
)	O
,	O
90	O
Column	O
Numerical	O
(	O
Types	O
204-2	O
,	O
204-3	O
)	O
,	O
Portable	O
Electric	O
Punch	B-Device
Type	O
202	O
,	O
Spot	O
Punch	B-Device
Type	O
301	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Automatic	O
Verifying	O
Machine	O
Type	O
313	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
UNIVAC	O
1710	O
Verifying	O
Interpreting	O
Punch	B-Device
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
1969	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Saying	O
that	O
something	O
would	O
be	O
keypunched	O
(	O
to	O
keypunch	O
as	O
a	O
verb	O
)	O
,	O
now	O
that	O
the	O
actual	O
device	O
called	O
a	O
keypunch	O
has	O
become	O
obsolete	O
,	O
refers	O
to	O
data	B-General_Concept
entry	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1950s	O
,	O
Remington	O
Rand	O
introduced	O
the	O
UNITYPER	B-Device
,	O
which	O
enabled	O
data	B-General_Concept
entry	I-General_Concept
directly	O
to	O
magnetic	O
tape	O
for	O
UNIVAC	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mohawk	O
Data	B-General_Concept
Sciences	O
subsequently	O
produced	O
an	O
improved	O
magnetic	O
tape	O
encoder	O
in	O
1965	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
somewhat	O
successfully	O
marketed	O
as	O
a	O
keypunch	O
replacement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
mid-1970s	O
,	O
the	O
rise	O
of	O
microprocessors	O
and	O
inexpensive	O
computer	B-General_Concept
terminals	I-General_Concept
led	O
to	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
additional	O
key-to-tape	O
and	O
key-to-disk	O
systems	O
from	O
smaller	O
companies	O
such	O
as	O
Inforex	B-Device
and	O
Pertec	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
were	O
still	O
commonly	O
used	O
for	O
data	B-General_Concept
entry	I-General_Concept
and	O
programming	O
until	O
the	O
mid-1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
eliminating	O
the	O
step	O
of	O
transferring	O
punched	B-Architecture
cards	I-Architecture
to	O
tape	O
or	O
disk	O
(	O
with	O
the	O
added	O
benefit	O
of	O
saving	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
the	O
cards	O
themselves	O
)	O
allowed	O
for	O
improved	O
checking	O
and	O
correction	O
during	O
the	O
data	B-General_Concept
entry	I-General_Concept
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
video	B-General_Concept
display	I-General_Concept
terminals	I-General_Concept
,	O
interactive	O
timeshared	O
systems	O
and	O
,	O
later	O
,	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
allowed	O
workers	O
who	O
originated	O
the	O
data	B-General_Concept
to	O
enter	O
it	O
directly	O
instead	O
of	O
writing	O
it	O
on	O
forms	O
to	O
be	O
entered	O
by	O
data	B-General_Concept
entry	I-General_Concept
clerks	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
